Topic 2 : Linux Installation and Package Management

• Topic 2 : Linux Installation and Package Management
  • Contenu du Module
  • BIOS, EFI et OpenFirmware
    • Systèmes à base du BIOS
      • Charger de Démarrage
    • Systèmes à base de l'EFI
    • Autres Systèmes
  • Gestionnaire d'amorçage
    • LILO
      • La Commande LILO
      • Codes Erreur de LILO
    • Grub Legacy sous RHEL/CentOS 6
      • Configurer GRUB Legacy
        • La Section Globale
        • Une Section spécifique à un OS
      • Configurer l'Authentification
      • Modifier la Configuration de GRUB Legacy en Ligne de Commande
    • GRUB 2 sous RHEL/CentOS 7
      • Le fichier /boot/grub/device.map
      • Le fichier /etc/default/grub
      • Les fichiers du répertoire /etc/grub.d
      • Configurer l'Authentification
        • RHEL/CentOS < 7.2
        • RHEL/CentOS >= 7.2
      • Modifier la Configuration de GRUB 2 en Ligne de Commande
    • Chargeurs de Démarrages Alternatifs
      • Systemd-boot
      • U-boot
      • Le Projet Syslinux
        • SYSLINUX
        • EXTLINUX
        • ISOLINUX
        • PXELINUX
      • Isodhpfx
  • Initramfs sous RHEL/CentOS 6
    • Examiner l'image existante
    • Le script init
    • La Commande dracut
  • Initramfs sous RHEL/CentOS 7
    • Examiner l'image existante
    • Le script init
    • Consulter le contenu d'un fichier dans initramfs
    • La Commande dracut
  • LAB #1 - Compiler à partir des sources
    • ./configure
    • make
    • make check
    • make install
  • La commande rpm
    • Configuration
    • LAB #2 - Utilisation
  • La commande yum
    • Configuration
    • Dépôts
    • Utilisation
  • La Commande yumdownloader
  • LAB #3 - Utiliser la commande yum
  • Les Bibliothèques Partagées
    • Présentation
    • Introduction
    • Stockage
    • ld-linux.so.2
    • La Commande ldd
    • Le fichier /etc/ld.so.conf
    • La Commande ldconfig
  • La Commande dpkg
    • Configuration
    • Utilisation
  • La Commande dselect
  • La Commande apt-get
    • Configuration
    • Dépôts
    • Utilisation
  • LAB #4 - Utiliser la commande apt-get
  • LAB #5 - Utiliser la commande apt-cache

Au démarrage d'un système à base d'un processeur x86 ou x86-64, le premier programme exécuté a été traditionnellement le BIOS. Le BIOS a pour fonction de :

• Tester les composants et les circuits,
• Faire appel au BIOS de la carte graphique pour initialiser le système d'affichage,
• Détecter les périphériques de stockage,
• Lancer le Charger de Démarrage du système d'exploitation en utilisant le bootstrap loader.

La première partie du Charger de Démarrage est en règle générale placé dans le MBR du disque. Le format du MBR est le suivant :

• 446 octets pour le Charger de Démarrage,
• 64 octets pour la table de partitions, soit 16 octets par partition décrite,
• 2 octets ayant une valeur fixe en hexadécimale de AA55.

Depuis 2011, le BIOS est en train d'être remplacé par l'utilisation de l'UEFI (Unified Extensible Firmware Interface ou Interface micrologicielle extensible unifiée) issue du développement de l'EFI conçue par Intel pour les processeurs Itanium..

Sous EFI la première partie du gestionnaire de démarrage est un fichier ayant une extension .efi se trouvant dans un sous-répertoire au nom du système d'exploitation à lancer dans une partition appelée EFI System Partition ou ESP. Cette partition est normalement montée à /boot/efi sous Linux.

Pour que EFI fonctionne, le micrologiciel (firmware) d'EFI doit avoir connaissance de chaque système d'exploitation à démarrer.

Les systèmes utilisant des processeurs autre qu'un x86 ou x86-64 utilisent un logiciel tel OpenFirmware.

Des gestionnaires d'amorçage sous Linux, un se distingue comme étant le plus utilisé :

• GRUB (Grand Unified Boot Loader)

Cependant il en existe d'autres :

• LILO (LInux LOader)
• SysLinux
• LoadLin
• …

LILO (LInux LOader) est configuré par le fichier /etc/lilo.conf.

La commande lilo peut prendre une de plusieurs options. Les options les plus importantes sont :

Lors du démarrage, LILO permet d'identifier les éventuelles erreurs :

Si le BIOS signale une erreur lorsque LILO essaye de charger une image d'amorce, le code d'erreur correspondant est affiché. Ces codes vont de 0x00 à 0xbb. Reportez-vous au Guide Utilisateur de LILO pour leur explication.

Dans le cas où le Charger de Démarrage grub n'est pas installé, il convient de saisir la commande suivante :

# grub-install /dev/sda [Entrée]

où sda est le nom du périphérique ou grub doit s'installer dans le MBR. Notez cependant que le MBR a une taille trop petite pour contenir tout le Charger de Démarrage. Pour cette raison, le gestionnaire est divisé en deux. Le gestionnaire de niveau 1 est stocké dans le MBR et indique où se trouve le gestionnaire de niveau 2, c'est-à-dire le répertoire /boot.

Il est aussi possible d'utiliser la commande :

# grub-install '(hd0)' [Entrée]

où hd0 indique à grub le premier disque.

Il est à noter que la première partie du Charger de Démarrage peut également être installé dans un PBR (Partition Boot Record) dans le cas d'un système dual-boot voire multi-boot au quel cas on parle de chainloading :

# grub-install /dev/sda1 [Entrée]

ou :

# grub-install 'hd(0,0)' [Entrée]

où (0,0) est la nomenclature grub pour la première partition du premier disque.

Le gestionnaire de niveau 1 a pour seul but le lancement du gestionnaire de niveau 2. Le gestionnaire de niveau 2 charge le noyau en mémoire, monte l'image initrd et charge les modules nécessaires pendant que le noyau monte la partition racine / en lecture seule.

Pour désinstaller grub du MBR, utilisez une disquette DOS pour démarrer la machine puis taper la commande suivante au prompt :

A> fdisk /mbr [Entrée]

grub se configure grâce au fichier /boot/grub/menu.lst. Pour visualiser ce fichier, il convient de saisir la commande suivante :

[root@centos6 ~]# cat /boot/grub/menu.lst
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE:  You have a /boot partition.  This means that
#          all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
#          root (hd0,0)
#          kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda2
#          initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS Linux (2.6.32-71.29.1.el6.i686)
	root (hd0,0)
	kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-71.29.1.el6.i686 ro root=UUID=e73735d6-c14b-4a40-8735-f34fc868da8a rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_LVM rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=fr-latin9 crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet
	initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-71.29.1.el6.i686.img 
title centos (2.6.32-71.el6.i686)
	root (hd0,0)
	kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-71.el6.i686 ro root=UUID=e73735d6-c14b-4a40-8735-f34fc868da8a rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_LVM rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=fr-latin9 crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet
	initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-71.el6.i686.img

Ce fichier comporte plusieurs sections :

* la section des **paramètres globaux**,
* une ou plusieurs sections pour chaque système d'opération installé sur la machine.

Grub Legacy peut être protéger par un mot de passe en incluant la directive suivante dans le fichier /boot/grub/menu.lst :

password --md5 <mot de passe>

Le mot de passe doit être chiffré avec MD5 :

[root@centos6 ~]# grub-md5-crypt
Password: 
Retype password: 
$1$VLOzG$ibdk0my4IHny/XtNIGRhv1

Editez ensuite le fichier /boot/grub/menu.lst :

[root@centos6 ~]# cat /boot/grub/menu.lst
# grub.conf generated by anaconda
#
# Note that you do not have to rerun grub after making changes to this file
# NOTICE:  You have a /boot partition.  This means that
#          all kernel and initrd paths are relative to /boot/, eg.
#          root (hd0,0)
#          kernel /vmlinuz-version ro root=/dev/sda2
#          initrd /initrd-[generic-]version.img
#boot=/dev/sda
default=0
timeout=5
password --md5 $1$VLOzG$ibdk0my4IHny/XtNIGRhv1
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS (2.6.32-504.1.3.el6.i686)
	lock
	root (hd0,0)
	kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-504.1.3.el6.i686 ro root=UUID=b9f29672-c84e-4d3b-b132-189758a084eb rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_MD LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto  KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=fr-latin9 rd_NO_LVM rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
	initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-504.1.3.el6.i686.img
title CentOS (2.6.32-358.18.1.el6.i686)
	lock
	root (hd0,0)
	kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-358.18.1.el6.i686 ro root=UUID=b9f29672-c84e-4d3b-b132-189758a084eb rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_MD LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto  KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=fr-latin9 rd_NO_LVM rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
	initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-358.18.1.el6.i686.img
title CentOS (2.6.32-358.6.1.el6.i686)
	lock
	root (hd0,0)
	kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-358.6.1.el6.i686 ro root=UUID=b9f29672-c84e-4d3b-b132-189758a084eb rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_MD LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto  KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=fr-latin9 rd_NO_LVM rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
	initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-358.6.1.el6.i686.img
title CentOS (2.6.32-279.el6.i686)
	lock
	root (hd0,0)
	kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-279.el6.i686 ro root=UUID=b9f29672-c84e-4d3b-b132-189758a084eb rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_MD LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 crashkernel=auto  KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=fr-latin9 rd_NO_LVM rd_NO_DM rhgb quiet
	initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-279.el6.i686.img

Lors du démarrage de GRUB Legacy, il est possible de voir son menu en appuyant sur n'importe quelle touche. Si GRUB Legacy a été protégé par un mot de passe, il convient d'appuyer sur la touche p puis de rentrer le mot de passe. A ce stade il est possible d'utiliser deux autres touches :

• la touche e pour accéder à l'éditeur de l'interface,
• la touche c pour accéder à la ligne de commande.

En mode édition notez l'utilisation des touches suivantes :

• e : éditer une ligne,
• d : supprimer une ligne,
• o : ajouter une ligne après la ligne courante,
• O : ajouter une ligne avant la ligne courante,
• b : démarrer avec la configuration modifiée,
• echap : abandonner les modifications et retourner à l'interface de GRUB.

GRUB 2 est une ré-écriture complète de GRUB Legacy. Il apporte des améliorations, notamment GRUB 2 sait utiliser des partitions RAID et LVM.

Le lancement de GRUB 2 se fait en trois étapes :

• Etape 1 : Le boot.img, stocké dans les 512 premiers octets du secteur 0 avec la table des partitions, est lancé. Son seul but est de lancer l'étape 1.5,
• Etape 1.5 : Le core.img, d'une taille approximative de 25 Ko et stocké dans les secteurs 1 à 62, est lance. Son travail est de charger des pilotes qui supportent de multiples systèmes de fichiers puis de lancer l'étape 2 dans un des systèmes de fichiers,
• Etape 2 : Contenu dans le répertoire /boot/grub2/, il lance le menu pour que l'utilisateur puisse choisir les système d'exploitation à lancer.

Dans le cas où le Charger de Démarrage GRUB 2 n'est pas installé, il convient de saisir la commande suivante :

# grub2-install /dev/périphérique [Entrée]

où périphérique est le nom du périphérique ou l'étape 1 de GRUB2 doit s'installer dans le MBR.

GRUB 2 lit ses entrées de menus à partir du fichier /boot/grub2/grub.cfg. Pour visualiser ce fichier, il convient de saisir la commande suivante :

[root@centos7 ~]# cat /boot/grub2/grub.cfg 
#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by grub2-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
set pager=1

if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
  load_env
fi
if [ "${next_entry}" ] ; then
   set default="${next_entry}"
   set next_entry=
   save_env next_entry
   set boot_once=true
else
   set default="${saved_entry}"
fi

if [ x"${feature_menuentry_id}" = xy ]; then
  menuentry_id_option="--id"
else
  menuentry_id_option=""
fi

export menuentry_id_option

if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then
  set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"
  save_env saved_entry
  set prev_saved_entry=
  save_env prev_saved_entry
  set boot_once=true
fi

function savedefault {
  if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then
    saved_entry="${chosen}"
    save_env saved_entry
  fi
}

function load_video {
  if [ x$feature_all_video_module = xy ]; then
    insmod all_video
  else
    insmod efi_gop
    insmod efi_uga
    insmod ieee1275_fb
    insmod vbe
    insmod vga
    insmod video_bochs
    insmod video_cirrus
  fi
}

terminal_output console
if [ x$feature_timeout_style = xy ] ; then
  set timeout_style=menu
  set timeout=5
# Fallback normal timeout code in case the timeout_style feature is
# unavailable.
else
  set timeout=5
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
menuentry 'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-229.4.2.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)' --class centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64-advanced-b35de665-5ec8-4226-a533-58a1b567ac91' {
	load_video
	set gfxpayload=keep
	insmod gzio
	insmod part_msdos
	insmod xfs
	set root='hd0,msdos1'
	if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
	  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 --hint='hd0,msdos1'  e8d3bd48-1386-411c-9675-41c3f8f1a309
	else
	  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root e8d3bd48-1386-411c-9675-41c3f8f1a309
	fi
	linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-229.4.2.el7.x86_64 root=UUID=b35de665-5ec8-4226-a533-58a1b567ac91 ro vconsole.keymap=fr crashkernel=auto  vconsole.font=latarcyrheb-sun16 rhgb quiet LANG=en_US.UTF-8
	initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-229.4.2.el7.x86_64.img
}
menuentry 'CentOS Linux, with Linux 3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64' --class centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64-advanced-b35de665-5ec8-4226-a533-58a1b567ac91' {
	load_video
	set gfxpayload=keep
	insmod gzio
	insmod part_msdos
	insmod xfs
	set root='hd0,msdos1'
	if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
	  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 --hint='hd0,msdos1'  e8d3bd48-1386-411c-9675-41c3f8f1a309
	else
	  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root e8d3bd48-1386-411c-9675-41c3f8f1a309
	fi
	linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64 root=UUID=b35de665-5ec8-4226-a533-58a1b567ac91 ro vconsole.keymap=fr crashkernel=auto  vconsole.font=latarcyrheb-sun16 rhgb quiet LANG=en_US.UTF-8
	initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64.img
}
menuentry 'CentOS Linux, with Linux 0-rescue-a2feb9eb09b1488da0f23b99a66350f8' --class centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-0-rescue-a2feb9eb09b1488da0f23b99a66350f8-advanced-b35de665-5ec8-4226-a533-58a1b567ac91' {
	load_video
	insmod gzio
	insmod part_msdos
	insmod xfs
	set root='hd0,msdos1'
	if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
	  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 --hint='hd0,msdos1'  e8d3bd48-1386-411c-9675-41c3f8f1a309
	else
	  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root e8d3bd48-1386-411c-9675-41c3f8f1a309
	fi
	linux16 /vmlinuz-0-rescue-a2feb9eb09b1488da0f23b99a66350f8 root=UUID=b35de665-5ec8-4226-a533-58a1b567ac91 ro vconsole.keymap=fr crashkernel=auto  vconsole.font=latarcyrheb-sun16 rhgb quiet
	initrd16 /initramfs-0-rescue-a2feb9eb09b1488da0f23b99a66350f8.img
}
if [ "x$default" = 'CentOS Linux, with Linux 3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64' ]; then default='Advanced options for CentOS Linux>CentOS Linux, with Linux 3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64'; fi;
### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###
### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_ppc_terminfo ###
### END /etc/grub.d/20_ppc_terminfo ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.  Simply type the
# menu entries you want to add after this comment.  Be careful not to change
# the 'exec tail' line above.
### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
if [ -f  ${config_directory}/custom.cfg ]; then
  source ${config_directory}/custom.cfg
elif [ -z "${config_directory}" -a -f  $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then
  source $prefix/custom.cfg;
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###

Prenons le cas des paramètres de Grub Legacy et comparons-les aux paramètres de GRUB 2 :

Notez que ce fichier ne doit pas être modifié manuellement. En effet, il est généré par la commande grub2-mkconfig sous RHEL/CentOS 7. La commande grub2-mkconfig prend en argument l'emplacement du fichier destination, par exemple :

• grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg, ou
• grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg

Lors de l'exécution de la commande grub2-mkconfig plusieurs fichiers sont lus :

[root@centos7 ~]# cat /boot/grub2/device.map
# this device map was generated by anaconda
(hd0)      /dev/sda
(hd1)      /dev/sda

Ce fichier contient la configuration par défaut des paramètres de GRUB 2 :

[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/default/grub
GRUB_TIMEOUT=5
GRUB_DISTRIBUTOR="$(sed 's, release .*$,,g' /etc/system-release)"
GRUB_DEFAULT=saved
GRUB_DISABLE_SUBMENU=true
GRUB_TERMINAL_OUTPUT="console"
GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX="vconsole.keymap=fr crashkernel=auto  vconsole.font=latarcyrheb-sun16 rhgb quiet"
GRUB_DISABLE_RECOVERY="true"

Dans ce fichier les directives sont :

Les fichiers de ce répertoire sont exécutés dans l'ordre alphanumérique et servent à construire les menus de GRUB 2 :

[root@centos7 ~]# ls -l /etc/grub.d
total 68
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  8702 Mar 26 09:27 00_header
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   992 Oct 17  2014 00_tuned
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10114 Mar 26 09:27 10_linux
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 10275 Mar 26 09:27 20_linux_xen
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root  2559 Mar 26 09:27 20_ppc_terminfo
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 11169 Mar 26 09:27 30_os-prober
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   214 Mar 26 09:27 40_custom
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root   216 Mar 26 09:27 41_custom
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   483 Mar 26 09:27 README

• Le fichier /etc/grub.d/10_Linux,
  • Le fichier 10_Linux contient des boucles pour rechercher des noyaux Linux,
• Le fichier /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober,
  • Ce fichier recherche des éventuels systèmes d'exploitation autre que Linux,
• Les fichiers /etc/grub.d/40_custom et /etc/grub.d/41_custom,
  • Ces deux fichiers sont fournis en tant que modèles à personnaliser.

Pour configurer l'authentification sous GRUB 2, il faut créer le fichier /etc/grub.d/01_users :

[root@centos7 ~]# touch /etc/grub.d/01_users 
[root@centos7 ~]# chmod 755 /etc/grub.d/01_users 

Créez deux mots de passe hashés au format PBKDF2 en utilisant la commande grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 sous RHEL/CentOS :

[root@centos7 ~]# grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2
Enter password: pass123
Reenter password: pass123
PBKDF2 hash of your password is grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.0298C1C613A451C46FBC95BB2AC7A41BCEC1C61512EF785BD81E3B65DFF9D57ED4ADF8906C3EF33C22C06FBDD366E1C118FC41110BD646A4D49EF86EFD0573BF.E14A45900096D773BE99BEA9AB8D4FA81431458952798B997D4FC9E0850426F6798979371B8EBD331DB33AE8FEAE25E6773156D42F21B884DBA405546782B3BD

Editez le fichier /etc/grub.d/01_users ainsi :

/etc/grub.d/01_users

#!/bin/sh -e
cat <<EOF
set superusers="root"
password_pbkdf2 root
grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.0298C1C613A451C46FBC95BB2AC7A41BCEC1C61512EF785BD81E3B65DFF9D57ED4ADF8906C3EF33C22C06FBDD366E1C118FC41110BD646A4D49EF86EFD0573BF.E14A45900096D773BE99BEA9AB8D4FA81431458952798B997D4FC9E0850426F6798979371B8EBD331DB33AE8FEAE25E6773156D42F21B884DBA405546782B3BD
EOF

Il est aussi possible d'utiliser des mots de passe non cryptés. Modifiez donc le fichier /etc/grub.d/01_users ainsi :

/etc/grub.d/01_users

#!/bin/sh -e
cat <<EOF
set superusers="root"
password root pass123
EOF

Sous RHEL/CentOS, lancez la commande grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg :

[root@centos7 ~]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-229.4.2.el7.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-229.4.2.el7.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-a2feb9eb09b1488da0f23b99a66350f8
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-a2feb9eb09b1488da0f23b99a66350f8.img
done

Depuis la version 7.2 de RHEL/centOS le fichier /etc/grub.d/01_users existe déjà :

[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/grub.d/01_users 
#!/bin/sh -e
cat << EOF
if [ -f \${prefix}/user.cfg ]; then
  source \${prefix}/user.cfg
  if [ -n "\${GRUB2_PASSWORD}" ]; then
    set superusers="root"
    export superusers
    password_pbkdf2 root \${GRUB2_PASSWORD}
  fi
fi
EOF

Ce script est évidement présent dans le fichier grub.cfg :

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/01_users ###
if [ -f ${prefix}/user.cfg ]; then
  source ${prefix}/user.cfg
  if [ -n ${GRUB2_PASSWORD} ]; then
    set superusers="root"
    export superusers
    password_pbkdf2 root ${GRUB2_PASSWORD}
  fi
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/01_users ###

Ce script :

• teste si le fichier /boot/grub2/user.cfg existe puis si c'est le cas,
• teste si la variable $GRUB2_PASSWORD est fixée puis si c'est le cas,
• assigne le mot de passe à root.

Pour créer le contenu du fichier /boot/grub2/user.cfg, il convient d'utiliser la commande grub2-setpassword :

[root@centos7 ~]# grub2-setpassword
Enter password: pass123
Confirm password: pass123

Consultez maintenant le fichier /boot/grub2/user.cfg :

[root@centos7 ~]# cat /boot/grub2/user.cfg
GRUB2_PASSWORD=grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.3DD268A626FC781A0693D381A5F1BBDE6C834D1D904F023AED8CEF2985304FEC9F0C1C8B975156F5DF534F4B10BCCDC5C187B0C12F55E970A244D9EF2EF962DD.9BB2011598B8E5EFD9A464ED96C0FECB8DCD8FD6942E5114E035AD8A9E2DCFF32A9DC1C222B4226A462B32E7B6D80247F96D79133F18F6524544984837EF4D06

Pour pouvoir protéger le démarrage du système, il convient d'éditer le fichier grub.cfg en supprimant la directive –unrestricted de la ligne menuentry :

[root@centos7 ~]# cat /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
...
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
menuentry 'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-693.21.1.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)' --class centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64-advanced-e65fe7da-cda8-4f5a-a827-1b5cabe94bed' {
        load_video
        set gfxpayload=keep
        insmod gzio
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod xfs
        set root='hd0,msdos1'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 --hint='hd0,msdos1'  2d947276-66e8-41f4-8475-b64b67d7a249
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 2d947276-66e8-41f4-8475-b64b67d7a249
        fi
        linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.21.1.el7.x86_64 root=UUID=e65fe7da-cda8-4f5a-a827-1b5cabe94bed ro rhgb quiet LANG=en_GB.UTF-8
        initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-693.21.1.el7.x86_64.img
}
...

[root@centos7 ~]# vi /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
...
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
menuentry 'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-693.21.1.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)' --class centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.10.0-327.el7.x86_64-advanced-e65fe7da-cda8-4f5a-a827-1b5cabe94bed' {
        load_video
        set gfxpayload=keep
        insmod gzio
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod xfs
        set root='hd0,msdos1'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 --hint='hd0,msdos1'  2d947276-66e8-41f4-8475-b64b67d7a249
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 2d947276-66e8-41f4-8475-b64b67d7a249
        fi
        linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-693.21.1.el7.x86_64 root=UUID=e65fe7da-cda8-4f5a-a827-1b5cabe94bed ro rhgb quiet LANG=en_GB.UTF-8
        initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-693.21.1.el7.x86_64.img
}
...

Lors du démarrage de GRUB 2, trois actions sont possibles à partir du menu :

• Lancer un système d'exploitation en le sélectionnant avec les flèches puis en appuyant sur la touche ↵ Entrée,
• Lancer l'éditeur en appuyant sur la touche e,
• Lancer l’interface de la ligne de commande GRUB en appuyant sur la touche c.

En mode édition notez l'utilisation des touches suivantes :

• flèches : se déplacer dans l'écran. L'édition se fait en utilisant simplement les touches du clavier,
• Crtl-X : démarrer avec la configuration modifiée,
• echap : abandonner les modifications et retourner à l'interface menu de GRUB 2.

Un Chargeur de Démarrage étroitement lié à Systemd ( voir plus bas ), celui-ci connaît actuellement un gain de popularité.

Un Chargeur de Démarrage qui peut booter n'importe quelle image à partir de n'importe quel support.

Un Chargeur de Démarrage pour les systèmes qui utilisent le système de fichier FAT. Par exemple le systèmes sur clefs USB.

Un Chargeur de Démarrage de petite taille qui sait booter des systèmes de fichier, EXT2, EXT3, EXT4 et BRTFS.

Un Chargeur de Démarrage pour booter des LiveCD et LiveDVD. Dans le cas d'ISOLINUX, deux fichiers sont necéssaires :

• isolinux.bin qui contient l'image du Chargeur de Démarrage et
• isolinux.cfg qui contient les paramètres de configuration.

Un Chargeur de Démarrage pour booter à partir d'un serveur réseau. Ce système utilise le standard PXE (Pre-boot Execution Environment) qui utilise :

• DHCP pour attribuer une adresse IP à la machine et
• BOOTP pour charger l'image du Chargeur de Démarrage à partir du serveur en utilisant le protocol TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol). L'image à télécharger doit s'appeler /tftpboot/pxelinux.0 et chaque machine doit avoir un fichier de configuration dans le répertoire /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/

Un Chargeur de Démarrage hybride, appelé isodhpfx.bin, qui peut être chargé sur un disque ou une clef USB. Le fichier isodhpfx.bin est créé avec le programme xorriso.

Un fichier Initramfs INITial Ram File System est une image d'un système minimal initialisée au démarrage du système.

Ce fichier utilise le système de fichier cramFS qui est un système de fichier compressé au format gzip et archivé via cpio.

L'image est chargée en mémoire vive et permet ainsi d'avoir un système minimal pouvant ensuite charger le système de fichier principal.

Pour examiner une image initramfs, il convient d'abord de la copier vers /tmp et de la décompresser :

[root@centos6 ~]# cp /boot/initramfs-2.6.32-71.29.1.el6.i686.img /tmp/custom.gz
[root@centos6 ~]# gunzip /tmp/custom.gz 

Ensuite il convient d'extraire l'image grâce à la commande cpio :

[root@centos6 ~]# cd /tmp
[root@centos6 tmp]# mkdir initrd
[root@centos6 tmp]# cd initrd
[root@centos6 initrd]# cpio -cid -I ../custom
59631 blocs

Installez maintenant le paquet tree :

[root@centos6 initrd]# yum install tree

Utilisez maintenant la commande tree pour examiner le contenu de l'image :

[root@centos6 initrd]# tree | more
.
├── bin
│   ├── basename
│   ├── cat
│   ├── cp
│   ├── dash
│   ├── dd
│   ├── dmesg
│   ├── grep
│   ├── gzip
│   ├── ln
│   ├── loadkeys
│   ├── ls
│   ├── mkdir
│   ├── mknod
│   ├── mount
│   ├── mv
│   ├── plymouth
│   ├── plymouthd
│   ├── readlink
│   ├── rm
│   ├── sed
│   ├── setfont
│   ├── sh -> dash
│   ├── sleep
│   ├── umount
│   └── uname
├── cmdline
--Plus--

Comme vous pouvez le constater, l'image contient une arborescence Linux minimaliste :

[root@centos6 initrd]# ls
bin      dev                    emergency  init       initqueue-finished  lib    pre-pivot    pre-udev  sbin  sysroot  usr
cmdline  dracut-004-33.2.el6_0  etc        initqueue  initqueue-settled   mount  pre-trigger  proc      sys   tmp      var

Le script init est lancé lors du chargement de l'image :

[root@centos6 initrd]# more init
#!/bin/sh
#
# Licensed under the GPLv2
#
# Copyright 2008-2009, Red Hat, Inc.
# Harald Hoyer <harald@redhat.com>
# Jeremy Katz <katzj@redhat.com>

wait_for_loginit()
{
    if getarg rdinitdebug; then
	set +x
	exec 0<>/dev/console 1<>/dev/console 2<>/dev/console
	# wait for loginit
	i=0
	while [ $i -lt 10 ]; do 
	    j=$(jobs)
	    [ -z "$j" ] && break
	    [ -z "${j##*Running*}" ] || break
	    sleep 0.1
	    i=$(($i+1))
	done	
	[ $i -eq 10 ] && kill %1 >/dev/null 2>&1

        while pidof -x /sbin/loginit >/dev/null 2>&1; do
            for pid in $(pidof -x /sbin/loginit); do
                kill $HARD $pid >/dev/null 2>&1
            done
--Plus--(8%)

La commande dracut permet de créer facilement une image initramfs. Les options de la commande sont :

[root@centos6 initrd]# dracut --help
Usage: /sbin/dracut [OPTION]... <initramfs> <kernel-version>
Creates initial ramdisk images for preloading modules

  -f, --force           Overwrite existing initramfs file.
  -m, --modules [LIST]  Specify a space-separated list of dracut modules to
                         call when building the initramfs. Modules are located
                         in /usr/share/dracut/modules.d.
  -o, --omit [LIST]     Omit a space-separated list of dracut modules.
  -a, --add [LIST]      Add a space-separated list of dracut modules.
  -d, --drivers [LIST]  Specify a space-separated list of kernel modules to
                        exclusively include in the initramfs.
  --add-drivers [LIST]  Specify a space-separated list of kernel 
                        modules to add to the initramfs.
  --filesystems [LIST]  Specify a space-separated list of kernel filesystem
                        modules to exclusively include in the generic
                        initramfs.
  -k, --kmoddir [DIR]   Specify the directory, where to look for kernel 
                        modules
  --fwdir [DIR]         Specify additional directories, where to look for 
                        firmwares, separated by :
  --kernel-only         Only install kernel drivers and firmware files
  --no-kernel           Do not install kernel drivers and firmware files
  --strip               Strip binaries in the initramfs
  --nostrip             Do not strip binaries in the initramfs (default)
  --mdadmconf           Include local /etc/mdadm.conf
  --nomdadmconf         Do not include local /etc/mdadm.conf
  --lvmconf             Include local /etc/lvm/lvm.conf
  --nolvmconf             Do not include local /etc/lvm/lvm.conf
  -h, --help            This message
  --debug               Output debug information of the build process
  -v, --verbose         Verbose output during the build process
  -c, --conf [FILE]     Specify configuration file to use.
                         Default: /etc/dracut.conf
  -l, --local           Local mode. Use modules from the current working
                         directory instead of the system-wide installed in
                         /usr/share/dracut/modules.d.
                         Useful when running dracut from a git checkout.
  -H, --hostonly          Host-Only mode: Install only what is needed for
                         booting the local host instead of a generic host.
  -i, --include [SOURCE] [TARGET]
                        Include the files in the SOURCE directory into the
                         Target directory in the final initramfs.
  -I, --install [LIST]  Install the space separated list of files into the
                         initramfs.

Le fichier de configuration de dracut est /etc/dracut.conf :

[root@centos6 initrd]# cat /etc/dracut.conf
# Sample dracut config file

# Specific list of dracut modules to use
#dracutmodules+=""

# Dracut modules to omit
#omit_dracutmodules+=""

# Dracut modules to add to the default
#add_dracutmodules+=""

# additional kernel modules to the default
add_drivers+=""

# list of kernel filesystem modules to be included in the generic initramfs
#filesystems+=""

# build initrd only to boot current hardware
#hostonly="yes"
#

# install local /etc/mdadm.conf
mdadmconf="yes"

# install local /etc/lvm/lvm.conf
lvmconf="yes"

Exécutez maintenant la commande suivante afin de générer le fichier initramfs :

# dracut -v initramfs [Entrée]

Notez la présence de votre nouvelle image /tmp/initrd/initramfs.

Déplacez votre fichier initramfs au répertoire /boot :

[root@centos6 initrd]# mv initramfs /boot

Editez maintenant votre fichier /boot/grub/menu.lst et ajoutez une nouvelle section qui utilise votre initramfs.

...
splashimage=(hd0,0)/grub/splash.xpm.gz
hiddenmenu
title CentOS Linux (initramfs)
	root (hd0,0)
	kernel /vmlinuz-2.6.32-71.29.1.el6.i686 ro root=UUID=e73735d6-c14b-4a40-8735-f34fc868da8a rd_NO_LUKS rd_NO_LVM rd_NO_MD rd_NO_DM LANG=fr_FR.UTF-8 SYSFONT=latarcyrheb-sun16 KEYBOARDTYPE=pc KEYTABLE=fr-latin9 crashkernel=auto rhgb quiet
	initrd /initramfs
title CentOS Linux (2.6.32-71.29.1.el6.i686)
...

Le fichier Initramfs INITial Ram File System est une archive au format cpio compressé :

[root@centos7 ~]# cp /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-514.16.1.el7.x86_64.img /tmp/custom
[root@centos7 ~]# cd /tmp
[root@centos7 tmp]# ls
custom  systemd-private-be6ac69163a0437aa9a0b0cb2f8514e6-chronyd.service-rOpG2C  systemd-private-be6ac69163a0437aa9a0b0cb2f8514e6-cups.service-yzrHum
[root@centos7 tmp]# mv custom custom.gz
[root@centos7 tmp]# gunzip custom.gz 
[root@centos7 tmp]# mkdir initramfs
[root@centos7 tmp]# cd initramfs
[root@centos7 initramfs]# cpio -cid -I ../custom
113591 blocks
[root@centos7 initramfs]# ls
bin  dev  etc  init  lib  lib64  proc  root  run  sbin  shutdown  sys  sysroot  tmp  usr  var
[root@centos7 initramfs]# ls -l
total 4
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root    7 Dec  4 11:00 bin -> usr/bin
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root  100 Dec  4 11:00 dev
drwxr-xr-x. 11 root root  520 Dec  4 11:00 etc
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root   23 Dec  4 11:00 init -> usr/lib/systemd/systemd
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root    7 Dec  4 11:00 lib -> usr/lib
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root    9 Dec  4 11:00 lib64 -> usr/lib64
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   40 Dec  4 11:00 proc
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   40 Dec  4 11:00 root
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   40 Dec  4 11:00 run
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root    8 Dec  4 11:00 sbin -> usr/sbin
-rwxr-xr-x.  1 root root 3117 Dec  4 11:00 shutdown
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   40 Dec  4 11:00 sys
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   40 Dec  4 11:00 sysroot
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   40 Dec  4 11:00 tmp
drwxr-xr-x.  7 root root  140 Dec  4 11:00 usr
drwxr-xr-x.  2 root root   80 Dec  4 11:00 var

Pour examiner une image initramfs archivée, il convient d'utiliser la commande lsinitrd :

[root@centos7 initramfs]# cd ..
[root@centos7 tmp]# lsinitrd custom | more
Image: custom: 56M
========================================================================
Version: dracut-033-502.el7_4.1

Arguments: -f

dracut modules:
bash
nss-softokn
i18n
network
ifcfg
drm
plymouth
kernel-modules
qemu
resume
rootfs-block
terminfo
udev-rules
biosdevname
systemd
usrmount
base
fs-lib
shutdown
========================================================================
drwxr-xr-x  12 root     root            0 Apr 23  2018 .
crw-r--r--   1 root     root       5,   1 Apr 23  2018 dev/console
crw-r--r--   1 root     root       1,  11 Apr 23  2018 dev/kmsg
crw-r--r--   1 root     root       1,   3 Apr 23  2018 dev/null
lrwxrwxrwx   1 root     root            7 Apr 23  2018 bin -> usr/bin
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Apr 23  2018 dev
drwxr-xr-x  11 root     root            0 Apr 23  2018 etc
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Apr 23  2018 etc/cmdline.d
drwxr-xr-x   2 root     root            0 Apr 23  2018 etc/conf.d
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root          124 Apr 23  2018 etc/conf.d/systemd.conf
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root          248 Jan  5  2018 etc/dhclient.conf
-rw-r--r--   1 root     root            0 Apr 23  2018 etc/fstab.empty
--More--

Comme vous pouvez le constater, l'image contient une arborescence Linux minimaliste :

Le script init est lancé lors du chargement de l'image. RHEL/CentOS 7 utilise le système de démarrage systemd. Pour cette raison le script init sous RHEL/CentOS 7 est un lien symbolique vers /usr/lib/systemd/systemd :

[root@centos7 tmp]# lsinitrd custom | grep init
...
lrwxrwxrwx.  1 root root   23 Dec  4 11:00 init -> usr/lib/systemd/systemd
...

Pour consulter le contenu d'un fichier inclus dans l'initramfs, il convient d'utiliser la commande lsinitrd de la manière suivante :

[root@centos7 tmp]# lsinitrd /boot/initramfs-$(uname -r).img  /etc/ld.so.conf
include ld.so.conf.d/*.conf

La commande dracut permet de créer facilement une image initramfs. Les options de la commande sont :

[root@centos7 tmp]# dracut --help
Usage: /sbin/dracut [OPTION]... [<initramfs> [<kernel-version>]]

Version: 033-463.el7

Creates initial ramdisk images for preloading modules

  --kver [VERSION]      Set kernel version to [VERSION].
  -f, --force           Overwrite existing initramfs file.
  -a, --add [LIST]      Add a space-separated list of dracut modules.
  --rebuild         Append arguments to those of existing image and rebuild
  -m, --modules [LIST]  Specify a space-separated list of dracut modules to
                         call when building the initramfs. Modules are located
                         in /usr/lib/dracut/modules.d.
  -o, --omit [LIST]     Omit a space-separated list of dracut modules.
  --force-add [LIST]    Force to add a space-separated list of dracut modules
                         to the default set of modules, when -H is specified.
  -d, --drivers [LIST]  Specify a space-separated list of kernel modules to
                         exclusively include in the initramfs.
  --add-drivers [LIST]  Specify a space-separated list of kernel
                         modules to add to the initramfs.
  --omit-drivers [LIST] Specify a space-separated list of kernel
                         modules not to add to the initramfs.
  --filesystems [LIST]  Specify a space-separated list of kernel filesystem
                         modules to exclusively include in the generic
                         initramfs.
  -k, --kmoddir [DIR]   Specify the directory, where to look for kernel
                         modules
  --fwdir [DIR]         Specify additional directories, where to look for
                         firmwares, separated by :
  --kernel-only         Only install kernel drivers and firmware files
  --no-kernel           Do not install kernel drivers and firmware files
  --print-cmdline       Print the kernel command line for the given disk layout
  --early-microcode     Combine early microcode with ramdisk
  --no-early-microcode  Do not combine early microcode with ramdisk
  --kernel-cmdline [PARAMETERS] Specify default kernel command line parameters
  --strip               Strip binaries in the initramfs
  --nostrip             Do not strip binaries in the initramfs
  --prelink             Prelink binaries in the initramfs
  --noprelink           Do not prelink binaries in the initramfs
  --hardlink            Hardlink files in the initramfs
  --nohardlink          Do not hardlink files in the initramfs
  --prefix [DIR]        Prefix initramfs files with [DIR]
  --noprefix            Do not prefix initramfs files
  --mdadmconf           Include local /etc/mdadm.conf
  --nomdadmconf         Do not include local /etc/mdadm.conf
  --lvmconf             Include local /etc/lvm/lvm.conf
  --nolvmconf           Do not include local /etc/lvm/lvm.conf
  --fscks [LIST]        Add a space-separated list of fsck helpers.
  --nofscks             Inhibit installation of any fsck helpers.
  --ro-mnt              Mount / and /usr read-only by default.
  -h, --help            This message
  --debug               Output debug information of the build process
  --profile             Output profile information of the build process
  -L, --stdlog [0-6]    Specify logging level (to standard error)
                         0 - suppress any messages
                         1 - only fatal errors
                         2 - all errors
                         3 - warnings
                         4 - info
                         5 - debug info (here starts lots of output)
                         6 - trace info (and even more)
  -v, --verbose         Increase verbosity level
  -q, --quiet           Decrease verbosity level
  -c, --conf [FILE]     Specify configuration file to use.
                         Default: /etc/dracut.conf
  --confdir [DIR]       Specify configuration directory to use *.conf files
                         from. Default: /etc/dracut.conf.d
  --tmpdir [DIR]        Temporary directory to be used instead of default
                         /var/tmp.
  -l, --local           Local mode. Use modules from the current working
                         directory instead of the system-wide installed in
                         /usr/lib/dracut/modules.d.
                         Useful when running dracut from a git checkout.
  -H, --hostonly        Host-Only mode: Install only what is needed for
                        booting the local host instead of a generic host.
  -N, --no-hostonly     Disables Host-Only mode
  --hostonly-cmdline    Store kernel command line arguments needed
                        in the initramfs
  --no-hostonly-cmdline Do not store kernel command line arguments needed
                        in the initramfs
  --hostonly-i18n       Install only needed keyboard and font files according
                        to the host configuration (default).
  --no-hostonly-i18n    Install all keyboard and font files available.
  --persistent-policy [POLICY]
                        Use [POLICY] to address disks and partitions.
                        POLICY can be any directory name found in /dev/disk.
                        E.g. "by-uuid", "by-label"
  --fstab               Use /etc/fstab to determine the root device.
  --add-fstab [FILE]    Add file to the initramfs fstab
  --mount "[DEV] [MP] [FSTYPE] [FSOPTS]"
                        Mount device [DEV] on mountpoint [MP] with filesystem
                        [FSTYPE] and options [FSOPTS] in the initramfs
  --add-device "[DEV]"  Bring up [DEV] in initramfs
  -i, --include [SOURCE] [TARGET]
                        Include the files in the SOURCE directory into the
                         Target directory in the final initramfs.
                        If SOURCE is a file, it will be installed to TARGET
                         in the final initramfs.
  -I, --install [LIST]  Install the space separated list of files into the
                         initramfs.
  --install-optional [LIST]  Install the space separated list of files into the
                         initramfs, if they exist.
  --gzip                Compress the generated initramfs using gzip.
                         This will be done by default, unless another
                         compression option or --no-compress is passed.
  --bzip2               Compress the generated initramfs using bzip2.
                         Make sure your kernel has bzip2 decompression support
                         compiled in, otherwise you will not be able to boot.
  --lzma                Compress the generated initramfs using lzma.
                         Make sure your kernel has lzma support compiled in,
                         otherwise you will not be able to boot.
  --xz                  Compress the generated initramfs using xz.
                         Make sure that your kernel has xz support compiled
                         in, otherwise you will not be able to boot.
  --lzo                  Compress the generated initramfs using lzop.
                         Make sure that your kernel has lzo support compiled
                         in, otherwise you will not be able to boot.
  --lz4                  Compress the generated initramfs using lz4.
                         Make sure that your kernel has lz4 support compiled
                         in, otherwise you will not be able to boot.
  --compress [COMPRESSION] Compress the generated initramfs with the
                         passed compression program.  Make sure your kernel
                         knows how to decompress the generated initramfs,
                         otherwise you will not be able to boot.
  --no-compress         Do not compress the generated initramfs.  This will
                         override any other compression options.
  --list-modules        List all available dracut modules.
  -M, --show-modules    Print included module's name to standard output during
                         build.
  --keep                Keep the temporary initramfs for debugging purposes
  --printsize           Print out the module install size
  --sshkey [SSHKEY]     Add ssh key to initramfs (use with ssh-client module)
  --logfile [FILE]      Logfile to use (overrides configuration setting)

If [LIST] has multiple arguments, then you have to put these in quotes.

For example:

    # dracut --add-drivers "module1 module2"  ...

Le fichier de configuration de dracut est /etc/dracut.conf :

# PUT YOUR CONFIG HERE OR IN separate files named *.conf
# in /etc/dracut.conf.d
# SEE man dracut.conf(5)

# Sample dracut config file

#logfile=/var/log/dracut.log
#fileloglvl=6

# Exact list of dracut modules to use.  Modules not listed here are not going
# to be included.  If you only want to add some optional modules use
# add_dracutmodules option instead.
#dracutmodules+=""

# dracut modules to omit
#omit_dracutmodules+=""

# dracut modules to add to the default
#add_dracutmodules+=""

# additional kernel modules to the default
add_drivers+="ehci-hcd ohci-hcd usb-storage scsi_mod sd_mod"

# list of kernel filesystem modules to be included in the generic initramfs
#filesystems+=""

# build initrd only to boot current hardware
#hostonly="yes"
#

# install local /etc/mdadm.conf
#mdadmconf="no"

# install local /etc/lvm/lvm.conf
#lvmconf="no"

# A list of fsck tools to install. If it's not specified, module's hardcoded
# default is used, currently: "umount mount /sbin/fsck* xfs_db xfs_check
# xfs_repair e2fsck jfs_fsck reiserfsck btrfsck". The installation is
# opportunistic, so non-existing tools are just ignored.
#fscks=""

# inhibit installation of any fsck tools
#nofscks="yes"

# mount / and /usr read-only by default
#ro_mnt="no"

# set the directory for temporary files
# default: /var/tmp
#tmpdir=/tmp

Exécutez maintenant la commande suivante afin de générer le fichier initramfs :

[root@centos7 tmp]# dracut -v initramfs
Executing: /sbin/dracut -v initramfs
dracut module 'busybox' will not be installed, because command 'busybox' could not be found!
dracut module 'busybox' will not be installed, because command 'busybox' could not be found!
*** Including module: bash ***
*** Including module: nss-softokn ***
*** Including module: i18n ***
*** Including module: network ***
*** Including module: ifcfg ***
*** Including module: drm ***
*** Including module: plymouth ***
*** Including module: kernel-modules ***
*** Including module: qemu ***
*** Including module: resume ***
*** Including module: rootfs-block ***
*** Including module: terminfo ***
*** Including module: udev-rules ***
Skipping udev rule: 91-permissions.rules
*** Including module: biosdevname ***
*** Including module: systemd ***
*** Including module: usrmount ***
*** Including module: base ***
*** Including module: fs-lib ***
*** Including module: shutdown ***
*** Including modules done ***
*** Installing kernel module dependencies and firmware ***
*** Installing kernel module dependencies and firmware done ***
*** Resolving executable dependencies ***
*** Resolving executable dependencies done***
*** Hardlinking files ***
*** Hardlinking files done ***
*** Stripping files ***
*** Stripping files done ***
*** Generating early-microcode cpio image contents ***
*** Constructing GenuineIntel.bin ****
*** Store current command line parameters ***
*** Creating image file ***
*** Creating microcode section ***
*** Created microcode section ***
*** Creating image file done ***
*** Creating initramfs image file '/tmp/initramfs' done ***

Notez la présence de votre nouvelle image /tmp/initrd/initramfs :

[root@centos7 initrd]# ls -l /tmp/initrd/initramfs
-rw-------. 1 root root 16373488 Jun 10 10:23 /tmp/initrd/initramfs

Déplacez votre fichier initramfs au répertoire /boot :

[root@centos7 initrd]# mv initramfs /boot

Ouvrez votre fichier /boot/grub2/grub.cfg et cherchez la section 10_linux. Copiez la première section menuentry :

...
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
menuentry 'CentOS Linux (3.10.0-229.4.2.el7.x86_64) 7 (Core)' --class centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64-advanced-b35de665-5ec8-4226-a533-58a1b567ac91' {
	load_video
	set gfxpayload=keep
	insmod gzio
	insmod part_msdos
	insmod xfs
	set root='hd0,msdos1'
	if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
	  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 --hint='hd0,msdos1'  e8d3bd48-1386-411c-9675-41c3f8f1a309
	else
	  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root e8d3bd48-1386-411c-9675-41c3f8f1a309
	fi
	linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-229.4.2.el7.x86_64 root=UUID=b35de665-5ec8-4226-a533-58a1b567ac91 ro vconsole.keymap=fr crashkernel=auto  vconsole.font=latarcyrheb-sun16 rhgb quiet LANG=en_US.UTF-8
	initrd16 /initramfs-3.10.0-229.4.2.el7.x86_64.img
}
...

Créez maintenant le fichier /etc/grub.d/09_redhat, collez la section précédemment copiée à la place indiquée entre les lignes cat « EOF et EOF puis modifiez la dernière ligne initrd16 :

#!/bin/sh -e
cat << EOF
menuentry 'CentOS Linux, with Linux 3.10.0-229.4.2.el7.x86_64 et initramfs' --class centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted $menuentry_id_option 'gnulinux-3.10.0-229.4.2.el7.x86_64-advanced-b35de665-5ec8-4226-a533-58a1b567ac91' {
        load_video
        set gfxpayload=keep
        insmod gzio
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod xfs
        set root='hd0,msdos1'
        if [ x$feature_platform_search_hint = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 --hint='hd0,msdos1'  e8d3bd48-1386-411c-9675-41c3f8f1a309
        else
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root e8d3bd48-1386-411c-9675-41c3f8f1a309
        fi
        linux16 /vmlinuz-3.10.0-229.4.2.el7.x86_64 root=UUID=b35de665-5ec8-4226-a533-58a1b567ac91 ro vconsole.keymap=fr crashkernel=auto  vconsole.font=latarcyrheb-sun16 rhgb quiet
        initrd16 /initramfs
}
EOF

Rendez ce fichier exécutable :

[root@centos7 initrd]# chmod +x /etc/grub.d/09_redhat

Avant de continuer, supprimer le fichier /etc/grub.d/01_users et éditez le contenu du fichier /etc/grub.d/40_custom ainsi :

#!/bin/sh
exec tail -n +3 $0
# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.  Simply type the
# menu entries you want to add after this comment.  Be careful not to change
# the 'exec tail' line above.

Mettez à jour grub afin que celui-ci prend en compte le nouveau fichier :

[root@centos7 initrd]# grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-229.4.2.el7.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-229.4.2.el7.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64.img
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-0-rescue-a2feb9eb09b1488da0f23b99a66350f8
Found initrd image: /boot/initramfs-0-rescue-a2feb9eb09b1488da0f23b99a66350f8.img
done

Controlez le fichier /boot/grub2/grub.cfg :

...
### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/09_redhat ###
menuentry 'CentOS Linux, with Linux 3.10.0-229.4.2.el7.x86_64 et initramfs' --class centos --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os --unrestricted  'gnulinux-3.10.0-229.4.2.el7.x86_64-advanced-b35de665-5ec8-4226-a533-58a1b567ac91' {
        load_video
        set gfxpayload=keep
        insmod gzio
        insmod part_msdos
        insmod xfs
        set root='hd0,msdos1'
        if [ x = xy ]; then
          search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root --hint-bios=hd0,msdos1 --hint-efi=hd0,msdos1 --hint-baremetal=ahci0,msdos1 --hint='hd0,msdos1'  e8d3bd48-1386-411c-9675-41c3f8f1a309
        else
...

Historiquement il était nécessaire d'installer un logiciel à partir de ses fichiers sources.

Pour comprendre ce qui est la compilation d'un logiciel, commencez par télécharger le logiciel hello :

[root@centos7 ~]# wget https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz
--2018-07-16 11:10:26--  https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz
Résolution de ftp.gnu.org (ftp.gnu.org)… 208.118.235.20
Connexion à ftp.gnu.org (ftp.gnu.org)|208.118.235.20|:443… connecté.
requête HTTP transmise, en attente de la réponse… 200 OK
Taille : 389363 (380K) [application/x-gzip]
Enregistre : «hello-2.1.1.tar.gz»

hello-2.1.1.tar.gz                100%[===========================================================>] 380,24K   946KB/s    ds 0,4s    

2018-07-16 11:10:27 (946 KB/s) - «hello-2.1.1.tar.gz» enregistré [389363/389363]

Ensuite désarchivez le logiciel :

[root@centos7 ~]# tar xvf hello-2.1.1.tar.gz
hello-2.1.1/
hello-2.1.1/intl/
hello-2.1.1/intl/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/intl/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/intl/config.charset
hello-2.1.1/intl/locale.alias
hello-2.1.1/intl/ref-add.sin
hello-2.1.1/intl/ref-del.sin
hello-2.1.1/intl/gmo.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/gettextP.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/hash-string.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/plural-exp.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/eval-plural.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/os2compat.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/libgnuintl.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/loadinfo.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/bindtextdom.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/dcgettext.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/dgettext.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/gettext.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/finddomain.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/loadmsgcat.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/localealias.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/textdomain.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/l10nflist.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/explodename.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/dcigettext.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/dcngettext.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/dngettext.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/ngettext.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/plural.y
hello-2.1.1/intl/plural-exp.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/localcharset.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/localename.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/osdep.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/os2compat.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/intl-compat.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/plural.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/VERSION
hello-2.1.1/po/
hello-2.1.1/po/Makefile.in.in
hello-2.1.1/po/Makevars
hello-2.1.1/po/remove-potcdate.sin
hello-2.1.1/po/quot.sed
hello-2.1.1/po/boldquot.sed
hello-2.1.1/po/en@quot.header
hello-2.1.1/po/en@boldquot.header
hello-2.1.1/po/insert-header.sin
hello-2.1.1/po/Rules-quot
hello-2.1.1/po/POTFILES.in
hello-2.1.1/po/hello.pot
hello-2.1.1/po/ca.po
hello-2.1.1/po/da.po
hello-2.1.1/po/de.po
hello-2.1.1/po/de_DE.po
hello-2.1.1/po/el.po
hello-2.1.1/po/eo.po
hello-2.1.1/po/es.po
hello-2.1.1/po/et.po
hello-2.1.1/po/fi.po
hello-2.1.1/po/fr.po
hello-2.1.1/po/gl.po
hello-2.1.1/po/he.po
hello-2.1.1/po/hr.po
hello-2.1.1/po/hu.po
hello-2.1.1/po/id.po
hello-2.1.1/po/it.po
hello-2.1.1/po/ja.po
hello-2.1.1/po/ko.po
hello-2.1.1/po/lv.po
hello-2.1.1/po/nb.po
hello-2.1.1/po/nl.po
hello-2.1.1/po/nn.po
hello-2.1.1/po/pl.po
hello-2.1.1/po/pt.po
hello-2.1.1/po/pt_BR.po
hello-2.1.1/po/ru.po
hello-2.1.1/po/sk.po
hello-2.1.1/po/sl.po
hello-2.1.1/po/sv.po
hello-2.1.1/po/tr.po
hello-2.1.1/po/uk.po
hello-2.1.1/po/ca.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/da.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/de.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/de_DE.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/el.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/eo.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/es.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/et.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/fi.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/fr.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/gl.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/he.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/hr.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/hu.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/id.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/it.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/ja.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/ko.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/lv.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/nb.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/nl.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/nn.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/pl.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/pt.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/pt_BR.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/ru.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/sk.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/sl.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/sv.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/tr.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/uk.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/po/LINGUAS
hello-2.1.1/README
hello-2.1.1/ABOUT-NLS
hello-2.1.1/AUTHORS
hello-2.1.1/COPYING
hello-2.1.1/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/INSTALL
hello-2.1.1/Makefile.am
hello-2.1.1/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/NEWS
hello-2.1.1/THANKS
hello-2.1.1/TODO
hello-2.1.1/aclocal.m4
hello-2.1.1/config.guess
hello-2.1.1/config.h.in
hello-2.1.1/config.rpath
hello-2.1.1/config.sub
hello-2.1.1/configure
hello-2.1.1/configure.ac
hello-2.1.1/depcomp
hello-2.1.1/install-sh
hello-2.1.1/missing
hello-2.1.1/mkinstalldirs
hello-2.1.1/BUGS
hello-2.1.1/ChangeLog.O
hello-2.1.1/contrib/
hello-2.1.1/contrib/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/contrib/Makefile.am
hello-2.1.1/contrib/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/contrib/de_franconian_po.txt
hello-2.1.1/contrib/evolution.txt
hello-2.1.1/contrib/hello.1
hello-2.1.1/doc/
hello-2.1.1/doc/gpl.texi
hello-2.1.1/doc/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/doc/Makefile.am
hello-2.1.1/doc/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/doc/mdate-sh
hello-2.1.1/doc/stamp-vti
hello-2.1.1/doc/texinfo.tex
hello-2.1.1/doc/version.texi
hello-2.1.1/doc/hello.texi
hello-2.1.1/doc/hello.info
hello-2.1.1/src/
hello-2.1.1/src/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/src/Makefile.am
hello-2.1.1/src/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/src/alloca.c
hello-2.1.1/src/hello.c
hello-2.1.1/src/version.c
hello-2.1.1/src/getopt.c
hello-2.1.1/src/getopt1.c
hello-2.1.1/src/getopt.h
hello-2.1.1/src/system.h
hello-2.1.1/man/
hello-2.1.1/man/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/man/Makefile.am
hello-2.1.1/man/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/man/hello.1
hello-2.1.1/man/help2man
hello-2.1.1/m4/
hello-2.1.1/m4/README
hello-2.1.1/m4/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/m4/Makefile.am
hello-2.1.1/m4/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/m4/codeset.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/gettext.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/glibc21.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/iconv.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/isc-posix.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/lcmessage.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/lib-ld.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/lib-link.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/lib-prefix.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/progtest.m4
hello-2.1.1/tests/
hello-2.1.1/tests/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/tests/Makefile.am
hello-2.1.1/tests/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/tests/hello-1
hello-2.1.1/tests/world-1
hello-2.1.1/tests/nothing-1

Changez de répertoire :

[root@centos7 ~]# cd hello-2.1.1/

A l'étude du fichier README, celui-ci nous renvoie vers le fichier INSTALL. Visualisez donc ce dernier :

[root@centos7 hello-2.1.1]# more INSTALL
Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.

   This file is free documentation; the Free Software Foundation gives
unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify it.

Basic Installation
==================

   These are generic installation instructions.

   The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
various system-dependent variables used during compilation.  It uses
those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package.
It may also create one or more `.h' files containing system-dependent
definitions.  Finally, it creates a shell script `config.status' that
you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, and a
file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for
debugging `configure').

   It can also use an optional file (typically called `config.cache'
and enabled with `--cache-file=config.cache' or simply `-C') that saves
the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring.  (Caching is
disabled by default to prevent problems with accidental use of stale
cache files.)
--Plus--(11%)

La procédure expliquée est celle utilisée pour la plupart des installations manuelles, à savoir la saisie des quatre commandes suivantes.

[root@centos7 hello-2.1.1]# ./configure
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /bin/install -c
checking whether build environment is sane... yes
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether make sets ${MAKE}... yes
checking for gcc... gcc
checking for C compiler default output... a.out
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of executables... 
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for style of include used by make... GNU
checking dependency style of gcc... gcc3
checking for strerror in -lcposix... no
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
checking for ANSI C header files... yes
checking for sys/types.h... yes
checking for sys/stat.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... yes
checking for string.h... yes
checking for memory.h... yes
checking for strings.h... yes
checking for inttypes.h... yes
checking for stdint.h... yes
checking for unistd.h... yes
checking for string.h... (cached) yes
checking fcntl.h usability... yes
checking fcntl.h presence... yes
checking for fcntl.h... yes
checking sys/file.h usability... yes
checking sys/file.h presence... yes
checking for sys/file.h... yes
checking sys/param.h usability... yes
checking sys/param.h presence... yes
checking for sys/param.h... yes
checking for working alloca.h... yes
checking for alloca... yes
checking for struct stat.st_blksize... yes
checking for msgfmt... /bin/msgfmt
checking for gmsgfmt... /bin/msgfmt
checking for xgettext... /bin/xgettext
checking for msgmerge... /bin/msgmerge
checking build system type... x86_64-unknown-linux
checking host system type... x86_64-unknown-linux
checking for ranlib... ranlib
checking for gcc option to accept ANSI C... none needed
checking for an ANSI C-conforming const... yes
checking for inline... inline
checking for off_t... yes
checking for size_t... yes
checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes
checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes
checking for getpagesize... yes
checking for working mmap... yes
checking whether we are using the GNU C Library 2.1 or newer... yes
checking for ld used by GCC... /bin/ld
checking if the linker (/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes
checking for shared library run path origin... done
checking for iconv... yes
checking argz.h usability... yes
checking argz.h presence... yes
checking for argz.h... yes
checking limits.h usability... yes
checking limits.h presence... yes
checking for limits.h... yes
checking locale.h usability... yes
checking locale.h presence... yes
checking for locale.h... yes
checking nl_types.h usability... yes
checking nl_types.h presence... yes
checking for nl_types.h... yes
checking malloc.h usability... yes
checking malloc.h presence... yes
checking for malloc.h... yes
checking stddef.h usability... yes
checking stddef.h presence... yes
checking for stddef.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes
checking for string.h... (cached) yes
checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes
checking for sys/param.h... (cached) yes
checking for feof_unlocked... yes
checking for fgets_unlocked... yes
checking for getc_unlocked... yes
checking for getcwd... yes
checking for getegid... yes
checking for geteuid... yes
checking for getgid... yes
checking for getuid... yes
checking for mempcpy... yes
checking for munmap... yes
checking for putenv... yes
checking for setenv... yes
checking for setlocale... yes
checking for stpcpy... yes
checking for strcasecmp... yes
checking for strdup... yes
checking for strtoul... yes
checking for tsearch... yes
checking for __argz_count... yes
checking for __argz_stringify... yes
checking for __argz_next... yes
checking for iconv declaration... 
         extern size_t iconv (iconv_t cd, char * *inbuf, size_t *inbytesleft, char * *outbuf, size_t *outbytesleft);
checking for nl_langinfo and CODESET... yes
checking for LC_MESSAGES... yes
checking for bison... no
checking whether NLS is requested... yes
checking whether included gettext is requested... no
checking for GNU gettext in libc... yes
checking for perl... perl
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating Makefile
config.status: creating contrib/Makefile
config.status: creating doc/Makefile
config.status: creating intl/Makefile
config.status: creating man/Makefile
config.status: creating po/Makefile.in
config.status: creating m4/Makefile
config.status: creating src/Makefile
config.status: creating tests/Makefile
config.status: creating config.h
config.status: executing depfiles commands
config.status: executing default-1 commands
config.status: creating po/POTFILES
config.status: creating po/Makefile
config.status: executing default commands

[root@centos7 hello-2.1.1]# make
make  all-recursive
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
Making all in contrib
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
Making all in doc
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
Making all in intl
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
Making all in po
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
Making all in src
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
source='hello.c' object='hello.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/hello.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/hello.TPo' \
depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \
gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl    -g -O2 -c `test -f 'hello.c' || echo './'`hello.c
source='version.c' object='version.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/version.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/version.TPo' \
depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \
gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl    -g -O2 -c `test -f 'version.c' || echo './'`version.c
source='getopt.c' object='getopt.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/getopt.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/getopt.TPo' \
depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \
gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl    -g -O2 -c `test -f 'getopt.c' || echo './'`getopt.c
source='getopt1.c' object='getopt1.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/getopt1.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/getopt1.TPo' \
depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \
gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl    -g -O2 -c `test -f 'getopt1.c' || echo './'`getopt1.c
gcc  -g -O2   -o hello  hello.o version.o getopt.o getopt1.o  
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
Making all in man
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
perl help2man --name="Friendly Greeting Program" ../src/hello >hello.1
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
Making all in m4
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
Making all in tests
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'

[root@centos7 hello-2.1.1]# make check
Making check in contrib
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
Making check in doc
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
Making check in intl
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
Making check in po
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
Making check in src
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
Making check in man
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
Making check in m4
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
Making check in tests
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make  check-TESTS
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
PASS: hello-1
PASS: world-1
PASS: nothing-1
==================
All 3 tests passed
==================
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'

[root@centos7 hello-2.1.1]# make install
Making install in contrib
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
Making install in doc
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
/bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /usr/local/info
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/info
 /bin/install -c -m 644 ./hello.info /usr/local/info/hello.info
 install-info --info-dir=/usr/local/info /usr/local/info/hello.info
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
Making install in intl
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
if test "hello" = "gettext" \
   && test '' = 'intl-compat.o'; then \
  /bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/lib /usr/local/include; \
  /bin/install -c -m 644 libintl.h /usr/local/include/libintl.h; \
  @LIBTOOL@ --mode=install \
    /bin/install -c -m 644 libintl.a /usr/local/lib/libintl.a; \
else \
  : ; \
fi
if test 'no' = yes; then \
  test yes != no || /bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/lib; \
  temp=/usr/local/lib/t-charset.alias; \
  dest=/usr/local/lib/charset.alias; \
  if test -f /usr/local/lib/charset.alias; then \
    orig=/usr/local/lib/charset.alias; \
    sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \
    /bin/install -c -m 644 $temp $dest; \
    rm -f $temp; \
  else \
    if test yes = no; then \
      orig=charset.alias; \
      sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \
      /bin/install -c -m 644 $temp $dest; \
      rm -f $temp; \
    fi; \
  fi; \
  /bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share/locale; \
  test -f /usr/local/share/locale/locale.alias \
    && orig=/usr/local/share/locale/locale.alias \
    || orig=./locale.alias; \
  temp=/usr/local/share/locale/t-locale.alias; \
  dest=/usr/local/share/locale/locale.alias; \
  sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \
  /bin/install -c -m 644 $temp $dest; \
  rm -f $temp; \
else \
  : ; \
fi
if test "hello" = "gettext"; then \
  /bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share/gettext/intl; \
  /bin/install -c -m 644 VERSION /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/VERSION; \
  /bin/install -c -m 644 ChangeLog.inst /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/ChangeLog; \
  dists="COPYING.LIB-2.0 COPYING.LIB-2.1 Makefile.in config.charset locale.alias ref-add.sin ref-del.sin gmo.h gettextP.h hash-string.h plural-exp.h eval-plural.h os2compat.h libgnuintl.h loadinfo.h bindtextdom.c dcgettext.c dgettext.c gettext.c finddomain.c loadmsgcat.c localealias.c textdomain.c l10nflist.c explodename.c dcigettext.c dcngettext.c dngettext.c ngettext.c plural.y plural-exp.c localcharset.c localename.c osdep.c os2compat.c intl-compat.c"; \
  for file in $dists; do \
    /bin/install -c -m 644 ./$file \
		    /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/$file; \
  done; \
  chmod a+x /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/config.charset; \
  dists="plural.c"; \
  for file in $dists; do \
    if test -f $file; then dir=.; else dir=.; fi; \
    /bin/install -c -m 644 $dir/$file \
		    /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/$file; \
  done; \
  dists="xopen-msg.sed linux-msg.sed po2tbl.sed.in cat-compat.c COPYING.LIB-2 gettext.h libgettext.h plural-eval.c"; \
  for file in $dists; do \
    rm -f /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/$file; \
  done; \
else \
  : ; \
fi
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
Making install in po
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES
installing ca.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES
installing da.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES
installing de.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/de_DE/LC_MESSAGES
installing de_DE.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/de_DE/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES
installing el.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/eo/LC_MESSAGES
installing eo.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/eo/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES
installing es.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES
installing et.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES
installing fi.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES
installing fr.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES
installing gl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES
installing he.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES
installing hr.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES
installing hu.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES
installing id.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES
installing it.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES
installing ja.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES
installing ko.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/lv/LC_MESSAGES
installing lv.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/lv/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES
installing nb.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES
installing nl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/nn/LC_MESSAGES
installing nn.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/nn/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES
installing pl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES
installing pt.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES
installing pt_BR.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES
installing ru.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES
installing sk.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES
installing sl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES
installing sv.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES
installing tr.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES
installing uk.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
if test "hello" = "gettext"; then \
  /bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share/gettext/po; \
  for file in Makefile.in.in Makevars remove-potcdate.sin quot.sed boldquot.sed en@quot.header en@boldquot.header insert-header.sin Rules-quot  ; do \
    /bin/install -c -m 644 ./$file \
		    /usr/local/share/gettext/po/$file; \
  done; \
else \
  : ; \
fi
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
Making install in src
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
/bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /usr/local/bin
  /bin/install -c hello /usr/local/bin/hello
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
Making install in man
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
/bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /usr/local/man/man1
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/man/man1
 /bin/install -c -m 644 ./hello.1 /usr/local/man/man1/hello.1
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
Making install in m4
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
Making install in tests
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'

Il convient maintenant de tester le nouveau logiciel :

[root@centos7 hello-2.1.1]# hello
Hello, world!

Le logiciel hello a été correctement installé.

Afin de faciliter l'installation, la désinstallation et la gestion des logiciels (appelés paquets), CentOS et Red Hat utilisent un format de fichier de logiciels installables spécifique. Celui-ci s'appelle RPM pour Red Hat Package Manager. La commande utilisée pour manipuler ses paquets s'appelle aussi rpm.

Les options de la commande rpm sont :

[root@centos7 hello-2.1.1]# cd ~
[root@centos7 ~]# rpm --help
Usage: rpm [OPTION...]

Query/Verify package selection options:
  -a, --all                        query/verify all packages
  -f, --file                       query/verify package(s) owning file
  -g, --group                      query/verify package(s) in group
  -p, --package                    query/verify a package file
  --pkgid                          query/verify package(s) with package
                                   identifier
  --hdrid                          query/verify package(s) with header
                                   identifier
  --triggeredby                    query the package(s) triggered by the
                                   package
  --whatrequires                   query/verify the package(s) which require a
                                   dependency
  --whatprovides                   query/verify the package(s) which provide a
                                   dependency
  --nomanifest                     do not process non-package files as
                                   manifests

Query options (with -q or --query):
  -c, --configfiles                list all configuration files
  -d, --docfiles                   list all documentation files
  -L, --licensefiles               list all license files
  --dump                           dump basic file information
  -l, --list                       list files in package
  --queryformat=QUERYFORMAT        use the following query format
  -s, --state                      display the states of the listed files

Verify options (with -V or --verify):
  --nofiledigest                   don't verify digest of files
  --nofiles                        don't verify files in package
  --nodeps                         don't verify package dependencies
  --noscript                       don't execute verify script(s)

Install/Upgrade/Erase options:
  --allfiles                       install all files, even configurations
                                   which might otherwise be skipped
  --allmatches                     remove all packages which match <package>
                                   (normally an error is generated if
                                   <package> specified multiple packages)
  --badreloc                       relocate files in non-relocatable package
  -e, --erase=<package>+           erase (uninstall) package
  --excludedocs                    do not install documentation
  --excludepath=<path>             skip files with leading component <path> 
  --force                          short hand for --replacepkgs --replacefiles
  -F, --freshen=<packagefile>+     upgrade package(s) if already installed
  -h, --hash                       print hash marks as package installs (good
                                   with -v)
  --ignorearch                     don't verify package architecture
  --ignoreos                       don't verify package operating system
  --ignoresize                     don't check disk space before installing
  -i, --install                    install package(s)
  --justdb                         update the database, but do not modify the
                                   filesystem
  --nodeps                         do not verify package dependencies
  --nofiledigest                   don't verify digest of files
  --nocontexts                     don't install file security contexts
  --noorder                        do not reorder package installation to
                                   satisfy dependencies
  --noscripts                      do not execute package scriptlet(s)
  --notriggers                     do not execute any scriptlet(s) triggered
                                   by this package
  --nocollections                  do not perform any collection actions
  --oldpackage                     upgrade to an old version of the package
                                   (--force on upgrades does this
                                   automatically)
  --percent                        print percentages as package installs
  --prefix=<dir>                   relocate the package to <dir>, if
                                   relocatable
  --relocate=<old>=<new>           relocate files from path <old> to <new>
  --replacefiles                   ignore file conflicts between packages
  --replacepkgs                    reinstall if the package is already present
  --test                           don't install, but tell if it would work or
                                   not
  -U, --upgrade=<packagefile>+     upgrade package(s)

Common options for all rpm modes and executables:
  -D, --define='MACRO EXPR'        define MACRO with value EXPR
  --undefine=MACRO                 undefine MACRO
  -E, --eval='EXPR'                print macro expansion of EXPR
  --macros=<FILE:...>              read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
  --nodigest                       don't verify package digest(s)
  --nosignature                    don't verify package signature(s)
  --rcfile=<FILE:...>              read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
  -r, --root=ROOT                  use ROOT as top level directory (default:
                                   "/")
  --dbpath=DIRECTORY               use database in DIRECTORY
  --querytags                      display known query tags
  --showrc                         display final rpmrc and macro configuration
  --quiet                          provide less detailed output
  -v, --verbose                    provide more detailed output
  --version                        print the version of rpm being used

Options implemented via popt alias/exec:
  --scripts                        list install/erase scriptlets from
                                   package(s)
  --setperms                       set permissions of files in a package
  --setugids                       set user/group ownership of files in a
                                   package
  --conflicts                      list capabilities this package conflicts
                                   with
  --obsoletes                      list other packages removed by installing
                                   this package
  --provides                       list capabilities that this package provides
  --requires                       list capabilities required by package(s)
  --info                           list descriptive information from package(s)
  --changelog                      list change logs for this package
  --xml                            list metadata in xml
  --triggers                       list trigger scriptlets from package(s)
  --last                           list package(s) by install time, most
                                   recent first
  --dupes                          list duplicated packages
  --filesbypkg                     list all files from each package
  --fileclass                      list file names with classes
  --filecolor                      list file names with colors
  --fscontext                      list file names with security context from
                                   file system
  --fileprovide                    list file names with provides
  --filerequire                    list file names with requires
  --filecaps                       list file names with POSIX1.e capabilities

Help options:
  -?, --help                       Show this help message
  --usage                          Display brief usage message

Le fichier de configuration principal de la commande rpm est /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc :

[root@centos7 ~]# more /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc
#/*! \page config_rpmrc Default configuration: /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc
# \verbatim
#
# This is a global RPM configuration file. All changes made here will
# be lost when the rpm package is upgraded. Any per-system configuration
# should be added to /etc/rpmrc, while per-user configuration should
# be added to ~/.rpmrc.
#
#############################################################
# Values for RPM_OPT_FLAGS for various platforms

# "fat" binary with both archs, for Darwin
optflags: fat -O2 -g -arch i386 -arch ppc

optflags: i386 -O2 -g -march=i386 -mtune=i686
optflags: i486 -O2 -g -march=i486
optflags: i586 -O2 -g -march=i586
optflags: i686 -O2 -g -march=i686
optflags: pentium3 -O2 -g -march=pentium3
optflags: pentium4 -O2 -g -march=pentium4
optflags: athlon -O2 -g -march=athlon
optflags: geode -Os -g -m32 -march=geode
optflags: ia64 -O2 -g
--More--(5%)

Ces directives indiquent comment optimiser la construction d'un rpm en fonction du type de processeur retourné par la commande uname -p. Par exemple, la directive buildarchtranslate: athlon: i386 indique que le processus doit utiliser les optimisations i386 lors de la construction d'un src.rpm sur une architecture athlon. Si au contraire il est souhaité que les optimisations athlon soient utilisées, il convient d'inclure la ligne buildarchtranslate: athlon: athlon dans le fichier /etc/rpmrc. En effet lors de la mise à jour du paquet rpm, le fichier /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc est écrasé. Toute modification des directives de ce fichier doivent être inscrites dans /etc/rpmrc ou dans un fichier ~/.rpmrc spécifique à un utilisateur.

Afin de connaître la liste des paquets installés sur la machine, il convient de saisir la commande suivante dans une console en tant que root :

[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -qa | more
gjs-1.36.1-2.el7.x86_64
mesa-libxatracker-9.2.5-5.20131218.el7.x86_64
gvfs-mtp-1.16.4-7.el7.x86_64
policycoreutils-2.2.5-11.el7.x86_64
setup-2.8.71-4.el7.noarch
libXmu-1.1.1-5.1.el7.x86_64
gettext-libs-0.18.2.1-4.el7.x86_64
mousetweaks-3.8.0-3.el7.x86_64
libquvi-0.4.1-5.el7.x86_64
langtable-0.0.13-4.el7.noarch
jline-1.0-8.el7.noarch
perl-Encode-2.51-7.el7.x86_64
gnome-system-log-3.8.1-5.el7.x86_64
libreport-plugin-ureport-2.1.11-10.el7.centos.x86_64
basesystem-10.0-7.el7.centos.noarch
festvox-slt-arctic-hts-0.20061229-28.el7.noarch
perl-threads-shared-1.43-6.el7.x86_64
firefox-24.5.0-1.el7.centos.x86_64
sbc-1.0-5.el7.x86_64
tigervnc-license-1.2.80-0.30.20130314svn5065.el7.noarch
poppler-utils-0.22.5-6.el7.x86_64
perl-Pod-Simple-3.28-4.el7.noarch
systemtap-runtime-2.4-14.el7.x86_64
--More--

Afin de connaître le nombre total de paquets installés sur la machine, utilisez la commande suivante :

[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -qa | wc -l
1194

Imaginons maintenant que vous souhaitez vérifier si un paquet contenant la chaine de caractères setup soit déjà installé sur la machine. Dans ce cas, il convient d'utiliser une commande telle la suivante :

[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -qa | grep setup
setup-2.8.71-4.el7.noarch
cryptsetup-libs-1.6.3-2.el7.x86_64
cryptsetup-python-1.6.3-2.el7.x86_64
ibus-setup-1.5.3-11.el7.noarch
gnome-initial-setup-0.13.1-4.el7.x86_64
cryptsetup-1.6.3-2.el7.x86_64
initial-setup-0.3.9.12-1.el7.x86_64
setuptool-1.19.11-8.el7.x86_64
python-setuptools-0.9.8-3.el7.noarch

Afin de connaître les détails du paquet setup-2.8.71-4.el7.noarch, il convient de saisir la commande suivante :

[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -qi setup
Name        : setup
Version     : 2.8.71
Release     : 4.el7
Architecture: noarch
Install Date: Sun 08 Mar 2015 01:41:33 PM CET
Group       : System Environment/Base
Size        : 696310
License     : Public Domain
Signature   : RSA/SHA256, Fri 04 Jul 2014 06:59:13 AM CEST, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5
Source RPM  : setup-2.8.71-4.el7.src.rpm
Build Date  : Tue 10 Jun 2014 04:04:36 AM CEST
Build Host  : worker1.bsys.centos.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager    : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
Vendor      : CentOS
URL         : https://fedorahosted.org/setup/
Summary     : A set of system configuration and setup files
Description :
The setup package contains a set of important system configuration and
setup files, such as passwd, group, and profile.

Afin de lister tous les fichiers installés par le paquet concerné, utilisez la commande suivante :

[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -ql setup
/etc/aliases
/etc/bashrc
/etc/csh.cshrc
/etc/csh.login
/etc/environment
/etc/exports
/etc/filesystems
/etc/fstab
/etc/group
/etc/gshadow
/etc/host.conf
/etc/hosts
/etc/hosts.allow
/etc/hosts.deny
/etc/inputrc
/etc/motd
/etc/passwd
/etc/printcap
/etc/profile
/etc/profile.d
/etc/protocols
/etc/securetty
/etc/services
/etc/shadow
/etc/shells
/usr/share/doc/setup-2.8.71
/usr/share/doc/setup-2.8.71/COPYING
/usr/share/doc/setup-2.8.71/uidgid
/var/log/lastlog

A l'inverse, si vous connaissez le nom d'un fichier et vous souhaitez savoir quel paquet l'a installé, utilisez la commande suivante :

[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -qf /etc/exports
setup-2.8.71-4.el7.noarch

Pour connaître les fichiers modifiés depuis l'installation d'un paquet, utilisez la commande suivante :

# rpm -qV setup [Entrée]

Dans le cas où aucun fichier n'a été modifié, la console n'affiche rien. Dans le cas où les fichiers ont été modifiés, le système vous indique, fichier par fichier, les modifications apportées selon le tableau ci-dessous. Pour plus d'informations utilisez les commandes man et info :

Yellow dog Updater, Modified (Yum) est le nom d'un programme utilitaire de gestion de paquets pour le système d'exploitation Linux, créé par Yellow Dog Linux et utilisé par CentOS, Redhat et Fedora. Il est à noter qu'il existe plusieurs interfaces graphiques pour yum, notamment yumex et kyum

Il permet de gérer l'installation et la mise à jour des logiciels installés. C'est une surcouche à RPM gérant les téléchargements et les dépendances, de la même manière que APT pour Debian, urpmi pour Mandriva et zypper pour SLES/openSUSE.

La commande yum prend la forme suivante :

# yum <options> <commande> <paquet(s)> [Entrée]

Les options et commandes de yum sont :

[root@centos7 ~]# yum --help
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Usage: yum [options] COMMAND

List of Commands:

check          Check for problems in the rpmdb
check-update   Check for available package updates
clean          Remove cached data
deplist        List a package's dependencies
distribution-synchronization Synchronize installed packages to the latest available versions
downgrade      downgrade a package
erase          Remove a package or packages from your system
fs             Creates filesystem snapshots, or lists/deletes current snapshots.
fssnapshot     Creates filesystem snapshots, or lists/deletes current snapshots.
groups         Display, or use, the groups information
help           Display a helpful usage message
history        Display, or use, the transaction history
info           Display details about a package or group of packages
install        Install a package or packages on your system
langavailable  Check available languages
langinfo       List languages information
langinstall    Install appropriate language packs for a language
langlist       List installed languages
langremove     Remove installed language packs for a language
list           List a package or groups of packages
load-transaction load a saved transaction from filename
makecache      Generate the metadata cache
provides       Find what package provides the given value
reinstall      reinstall a package
repo-pkgs      Treat a repo. as a group of packages, so we can install/remove all of them
repolist       Display the configured software repositories
search         Search package details for the given string
shell          Run an interactive yum shell
swap           Simple way to swap packages, instead of using shell
update         Update a package or packages on your system
update-minimal Works like upgrade, but goes to the 'newest' package match which fixes a problem that affects your system
updateinfo     Acts on repository update information
upgrade        Update packages taking obsoletes into account
version        Display a version for the machine and/or available repos.


Options:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -t, --tolerant        be tolerant of errors
  -C, --cacheonly       run entirely from system cache, don't update cache
  -c [config file], --config=[config file]
                        config file location
  -R [minutes], --randomwait=[minutes]
                        maximum command wait time
  -d [debug level], --debuglevel=[debug level]
                        debugging output level
  --showduplicates      show duplicates, in repos, in list/search commands
  -e [error level], --errorlevel=[error level]
                        error output level
  --rpmverbosity=[debug level name]
                        debugging output level for rpm
  -q, --quiet           quiet operation
  -v, --verbose         verbose operation
  -y, --assumeyes       answer yes for all questions
  --assumeno            answer no for all questions
  --version             show Yum version and exit
  --installroot=[path]  set install root
  --enablerepo=[repo]   enable one or more repositories (wildcards allowed)
  --disablerepo=[repo]  disable one or more repositories (wildcards allowed)
  -x [package], --exclude=[package]
                        exclude package(s) by name or glob
  --disableexcludes=[repo]
                        disable exclude from main, for a repo or for
                        everything
  --disableincludes=[repo]
                        disable includepkgs for a repo or for everything
  --obsoletes           enable obsoletes processing during updates
  --noplugins           disable Yum plugins
  --nogpgcheck          disable gpg signature checking
  --disableplugin=[plugin]
                        disable plugins by name
  --enableplugin=[plugin]
                        enable plugins by name
  --skip-broken         skip packages with depsolving problems
  --color=COLOR         control whether color is used
  --releasever=RELEASEVER
                        set value of $releasever in yum config and repo files
  --downloadonly        don't update, just download
  --downloaddir=DLDIR   specifies an alternate directory to store packages
  --setopt=SETOPTS      set arbitrary config and repo options
  --bugfix              Include bugfix relevant packages, in updates
  --security            Include security relevant packages, in updates
  --advisory=ADVS, --advisories=ADVS
                        Include packages needed to fix the given advisory, in
                        updates
  --bzs=BZS             Include packages needed to fix the given BZ, in
                        updates
  --cves=CVES           Include packages needed to fix the given CVE, in
                        updates
  --sec-severity=SEVS, --secseverity=SEVS
                        Include security relevant packages matching the
                        severity, in updates

  Plugin Options:

La configuration principale de yum est effectuée en éditant le fichier /etc/yum.conf :

[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/yum.conf
[main]
cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
keepcache=0
debuglevel=2
logfile=/var/log/yum.log
exactarch=1
obsoletes=1
gpgcheck=1
plugins=1
installonly_limit=5
bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=23&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum
distroverpkg=centos-release


#  This is the default, if you make this bigger yum won't see if the metadata
# is newer on the remote and so you'll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to
# download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct
# information.
#  It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like
# Fedora which don't keep old packages around. If you don't like this checking
# interupting your command line usage, it's much better to have something
# manually check the metadata once an hour (yum-updatesd will do this).
# metadata_expire=90m

# PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo
# in /etc/yum.repos.d
# exclude=httpd php mysql

Les dépôts de paquets sont spécifiés soit dans le fichier /etc/yum.conf, soit dans un fichier par dépôt stocké dans le répertoire /etc/yum.repos.d :

[root@centos7 ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
CentOS-Base.repo  CentOS-Debuginfo.repo  CentOS-Sources.repo  CentOS-Vault.repo

Par exemple :

[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo
# CentOS-Base.repo
#
# The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
# update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and
# geographically close to the client.  You should use this for CentOS updates
# unless you are manually picking other mirrors.
#
# If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the 
# remarked out baseurl= line instead.
#
#

[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#released updates 
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7

Les options les plus utilisées de yum sont :

Les commandes les plus utilisées de yum sont :

La commande yumdownloader est utilisée pour télécharger un paquet à partir d'un dépôt sans l'installer.

Cette commande prend la forme :

# yumdownloader --destdir /chemin paquet

Les options de la commande sont :

[root@centos7 ~]# yumdownloader --help
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Usage: "yumdownloader [options] package1 [package2] [package..]

Options:
  Plugin Options:

  Yum Base Options:
    -h, --help          show this help message and exit
    -t, --tolerant      be tolerant of errors
    -C, --cacheonly     run entirely from system cache, don't update cache
    -c [config file], --config=[config file]
                        config file location
    -R [minutes], --randomwait=[minutes]
                        maximum command wait time
    -d [debug level], --debuglevel=[debug level]
                        debugging output level
    --showduplicates    show duplicates, in repos, in list/search commands
    -e [error level], --errorlevel=[error level]
                        error output level
    --rpmverbosity=[debug level name]
                        debugging output level for rpm
    -q, --quiet         quiet operation
    -v, --verbose       verbose operation
    -y, --assumeyes     answer yes for all questions
    --assumeno          answer no for all questions
    --version           show Yum version and exit
    --installroot=[path]
                        set install root
    --enablerepo=[repo]
                        enable one or more repositories (wildcards allowed)
    --disablerepo=[repo]
                        disable one or more repositories (wildcards allowed)
    -x [package], --exclude=[package]
                        exclude package(s) by name or glob
    --disableexcludes=[repo]
                        disable exclude from main, for a repo or for
                        everything
    --disableincludes=[repo]
                        disable includepkgs for a repo or for everything
    --obsoletes         enable obsoletes processing during updates
    --noplugins         disable Yum plugins
    --nogpgcheck        disable gpg signature checking
    --disableplugin=[plugin]
                        disable plugins by name
    --enableplugin=[plugin]
                        enable plugins by name
    --skip-broken       skip packages with depsolving problems
    --color=COLOR       control whether color is used
    --releasever=RELEASEVER
                        set value of $releasever in yum config and repo files
    --downloadonly      don't update, just download
    --downloaddir=DLDIR
                        specifies an alternate directory to store packages
    --setopt=SETOPTS    set arbitrary config and repo options
    --bugfix            Include bugfix relevant packages, in updates
    --security          Include security relevant packages, in updates
    --advisory=ADVS, --advisories=ADVS
                        Include packages needed to fix the given advisory, in
                        updates
    --bzs=BZS           Include packages needed to fix the given BZ, in
                        updates
    --cves=CVES         Include packages needed to fix the given CVE, in
                        updates
    --sec-severity=SEVS, --secseverity=SEVS
                        Include security relevant packages matching the
                        severity, in updates

  yumdownloader options:
    --destdir=DESTDIR   destination directory (defaults to current directory)
    --urls              just list the urls it would download instead of
                        downloading
    --resolve           resolve dependencies and download required packages
    --source            operate on source packages
    --archlist=ARCHLIST
                        only download packages of certain architecture(s)

Commencer par installer le paquet mc :

[root@centos7 ~]# yum install mc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: fr2.rpmfind.net
 * extras: mirror.ibcp.fr
 * updates: mirror.ibcp.fr
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package mc.x86_64 1:4.8.7-8.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================
 Package       Arch              Version                  Repository       Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 mc            x86_64            1:4.8.7-8.el7            base            1.7 M

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install  1 Package

Total download size: 1.7 M
Installed size: 5.6 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
Downloading packages:
mc-4.8.7-8.el7.x86_64.rpm                                  | 1.7 MB   00:15     
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  Installing : 1:mc-4.8.7-8.el7.x86_64                                      1/1 
  Verifying  : 1:mc-4.8.7-8.el7.x86_64                                      1/1 

Installed:
  mc.x86_64 1:4.8.7-8.el7                                                       

Complete!

Supprimez maintenant le paquet mc :

[root@centos7 ~]# yum remove mc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package mc.x86_64 1:4.8.7-8.el7 will be erased
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================
 Package      Arch             Version                    Repository       Size
================================================================================
Removing:
 mc           x86_64           1:4.8.7-8.el7              @base           5.6 M

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Remove  1 Package

Installed size: 5.6 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  Erasing    : 1:mc-4.8.7-8.el7.x86_64                                      1/1 
  Verifying  : 1:mc-4.8.7-8.el7.x86_64                                      1/1 

Removed:
  mc.x86_64 1:4.8.7-8.el7                                                       

Complete!

Recherchez le paquet mc :

[root@centos7 ~]# yum list mc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: fr2.rpmfind.net
 * extras: mirror.ibcp.fr
 * updates: mirror.ibcp.fr
Available Packages
mc.x86_64                           1:4.8.7-8.el7                           base

Recherchez tout paquet commençant par kerne :

[root@centos7 ~]# yum list kerne\*
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: fr2.rpmfind.net
 * extras: mirror.ibcp.fr
 * updates: mirror.ibcp.fr
Installed Packages
kernel.x86_64                            3.10.0-123.el7                @anaconda
kernel-devel.x86_64                      3.10.0-229.14.1.el7           @updates 
kernel-headers.x86_64                    3.10.0-229.14.1.el7           @updates 
kernel-tools.x86_64                      3.10.0-123.el7                @anaconda
kernel-tools-libs.x86_64                 3.10.0-123.el7                @anaconda
Available Packages
kernel.x86_64                            3.10.0-229.14.1.el7           updates  
kernel-abi-whitelists.noarch             3.10.0-229.14.1.el7           updates  
kernel-debug.x86_64                      3.10.0-229.14.1.el7           updates  
kernel-debug-devel.x86_64                3.10.0-229.14.1.el7           updates  
kernel-doc.noarch                        3.10.0-229.14.1.el7           updates  
kernel-tools.x86_64                      3.10.0-229.14.1.el7           updates  
kernel-tools-libs.x86_64                 3.10.0-229.14.1.el7           updates  
kernel-tools-libs-devel.x86_64           3.10.0-229.14.1.el7           updates 

Recherchez la chaîne mc :

[root@centos7 ~]# yum search mc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: fr2.rpmfind.net
 * extras: mirror.ibcp.fr
 * updates: mirror.ibcp.fr
=============================== N/S matched: mc ================================
abrt-addon-vmcore.x86_64 : abrt's vmcore addon
bmc-snmp-proxy.noarch : Reconfigure SNMP to include host SNMP agent within BMC
exchange-bmc-os-info.noarch : Let OS and BMC exchange info
freeipmi-bmc-watchdog.x86_64 : IPMI BMC watchdog
hamcrest-demo.noarch : Demos for hamcrest
hamcrest-javadoc.noarch : Javadoc for hamcrest
libXdmcp-devel.i686 : Development files for libXdmcp
libXdmcp-devel.x86_64 : Development files for libXdmcp
libXvMC.i686 : X.Org X11 libXvMC runtime library
libXvMC.x86_64 : X.Org X11 libXvMC runtime library
libXvMC-devel.i686 : X.Org X11 libXvMC development package
libXvMC-devel.x86_64 : X.Org X11 libXvMC development package
libmemcached.i686 : Client library and command line tools for memcached server
libmemcached.x86_64 : Client library and command line tools for memcached server
libmemcached-devel.i686 : Header files and development libraries for
                        : libmemcached
libmemcached-devel.x86_64 : Header files and development libraries for
                          : libmemcached
memcached-devel.i686 : Files needed for development using memcached protocol
memcached-devel.x86_64 : Files needed for development using memcached protocol
php-pecl-memcache.x86_64 : Extension to work with the Memcached caching daemon
python-memcached.noarch : A Python memcached client library
smc-fonts-common.noarch : Common files for smc-fonts
tomcat-admin-webapps.noarch : The host-manager and manager web applications for
                            : Apache Tomcat
tomcat-docs-webapp.noarch : The docs web application for Apache Tomcat
tomcat-javadoc.noarch : Javadoc generated documentation for Apache Tomcat
tomcat-jsp-2.2-api.noarch : Apache Tomcat JSP API implementation classes
tomcat-jsvc.noarch : Apache jsvc wrapper for Apache Tomcat as separate service
tomcat-lib.noarch : Libraries needed to run the Tomcat Web container
tomcat-servlet-3.0-api.noarch : Apache Tomcat Servlet API implementation classes
tomcat-webapps.noarch : The ROOT and examples web applications for Apache Tomcat
tomcatjss.noarch : JSSE implementation using JSS for Tomcat
crash.x86_64 : Kernel analysis utility for live systems, netdump, diskdump,
             : kdump, LKCD or mcore dumpfiles
crash-devel.i686 : kernel crash analysis utility for live systems, netdump,
                 : diskdump, kdump, LKCD or mcore dumpfiles
crash-devel.x86_64 : kernel crash analysis utility for live systems, netdump,
                   : diskdump, kdump, LKCD or mcore dumpfiles
fence-virtd-serial.x86_64 : Serial VMChannel listener for fence-virtd
hamcrest.noarch : Library of matchers for building test expressions
libXdmcp.i686 : X Display Manager Control Protocol library
libXdmcp.x86_64 : X Display Manager Control Protocol library
mc.x86_64 : User-friendly text console file manager and visual shell
mcelog.x86_64 : Tool to translate x86-64 CPU Machine Check Exception data
mcstrans.x86_64 : SELinux Translation Daemon
memcached.x86_64 : High Performance, Distributed Memory Object Cache
pki-tps-tomcat.noarch : Certificate System - Token Processing Service
sblim-wbemcli.x86_64 : SBLIM WBEM Command Line Interface
smc-anjalioldlipi-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script
smc-dyuthi-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script
smc-kalyani-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script
smc-meera-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script
smc-rachana-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script
smc-raghumalayalam-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script
smc-suruma-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script
strongimcv.i686 : Trusted Network Connect (TNC) Architecture
strongimcv.x86_64 : Trusted Network Connect (TNC) Architecture
tncfhh-examples.i686 : Example IMC/IMV implementations
tncfhh-examples.x86_64 : Example IMC/IMV implementations
tomcat.noarch : Apache Servlet/JSP Engine, RI for Servlet 3.0/JSP 2.2 API
tomcat-el-2.2-api.noarch : Expression Language v2.2 API
xorg-x11-drv-openchrome-devel.i686 : Xorg X11 openchrome video driver XvMC
                                   : development package
xorg-x11-drv-openchrome-devel.x86_64 : Xorg X11 openchrome video driver XvMC
                                     : development package

  Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.

Recherchez quel paquet fournit mc :

[root@centos7 ~]# yum provides mc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: fr2.rpmfind.net
 * extras: mirror.ibcp.fr
 * updates: mirror.ibcp.fr
1:mc-4.8.7-8.el7.x86_64 : User-friendly text console file manager and visual
                        : shell
Repo        : base

Contrôlez maintenant les dépôts configurés dans votre système :

[root@centos7 ~]# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: fr2.rpmfind.net
 * extras: mirror.ibcp.fr
 * updates: mirror.ibcp.fr
repo id                             repo name                             status
base/7/x86_64                       CentOS-7 - Base                       8,652
extras/7/x86_64                     CentOS-7 - Extras                       214
updates/7/x86_64                    CentOS-7 - Updates                    1,505
repolist: 10,371

Vérifiez la disponibilité de mises à jour :

[root@centos7 ~]# yum check-update
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: fr2.rpmfind.net
 * extras: mirror.ibcp.fr
 * updates: mirror.ibcp.fr

NetworkManager.x86_64              1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1 updates
NetworkManager-glib.x86_64         1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1 updates
NetworkManager-tui.x86_64          1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1 updates
abrt.x86_64                        2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
abrt-addon-ccpp.x86_64             2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
abrt-addon-kerneloops.x86_64       2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
abrt-addon-pstoreoops.x86_64       2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
abrt-addon-python.x86_64           2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
abrt-addon-vmcore.x86_64           2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
abrt-addon-xorg.x86_64             2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
abrt-cli.x86_64                    2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
abrt-console-notification.x86_64   2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
abrt-dbus.x86_64                   2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
abrt-desktop.x86_64                2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
abrt-gui.x86_64                    2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
abrt-gui-libs.x86_64               2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
abrt-libs.x86_64                   2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
abrt-python.x86_64                 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
abrt-tui.x86_64                    2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1              updates
alsa-firmware.noarch               1.0.28-2.el7                          base   
alsa-lib.x86_64                    1.0.28-2.el7                          base   
alsa-utils.x86_64                  1.0.28-4.el7                          base   
anaconda.x86_64                    19.31.123-1.el7.centos.2              base   
anaconda-widgets.x86_64            19.31.123-1.el7.centos.2              base   
at.x86_64                          3.1.13-17.el7_0.1                     base   
audit.x86_64                       2.4.1-5.el7                           base   
audit-libs.x86_64                  2.4.1-5.el7                           base   
audit-libs-python.x86_64           2.4.1-5.el7                           base   
...

Appliquez les mises-à-jour :

[root@centos7 ~]# yum update
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: fr2.rpmfind.net
 * extras: mirror.ibcp.fr
 * updates: mirror.ibcp.fr
Resolving Dependencies
...
Dependencies Resolved

======================================================================================================================================================
 Package                                               Arch               Version                                           Repository           Size
======================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 NetworkManager                                        x86_64             1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1             updates             1.9 M
     replacing  NetworkManager.x86_64 1:0.9.9.1-13.git20140326.4dba720.el7
 NetworkManager-adsl                                   x86_64             1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1             updates             122 k
     replacing  NetworkManager.x86_64 1:0.9.9.1-13.git20140326.4dba720.el7
 NetworkManager-bluetooth                              x86_64             1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1             updates             141 k
     replacing  NetworkManager.x86_64 1:0.9.9.1-13.git20140326.4dba720.el7
 NetworkManager-team                                   x86_64             1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1             updates             122 k
     replacing  NetworkManager.x86_64 1:0.9.9.1-13.git20140326.4dba720.el7
 NetworkManager-wifi                                   x86_64             1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1             updates             151 k
     replacing  NetworkManager.x86_64 1:0.9.9.1-13.git20140326.4dba720.el7
 NetworkManager-wwan                                   x86_64             1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1             updates             142 k
     replacing  NetworkManager.x86_64 1:0.9.9.1-13.git20140326.4dba720.el7
 kernel                                                x86_64             3.10.0-229.14.1.el7                               updates              31 M
Updating:
 NetworkManager-glib                                   x86_64             1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1             updates             376 k
 NetworkManager-tui                                    x86_64             1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1             updates             203 k
 abrt                                                  x86_64             2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1                          updates             511 k
 abrt-addon-ccpp                                       x86_64             2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1                          updates             183 k
 abrt-addon-kerneloops                                 x86_64             2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1                          updates             100 k
 abrt-addon-pstoreoops                                 x86_64             2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1                          updates              91 k
 abrt-addon-python                                     x86_64             2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1                          updates              97 k
 abrt-addon-vmcore                                     x86_64             2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1                          updates             101 k
 abrt-addon-xorg                                       x86_64             2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1                          updates              92 k
 abrt-cli                                              x86_64             2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1                          updates              82 k
 abrt-console-notification                             x86_64             2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1                          updates              83 k
 abrt-dbus                                             x86_64             2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1                          updates             115 k
...
 python-dmidecode                                      x86_64             3.10.13-11.el7                                    base                 82 k
 python-ethtool                                        x86_64             0.8-5.el7                                         base                 33 k
 python-meh-gui                                        noarch             0.25.2-1.el7                                      base                 15 k
 python-six                                            noarch             1.3.0-4.el7                                       base                 18 k
 rdma                                                  noarch             7.1_3.17-5.el7                                    base                 28 k
 tagsoup                                               noarch             1.2.1-8.el7                                       base                112 k
 trousers                                              x86_64             0.3.11.2-4.el7_1                                  updates             286 k

Transaction Summary
======================================================================================================================================================
Install    7 Packages (+37 Dependent packages)
Upgrade  462 Packages

Total size: 510 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y

Les bibliothèques partagées sont des fonctions communes à plusieurs programmes différents d'un même domaine (son, base de données, vidéo etc.). Les fonctions proposées par une ou plusieurs bibliothèques forment un API (Application Programming Interface). Sous Linux les bibliothèques se nomment Shared Objects et portent le suffixe .so.

Les bibliothèques partagées sont stockées par convention dans des répertoires lib, par exemple :

La bibliothèque ld-linux.so.2 est utilisée par le système pour créer un lien avec une bibliothèque partagée au moment de l'exécution d'un programme et s'appelle le chargeur de liens. Ce dernier recherche des bibliothèques partagées dans un ordre précis :

• dans les chemins précisés par la variable système LD_LIBRARY_PATH,
• dans les chemins précisés dans le contenu compilé du fichier /etc/ld.so.cache,
• dans /lib et /usr/lib.

Il est à noter que le contenu du cache ld.so.cache est construit à partir des informations contenus dans le fichier de configuration /etc/ld.so.conf.

Afin d'étudier les bibliothèques liées à une application, nous allons d'abord installer l'application mc :

[root@centos7 ~]# yum install mc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: fr2.rpmfind.net
 * extras: mirror.ibcp.fr
 * updates: mirror.ibcp.fr
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package mc.x86_64 1:4.8.7-8.el7 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution

Dependencies Resolved

======================================================================================================================================================
 Package                        Arch                               Version                                     Repository                        Size
======================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
 mc                             x86_64                             1:4.8.7-8.el7                               base                             1.7 M

Transaction Summary
======================================================================================================================================================
Install  1 Package

Total download size: 1.7 M
Installed size: 5.6 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y

Pour déterminer quelles sont les bibliothèques liées à une application, il convient d'utiliser la commande ldd :

[root@centos7 ~]# ldd /usr/bin/mc
	linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007fff0fdfe000)
	libslang.so.2 => /lib64/libslang.so.2 (0x00007f8896ae0000)
	libgpm.so.2 => /lib64/libgpm.so.2 (0x00007f88968d9000)
	libssh2.so.1 => /lib64/libssh2.so.1 (0x00007f88966ae000)
	libgmodule-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f88964aa000)
	libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f8896181000)
	libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f8895f64000)
	libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f8895ba3000)
	libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f889599f000)
	libm.so.6 => /lib64/libm.so.6 (0x00007f889569c000)
	libncurses.so.5 => /lib64/libncurses.so.5 (0x00007f8895475000)
	libtinfo.so.5 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.5 (0x00007f889524b000)
	libssl.so.10 => /lib64/libssl.so.10 (0x00007f8894fde000)
	libcrypto.so.10 => /lib64/libcrypto.so.10 (0x00007f8894bf9000)
	libz.so.1 => /lib64/libz.so.1 (0x00007f88949e3000)
	/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f8896e6b000)
	libgssapi_krb5.so.2 => /lib64/libgssapi_krb5.so.2 (0x00007f8894798000)
	libkrb5.so.3 => /lib64/libkrb5.so.3 (0x00007f88944b8000)
	libcom_err.so.2 => /lib64/libcom_err.so.2 (0x00007f88942b4000)
	libk5crypto.so.3 => /lib64/libk5crypto.so.3 (0x00007f889407e000)
	libkrb5support.so.0 => /lib64/libkrb5support.so.0 (0x00007f8893e70000)
	libkeyutils.so.1 => /lib64/libkeyutils.so.1 (0x00007f8893c6c000)
	libresolv.so.2 => /lib64/libresolv.so.2 (0x00007f8893a51000)
	libselinux.so.1 => /lib64/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007f889382c000)
	libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007f88935ca000)
	liblzma.so.5 => /lib64/liblzma.so.5 (0x00007f88933a5000)

Afin de comprendre ce qui se passe dans le cas où une bibliothèque est manquante, renommez la bibliothèque /usr/lib/libslang.so.2 en /usr/lib/libslang.so.2.old :

[root@centos7 ~]# mv /lib64/libslang.so.2 /lib64/libslang.so.2.old

Exécutez de nouveau la commande ldd. Vous obtiendrez un résultat similaire à celui-ci :

[root@centos7 ~]# ldd /usr/bin/mc
	linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007fffe31f9000)
	libslang.so.2 => not found
	libgpm.so.2 => /lib64/libgpm.so.2 (0x00007f7b54e49000)
	libssh2.so.1 => /lib64/libssh2.so.1 (0x00007f7b54c1f000)
	libgmodule-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f7b54a1b000)
	libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f7b546f1000)
	libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f7b544d5000)
	libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f7b54114000)
	libncurses.so.5 => /lib64/libncurses.so.5 (0x00007f7b53eec000)
	libtinfo.so.5 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.5 (0x00007f7b53cc2000)
	libssl.so.10 => /lib64/libssl.so.10 (0x00007f7b53a56000)
	libcrypto.so.10 => /lib64/libcrypto.so.10 (0x00007f7b53670000)
	libz.so.1 => /lib64/libz.so.1 (0x00007f7b5345a000)
	libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f7b53256000)
	/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f7b55064000)
	libgssapi_krb5.so.2 => /lib64/libgssapi_krb5.so.2 (0x00007f7b5300b000)
	libkrb5.so.3 => /lib64/libkrb5.so.3 (0x00007f7b52d2b000)
	libcom_err.so.2 => /lib64/libcom_err.so.2 (0x00007f7b52b27000)
	libk5crypto.so.3 => /lib64/libk5crypto.so.3 (0x00007f7b528f1000)
	libkrb5support.so.0 => /lib64/libkrb5support.so.0 (0x00007f7b526e3000)
	libkeyutils.so.1 => /lib64/libkeyutils.so.1 (0x00007f7b524df000)
	libresolv.so.2 => /lib64/libresolv.so.2 (0x00007f7b522c4000)
	libselinux.so.1 => /lib64/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007f7b5209f000)
	libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007f7b51e3d000)
	liblzma.so.5 => /lib64/liblzma.so.5 (0x00007f7b51c18000)

Notez la présence de la ligne libslang.so.2 ⇒ not found. Compte tenu de la bibliothèque partagée manquante, le programme mc ne peut plus être lancé :

[root@centos7 ~]# mc
mc: error while loading shared libraries: libslang.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

Renommez la bibliothèque correctement et vérifiez la résolution de l'erreur précédente avec la commande ldd :

[root@centos7 ~]# mv /lib64/libslang.so.2.old /lib64/libslang.so.2
[root@centos7 ~]# ldd /usr/bin/mc
	linux-vdso.so.1 =>  (0x00007fff541fe000)
	libslang.so.2 => /lib64/libslang.so.2 (0x00007fcb40b0a000)
	libgpm.so.2 => /lib64/libgpm.so.2 (0x00007fcb40903000)
	libssh2.so.1 => /lib64/libssh2.so.1 (0x00007fcb406d8000)
	libgmodule-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 (0x00007fcb404d4000)
	libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00007fcb401ab000)
	libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007fcb3ff8e000)
	libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fcb3fbcd000)
	libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007fcb3f9c9000)
	libm.so.6 => /lib64/libm.so.6 (0x00007fcb3f6c6000)
	libncurses.so.5 => /lib64/libncurses.so.5 (0x00007fcb3f49f000)
	libtinfo.so.5 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.5 (0x00007fcb3f275000)
	libssl.so.10 => /lib64/libssl.so.10 (0x00007fcb3f008000)
	libcrypto.so.10 => /lib64/libcrypto.so.10 (0x00007fcb3ec23000)
	libz.so.1 => /lib64/libz.so.1 (0x00007fcb3ea0d000)
	/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fcb40e95000)
	libgssapi_krb5.so.2 => /lib64/libgssapi_krb5.so.2 (0x00007fcb3e7c2000)
	libkrb5.so.3 => /lib64/libkrb5.so.3 (0x00007fcb3e4e2000)
	libcom_err.so.2 => /lib64/libcom_err.so.2 (0x00007fcb3e2de000)
	libk5crypto.so.3 => /lib64/libk5crypto.so.3 (0x00007fcb3e0a8000)
	libkrb5support.so.0 => /lib64/libkrb5support.so.0 (0x00007fcb3de9a000)
	libkeyutils.so.1 => /lib64/libkeyutils.so.1 (0x00007fcb3dc96000)
	libresolv.so.2 => /lib64/libresolv.so.2 (0x00007fcb3da7b000)
	libselinux.so.1 => /lib64/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007fcb3d856000)
	libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007fcb3d5f4000)
	liblzma.so.5 => /lib64/liblzma.so.5 (0x00007fcb3d3cf000)

Le fichier /etc/ld.so.conf est utilisé pour configurer le cache /etc/ld.so.cache :

[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/ld.so.conf
include ld.so.conf.d/*.conf

Dans ce cas, le fichier ne contient qu'une directive include qui renvoie vers le contenu du répertoire /etc/ld.so.conf.d/ :

[root@centos7 ~]# ls -l /etc/ld.so.conf.d/
total 20
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 19 Jun  9  2014 dyninst-x86_64.conf
-r--r--r--. 1 root root 63 Jun 30  2014 kernel-3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64.conf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 17 Jun 10  2014 libiscsi-x86_64.conf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 17 Jun 10  2014 mariadb-x86_64.conf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 24 Jun  9  2014 tracker-x86_64.conf

Par exemple, le contenu du fichier mariadb-x86_64.conf est :

[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mariadb-x86_64.conf
/usr/lib64/mysql

La commande ldconfig est utilisée pour :

• mettre à jour le cache pour les chemins inclus dans le fichier /etc/ld.so.conf ainsi que pour les répertoires /lib et /usr/lib. L'option -N de la commande ldconfig empêche la mise à jour des chemins dans le fichier,
• mettre à jour les liens symboliques sur les bibliothèques. L'option -X de la commande ldconfig empêche la mise à jour des liens symboliques.

Les liens symboliques sont utilisés pour gérer les versions de bibliothèques.

La commande ldconfig peut être utilisée avec l'option -p pour visualiser le contenu du cache :

[root@centos7 ~]# ldconfig -p | more
889 libs found in cache `/etc/ld.so.cache'
	p11-kit-trust.so (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/p11-kit-trust.so
	libzapojit-0.0.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libzapojit-0.0.so.0
	libz.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libz.so.1
	libyelp.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libyelp.so.0
	libyajl.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libyajl.so.2
	libxtables.so.10 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxtables.so.10
	libxslt.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxslt.so.1
	libxml2.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxml2.so.2
	libxmlrpc_util.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_util.so.3
	libxmlrpc_server_cgi.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_server_cgi.so.3
	libxmlrpc_server_abyss.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_server_abyss.so.3
	libxmlrpc_server.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_server.so.3
	libxmlrpc_client.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_client.so.3
	libxmlrpc_abyss.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_abyss.so.3
	libxmlrpc.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc.so.3
	libxklavier.so.16 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxklavier.so.16
	libxkbfile.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxkbfile.so.1
	libxcb.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb.so.1
	libxcb-xvmc.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xvmc.so.0
	libxcb-xv.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xv.so.0
	libxcb-xtest.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xtest.so.0
	libxcb-xselinux.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xselinux.so.0
	libxcb-xkb.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xkb.so.0
	libxcb-xinerama.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xinerama.so.0
	libxcb-xf86dri.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xf86dri.so.0
	libxcb-xfixes.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xfixes.so.0
	libxcb-xevie.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xevie.so.0
--More--

Pour ajouter des bibliothèques partagées, il convient de :

• créer un fichier dans le répertoire /etc/ld.so.conf.d/ et d'y inscrire le ou les chemins vers le lieu de stockage des bibliothèques partagées à ajouter,
• exécuter la commande ldconfig -v, où v implique verbose, afin de reconstruire le cache.

Placez-vous dans le répertoire personnel de root grâce à la commande cd ~ :

root@debian11:~/hello-2.1.1# cd ~
root@debian11:~# pwd
/root

Afin de faciliter l'installation, la désinstallation et la gestion des logiciels (appelés paquets) sous Linux, Debian et ses dérivés utilisent un format de fichier de logiciels installables spécifique. Celui-ci s'appelle DEB. La commande utilisée pour manipuler ses paquetages s'appelle dpkg.

Les options de la commande dpkg sont :

root@debian11:~# dpkg --help
Usage: dpkg [<option>...] <command>

Commands:
  -i|--install       <.deb file name>... | -R|--recursive <directory>...
  --unpack           <.deb file name>... | -R|--recursive <directory>...
  -A|--record-avail  <.deb file name>... | -R|--recursive <directory>...
  --configure        <package>... | -a|--pending
  --triggers-only    <package>... | -a|--pending
  -r|--remove        <package>... | -a|--pending
  -P|--purge         <package>... | -a|--pending
  -V|--verify [<package>...]       Verify the integrity of package(s).
  --get-selections [<pattern>...]  Get list of selections to stdout.
  --set-selections                 Set package selections from stdin.
  --clear-selections               Deselect every non-essential package.
  --update-avail [<Packages-file>] Replace available packages info.
  --merge-avail [<Packages-file>]  Merge with info from file.
  --clear-avail                    Erase existing available info.
  --forget-old-unavail             Forget uninstalled unavailable pkgs.
  -s|--status [<package>...]       Display package status details.
  -p|--print-avail [<package>...]  Display available version details.
  -L|--listfiles <package>...      List files 'owned' by package(s).
  -l|--list [<pattern>...]         List packages concisely.
  -S|--search <pattern>...         Find package(s) owning file(s).
  -C|--audit [<package>...]        Check for broken package(s).
  --yet-to-unpack                  Print packages selected for installation.
  --predep-package                 Print pre-dependencies to unpack.
  --add-architecture <arch>        Add <arch> to the list of architectures.
  --remove-architecture <arch>     Remove <arch> from the list of architectures.
  --print-architecture             Print dpkg architecture.
  --print-foreign-architectures    Print allowed foreign architectures.
  --assert-<feature>               Assert support for the specified feature.
  --validate-<thing> <string>      Validate a <thing>'s <string>.
  --compare-versions <a> <op> <b>  Compare version numbers - see below.
  --force-help                     Show help on forcing.
  -Dh|--debug=help                 Show help on debugging.

  -?, --help                       Show this help message.
      --version                    Show the version.

Assertable features: support-predepends, working-epoch, long-filenames,
  multi-conrep, multi-arch, versioned-provides, protected-field.

Validatable things: pkgname, archname, trigname, version.

Use dpkg with -b, --build, -c, --contents, -e, --control, -I, --info,
  -f, --field, -x, --extract, -X, --vextract, --ctrl-tarfile, --fsys-tarfile
on archives (type dpkg-deb --help).

Options:
  --admindir=<directory>     Use <directory> instead of /var/lib/dpkg.
  --root=<directory>         Install on a different root directory.
  --instdir=<directory>      Change installation dir without changing admin dir.
  --pre-invoke=<command>     Set a pre-invoke hook.
  --post-invoke=<command>    Set a post-invoke hook.
  --path-exclude=<pattern>   Do not install paths which match a shell pattern.
  --path-include=<pattern>   Re-include a pattern after a previous exclusion.
  -O|--selected-only         Skip packages not selected for install/upgrade.
  -E|--skip-same-version     Skip packages whose same version is installed.
  -G|--refuse-downgrade      Skip packages with earlier version than installed.
  -B|--auto-deconfigure      Install even if it would break some other package.
  --[no-]triggers            Skip or force consequential trigger processing.
  --verify-format=<format>   Verify output format (supported: 'rpm').
  --no-pager                 Disables the use of any pager.
  --no-debsig                Do not try to verify package signatures.
  --no-act|--dry-run|--simulate
                             Just say what we would do - don't do it.
  -D|--debug=<octal>         Enable debugging (see -Dhelp or --debug=help).
  --status-fd <n>            Send status change updates to file descriptor <n>.
  --status-logger=<command>  Send status change updates to <command>'s stdin.
  --log=<filename>           Log status changes and actions to <filename>.
  --ignore-depends=<package>[,...]
                             Ignore dependencies involving <package>.
  --force-<thing>[,...]      Override problems (see --force-help).
  --no-force-<thing>[,...]   Stop when problems encountered.
  --refuse-<thing>[,...]     Ditto.
  --abort-after <n>          Abort after encountering <n> errors.
  --robot                    Use machine-readable output on some commands.

Comparison operators for --compare-versions are:
  lt le eq ne ge gt       (treat empty version as earlier than any version);
  lt-nl le-nl ge-nl gt-nl (treat empty version as later than any version);
  < << <= = >= >> >       (only for compatibility with control file syntax).

Use 'apt' or 'aptitude' for user-friendly package management.

Le fichier de configuration proncipal de la commande dpkg est /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg :

root@debian11:~# cat /etc/dpkg/dpkg.cfg
# dpkg configuration file
#
# This file can contain default options for dpkg.  All command-line
# options are allowed.  Values can be specified by putting them after
# the option, separated by whitespace and/or an `=' sign.
#

# Do not enable debsig-verify by default; since the distribution is not using
# embedded signatures, debsig-verify would reject all packages.
no-debsig

# Log status changes and actions to a file.
log /var/log/dpkg.log

Les directives dans ce fichier sont les options de la commande dpkg sans les charactères –.

Il est important à noter que la base de données de la commande dpkg se trouve dans le répertoire /var/lib/dpkg :

root@debian11:~# ls -l /var/lib/dpkg
total 2836
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Apr 25 13:38 alternatives
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root  121896 Apr 25 06:30 available
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root       8 Apr 25 06:29 cmethopt
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     237 Apr 25 07:01 diversions
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     292 Apr 25 07:01 diversions-old
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root  258048 Apr 25 13:45 info
-rw-r----- 1 root root       0 Apr 25 13:45 lock
-rw-r----- 1 root root       0 Apr 25 06:54 lock-frontend
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Apr 14  2021 parts
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     135 Apr 25 06:49 statoverride
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root     100 Apr 25 06:48 statoverride-old
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1239440 Apr 25 13:45 status
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 1239479 Apr 25 13:45 status-old
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Apr 25 06:52 triggers
drwxr-xr-x 2 root root    4096 Apr 25 13:45 updates

Afin de connaître la liste des paquets disponibles sur la machine, il convient de saisir la commande suivante dans une fenêtre de console en tant que root :

root@debian11:~# dpkg -l | more
Desired=Unknown/Install/Remove/Purge/Hold
| Status=Not/Inst/Conf-files/Unpacked/halF-conf/Half-inst/trig-aWait/Trig-pend
|/ Err?=(none)/Reinst-required (Status,Err: uppercase=bad)
||/ Name                                  Version                          Architecture Description
+++-=====================================-================================-============-=======================================================================================================================
ii  acl                                   2.2.53-10                        amd64        access control list - utilities
ii  adduser                               3.118                            all          add and remove users and groups
ii  adwaita-icon-theme                    3.38.0-1                         all          default icon theme of GNOME
ii  alsa-topology-conf                    1.2.4-1                          all          ALSA topology configuration files
ii  alsa-ucm-conf                         1.2.4-2                          all          ALSA Use Case Manager configuration files
ii  alsa-utils                            1.2.4-1                          amd64        Utilities for configuring and using ALSA
ii  anacron                               2.3-30                           amd64        cron-like program that doesn't go by time
ii  apparmor                              2.13.6-10                        amd64        user-space parser utility for AppArmor
ii  apt                                   2.2.4                            amd64        commandline package manager
ii  apt-listchanges                       3.24                             all          package change history notification tool
ii  apt-utils                             2.2.4                            amd64        package management related utility programs
ii  aspell                                0.60.8-3                         amd64        GNU Aspell spell-checker
ii  aspell-en                             2018.04.16-0-1                   all          English dictionary for GNU Aspell
ii  at-spi2-core                          2.38.0-4                         amd64        Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface (dbus core)
ii  atril                                 1.24.0-1                         amd64        MATE document viewer
ii  atril-common                          1.24.0-1                         all          MATE document viewer (common files)
ii  avahi-daemon                          0.8-5                            amd64        Avahi mDNS/DNS-SD daemon
ii  base-files                            11.1+deb11u3                     amd64        Debian base system miscellaneous files
ii  base-passwd                           3.5.51                           amd64        Debian base system master password and group files
ii  bash                                  5.1-2+b3                         amd64        GNU Bourne Again SHell
ii  bash-completion                       1:2.11-2                         all          programmable completion for the bash shell
ii  bc                                    1.07.1-2+b2                      amd64        GNU bc arbitrary precision calculator language
ii  bind9-dnsutils                        1:9.16.27-1~deb11u1              amd64        Clients provided with BIND 9
ii  bind9-host                            1:9.16.27-1~deb11u1              amd64        DNS Lookup Utility
ii  bind9-libs:amd64                      1:9.16.27-1~deb11u1              amd64        Shared Libraries used by BIND 9
ii  binutils                              2.35.2-2                         amd64        GNU assembler, linker and binary utilities
ii  binutils-common:amd64                 2.35.2-2                         amd64        Common files for the GNU assembler, linker and binary utilities
ii  binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu             2.35.2-2                         amd64        GNU binary utilities, for x86-64-linux-gnu target
ii  bsdextrautils                         2.36.1-8+deb11u1                 amd64        extra utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite
ii  bsdutils                              1:2.36.1-8+deb11u1               amd64        basic utilities from 4.4BSD-Lite
ii  bubblewrap                            0.4.1-3                          amd64        utility for unprivileged chroot and namespace manipulation
ii  busybox                               1:1.30.1-6+b3                    amd64        Tiny utilities for small and embedded systems
ii  bzip2                                 1.0.8-4                          amd64        high-quality block-sorting file compressor - utilities
ii  ca-certificates                       20210119                         all          Common CA certificates
ii  coinor-libcbc3:amd64                  2.10.5+ds1-3                     amd64        Coin-or branch-and-cut mixed integer programming solver (shared libraries)
ii  coinor-libcgl1                        0.60.3+repack1-2                 amd64        COIN-OR Cut Generation Library
ii  coinor-libclp1                        1.17.5+repack1-1                 amd64        Coin-or linear programming solver (shared libraries)
ii  coinor-libcoinmp1v5:amd64             1.8.3-3                          amd64        Simple C API for COIN-OR Solvers Clp and Cbc -- library
ii  coinor-libcoinutils3v5                2.11.4+repack1-1                 amd64        Coin-or collection of utility classes (binaries and libraries)
ii  coinor-libosi1v5:amd64                0.108.6+repack1-2                amd64        COIN-OR Open Solver Interface
ii  colord                                1.4.5-3                          amd64        system service to manage device colour profiles -- system daemon
ii  colord-data                           1.4.5-3                          all          system service to manage device colour profiles -- data files
ii  console-setup                         1.205                            all          console font and keymap setup program
ii  console-setup-linux                   1.205                            all          Linux specific part of console-setup
ii  coreutils                             8.32-4+b1                        amd64        GNU core utilities
ii  cpio                                  2.13+dfsg-4                      amd64        GNU cpio -- a program to manage archives of files
ii  cpp                                   4:10.2.1-1                       amd64        GNU C preprocessor (cpp)
ii  cpp-10                                10.2.1-6                         amd64        GNU C preprocessor
ii  cron                                  3.0pl1-137                       amd64        process scheduling daemon
ii  cups                                  2.3.3op2-3+deb11u1               amd64        Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - PPD/driver support, web interface
ii  cups-browsed                          1.28.7-1+deb11u1                 amd64        OpenPrinting CUPS Filters - cups-browsed
ii  cups-client                           2.3.3op2-3+deb11u1               amd64        Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - client programs (SysV)
ii  cups-common                           2.3.3op2-3+deb11u1               all          Common UNIX Printing System(tm) - common files
--More--
[q]

root@debian11:~# more /var/lib/dpkg/available
Package: gcc-10-base
Source: gcc-10
Version: 10.2.1-6
Installed-Size: 261
Maintainer: Debian GCC Maintainers <debian-gcc@lists.debian.org>
Architecture: amd64
Breaks: gnat (<< 7)
Description: GCC, the GNU Compiler Collection (base package)
Description-md5: b6e93638a6d08ea7a18929d7cf078e5d
Multi-Arch: same
Homepage: http://gcc.gnu.org/
Tag: role::shared-lib
Section: libs
Priority: required
Filename: pool/main/g/gcc-10/gcc-10-base_10.2.1-6_amd64.deb
Size: 201332
MD5sum: 8ad775342ca4fd0adca5a516849b6498
SHA256: be65535e94f95fbf04b104e8ab36790476f063374430f7dfc6c516cbe2d2cd1e

Package: libgcc-s1
Source: gcc-10
Version: 10.2.1-6
Installed-Size: 116
Maintainer: Debian GCC Maintainers <debian-gcc@lists.debian.org>
Architecture: amd64
Replaces: libgcc1 (<< 1:10)
Provides: libgcc1 (= 1:10.2.1-6)
Depends: gcc-10-base (= 10.2.1-6), libc6 (>= 2.14)
Breaks: cryptsetup-initramfs (<< 2:2.2.2-3~)
Description: GCC support library
Description-md5: bbd60d723e97d8e06c04228ee4c76f10
Multi-Arch: same
Homepage: http://gcc.gnu.org/
Important: yes
Protected: yes
Tag: role::shared-lib
Section: libs
Priority: optional
Filename: pool/main/g/gcc-10/libgcc-s1_10.2.1-6_amd64.deb
Size: 41400
MD5sum: 662ac9938f503745221bd777b5a94cab
SHA256: e478f2709d8474165bb664de42e16950c391f30eaa55bc9b3573281d83a29daf

Package: libcrypt1
Source: libxcrypt
Version: 1:4.4.18-4
Installed-Size: 226
Maintainer: Marco d'Itri <md@linux.it>
Architecture: amd64
Replaces: libc6 (<< 2.29-4)
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.25)
Description: libcrypt shared library
Description-md5: deac8c9adc422e925bdaf6bffdd3e875
Multi-Arch: same
Important: yes
Protected: yes
Tag: role::shared-lib
Section: libs
--More--(1%)
[q]

Le statut de chaque paquet est inclus dans le fichier /var/lib/dpkg/status :

root@debian11:~# more /var/lib/dpkg/status
Package: acl
Status: install ok installed
Priority: optional
Section: utils
Installed-Size: 208
Maintainer: Guillem Jover <guillem@debian.org>
Architecture: amd64
Multi-Arch: foreign
Version: 2.2.53-10
Depends: libacl1 (= 2.2.53-10), libc6 (>= 2.14)
Description: access control list - utilities
 This package contains the getfacl and setfacl utilities needed for
 manipulating access control lists. It also contains the chacl IRIX
 compatible utility.
Homepage: https://savannah.nongnu.org/projects/acl/

Package: adduser
Status: install ok installed
Priority: important
Section: admin
Installed-Size: 849
Maintainer: Debian Adduser Developers <adduser@packages.debian.org>
Architecture: all
Multi-Arch: foreign
Version: 3.118
Depends: passwd, debconf (>= 0.5) | debconf-2.0
Suggests: liblocale-gettext-perl, perl
Conffiles:
 /etc/deluser.conf 773fb95e98a27947de4a95abb3d3f2a2
Description: add and remove users and groups
 This package includes the 'adduser' and 'deluser' commands for creating
 and removing users.
 .
  - 'adduser' creates new users and groups and adds existing users to
    existing groups;
  - 'deluser' removes users and groups and removes users from a given
    group.
 .
 Adding users with 'adduser' is much easier than adding them manually.
 Adduser will choose appropriate UID and GID values, create a home
 directory, copy skeletal user configuration, and automate setting
 initial values for the user's password, real name and so on.
 .
 Deluser can back up and remove users' home directories
 and mail spool or all the files they own on the system.
 .
 A custom script can be executed after each of the commands.

Package: adwaita-icon-theme
Status: install ok installed
Priority: optional
Section: gnome
Installed-Size: 26370
Maintainer: Debian GNOME Maintainers <pkg-gnome-maintainers@lists.alioth.debian.org>
Architecture: all
Multi-Arch: foreign
Version: 3.38.0-1
Replaces: gnome-themes-standard-data (<< 3.18.0-2~)
--More--(0%)
[q]

Afin de connaître le nombre total de paquets installés, utilisez la commande suivante :

root@debian11:~# dpkg --get-selections | wc -l
1301

Imaginons maintenant que vous souhaitez vérifier si un paquet contenant la chaîne de caractères zip soit déjà installé sur la machine. Dans ce cas, il convient d'abord d'utiliser la commande suivante :

root@debian11:~# dpkg --get-selections | grep zip
bzip2                                           install
gzip                                            install
p7zip                                           install
p7zip-full                                      install
unzip                                           install

Afin de connaître le statut de du paquet gzip, il convient de saisir la commande suivante :

root@debian11:~# dpkg -s gzip
Package: gzip
Essential: yes
Status: install ok installed
Priority: required
Section: utils
Installed-Size: 242
Maintainer: Milan Kupcevic <milan@debian.org>
Architecture: amd64
Version: 1.10-4+deb11u1
Depends: dpkg (>= 1.15.4) | install-info
Pre-Depends: libc6 (>= 2.17)
Suggests: less
Description: GNU compression utilities
 This package provides the standard GNU file compression utilities, which
 are also the default compression tools for Debian.  They typically operate
 on files with names ending in '.gz', but can also decompress files ending
 in '.Z' created with 'compress'.
Homepage: https://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/

Afin de lister tous les fichiers installés par le paquet gzip, utilisez la commande suivante :

root@debian11:~# dpkg -L gzip
/.
/bin
/bin/gunzip
/bin/gzexe
/bin/gzip
/bin/uncompress
/bin/zcat
/bin/zcmp
/bin/zdiff
/bin/zegrep
/bin/zfgrep
/bin/zforce
/bin/zgrep
/bin/zless
/bin/zmore
/bin/znew
/usr
/usr/share
/usr/share/doc
/usr/share/doc/gzip
/usr/share/doc/gzip/NEWS.gz
/usr/share/doc/gzip/README.gz
/usr/share/doc/gzip/TODO
/usr/share/doc/gzip/changelog.Debian.gz
/usr/share/doc/gzip/changelog.gz
/usr/share/doc/gzip/copyright
/usr/share/info
/usr/share/info/gzip.info.gz
/usr/share/man
/usr/share/man/man1
/usr/share/man/man1/gzexe.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/gzip.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/zdiff.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/zforce.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/zgrep.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/zless.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/zmore.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/znew.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/gunzip.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/uncompress.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/zcat.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/zcmp.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/zegrep.1.gz
/usr/share/man/man1/zfgrep.1.gz

A l'inverse, si vous connaissez le nom d'un fichier et vous souhaitez savoir quel paquet l'a installé, utilisez la commande suivante :

root@debian11:~# dpkg -S /bin/zfgrep
gzip: /bin/zfgrep

La commande dselect est un outil interactif utilisé pour gérer, installer et désinstaller des paquets. C'est un Front End à la commande dpkg et est lancé sans options.

La commande dselect n'est pas installé par défaut. Il convient donc d'utiliser la commande apt-get pour l'installer :

root@debian11:~# apt-get -y install dselect

Lancez maintenant dselect :

Debian 'dselect' package handling frontend version 1.20.9 (amd64).

 * 0. [A]ccess    Choose the access method to use.                                                 
   1. [U]pdate    Update list of available packages, if possible.
   2. [S]elect    Request which packages you want on your system.
   3. [I]nstall   Install and upgrade wanted packages.
   4. [C]onfig    Configure any packages that are unconfigured.
   5. [R]emove    Remove unwanted software.
   6. [Q]uit      Quit dselect.

Move around with ^P and ^N, cursor keys, initial letters, or digits;
Press <enter> to confirm selection.   ^L redraws screen.

Copyright (C) 1994-1996 Ian Jackson.
Copyright (C) 2000,2001 Wichert Akkerman.
This is free software; see the GNU General Public License version 2 or
later for copying conditions. There is NO warranty.

APT ou en anglais Advanced Package Tool est un gestionnaire de paquets de haut niveau capable de résoudre automatiquement les problèmes de dépendances entre les paquets.

La commande apt-get prend la forme suivante :

# apt-get <options> <commande> <paquet(s)> [Entrée]

Les options et commandes de la commande apt-get sont :

root@debian11:~# apt-get --help
apt 2.2.4 (amd64)
Usage: apt-get [options] command
       apt-get [options] install|remove pkg1 [pkg2 ...]
       apt-get [options] source pkg1 [pkg2 ...]

apt-get is a command line interface for retrieval of packages
and information about them from authenticated sources and
for installation, upgrade and removal of packages together
with their dependencies.

Most used commands:
  update - Retrieve new lists of packages
  upgrade - Perform an upgrade
  install - Install new packages (pkg is libc6 not libc6.deb)
  reinstall - Reinstall packages (pkg is libc6 not libc6.deb)
  remove - Remove packages
  purge - Remove packages and config files
  autoremove - Remove automatically all unused packages
  dist-upgrade - Distribution upgrade, see apt-get(8)
  dselect-upgrade - Follow dselect selections
  build-dep - Configure build-dependencies for source packages
  satisfy - Satisfy dependency strings
  clean - Erase downloaded archive files
  autoclean - Erase old downloaded archive files
  check - Verify that there are no broken dependencies
  source - Download source archives
  download - Download the binary package into the current directory
  changelog - Download and display the changelog for the given package

See apt-get(8) for more information about the available commands.
Configuration options and syntax is detailed in apt.conf(5).
Information about how to configure sources can be found in sources.list(5).
Package and version choices can be expressed via apt_preferences(5).
Security details are available in apt-secure(8).
                                        This APT has Super Cow Powers.

APT peut être configuré par un fichier centralisé /etc/apt/apt.conf :

root@debian11:~# cat /etc/apt/apt.conf
cat: /etc/apt/apt.conf: No such file or directory

Un exemple est fourni :

root@debian11:~# cat /usr/share/doc/apt/examples/apt.conf
/* This file is a sample configuration file with a few harmless sample 
   options.   
*/

APT 
{
  // Options for apt-get
  Get 
  {
     Download-Only "false";
  };
  
};

// Options for the downloading routines
Acquire
{
  Retries "0";
};

// Things that effect the APT dselect method
DSelect 
{
  Clean "auto";   // always|auto|prompt|never
};

DPkg 
{
  // Probably don't want to use force-downgrade..
  Options {"--force-overwrite";}
}

D'autres fichiers de configuration se trouvent dans le répertoire /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/ :

root@debian11:~# ls /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/
00CDMountPoint  00trustcdrom  01autoremove  01autoremove-kernels  20listchanges  20packagekit  70debconf

Le contenu de ces fichiers sont :

root@debian11:~# cat /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/00CDMountPoint 
Acquire::cdrom {
  mount "/media/cdrom";
};
Dir::Media::MountPath "/media/cdrom";
root@debian11:~#
root@debian11:~# cat /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/00trustcdrom 
APT::Authentication::TrustCDROM "true";
root@debian11:~#
root@debian11:~# cat /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/01autoremove
APT
{
  NeverAutoRemove
  {
        "^firmware-linux.*";
        "^linux-firmware$";
        "^linux-image-[a-z0-9]*$";
        "^linux-image-[a-z0-9]*-[a-z0-9]*$";
  };

  VersionedKernelPackages
  {
        # kernels
        "linux-.*";
        "kfreebsd-.*";
        "gnumach-.*";
        # (out-of-tree) modules
        ".*-modules";
        ".*-kernel";
  };

  Never-MarkAuto-Sections
  {
        "metapackages";
        "contrib/metapackages";
        "non-free/metapackages";
        "restricted/metapackages";
        "universe/metapackages";
        "multiverse/metapackages";
  };

  Move-Autobit-Sections
  {
        "oldlibs";
        "contrib/oldlibs";
        "non-free/oldlibs";
        "restricted/oldlibs";
        "universe/oldlibs";
        "multiverse/oldlibs";
  };
};
root@debian11:~#
root@debian11:~# cat /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/01autoremove-kernels 
// DO NOT EDIT! File autogenerated by /etc/kernel/postinst.d/apt-auto-removal
APT::LastInstalledKernel "5.10.0-13-amd64";
root@debian11:~#
root@debian11:~# cat /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20listchanges 
DPkg::Pre-Install-Pkgs { "/usr/bin/apt-listchanges --apt || test $? -lt 10"; };
DPkg::Tools::Options::/usr/bin/apt-listchanges::Version "2";
DPkg::Tools::Options::/usr/bin/apt-listchanges::InfoFD "20";
Dir::Etc::apt-listchanges-main "listchanges.conf";
Dir::Etc::apt-listchanges-parts "listchanges.conf.d";
root@debian11:~# 
root@debian11:~# cat /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/20packagekit 
// THIS FILE IS USED TO INFORM PACKAGEKIT
// THAT THE UPDATE-INFO MIGHT HAVE CHANGED

// Whenever dpkg is called we might have different updates
// i.e. if an user removes a package that had an update
DPkg::Post-Invoke {
"/usr/bin/test -e /usr/share/dbus-1/system-services/org.freedesktop.PackageKit.service && /usr/bin/test -S /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket && /usr/bin/gdbus call --system --dest org.freedesktop.PackageKit --object-path /org/freedesktop/PackageKit --timeout 4 --method org.freedesktop.PackageKit.StateHasChanged cache-update > /dev/null; /bin/echo > /dev/null";
};

// When Apt's cache is updated (i.e. apt-cache update)
APT::Update::Post-Invoke-Success {
"/usr/bin/test -e /usr/share/dbus-1/system-services/org.freedesktop.PackageKit.service && /usr/bin/test -S /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket && /usr/bin/gdbus call --system --dest org.freedesktop.PackageKit --object-path /org/freedesktop/PackageKit --timeout 4 --method org.freedesktop.PackageKit.StateHasChanged cache-update > /dev/null; /bin/echo > /dev/null";
};
root@debian11:~#
root@debian11:~# cat /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/70debconf 
// Pre-configure all packages with debconf before they are installed.
// If you don't like it, comment it out.
DPkg::Pre-Install-Pkgs {"/usr/sbin/dpkg-preconfigure --apt || true";};

Les dépôts de paquets sont spécifiés soit dans le fichier /etc/apt/sources.list, soit dans un fichier par dépôt stocké dans le répertoire /etc/apt/sources.list.d :

root@debian11:~# cat /etc/apt/sources.list
# deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 11.3.0 _Bullseye_ - Official amd64 NETINST 20220326-11:22]/ bullseye main

#deb cdrom:[Debian GNU/Linux 11.3.0 _Bullseye_ - Official amd64 NETINST 20220326-11:22]/ bullseye main

deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bullseye main
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bullseye main

deb http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security main
deb-src http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security main

# bullseye-updates, to get updates before a point release is made;
# see https://www.debian.org/doc/manuals/debian-reference/ch02.en.html#_updates_and_backports
deb http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bullseye-updates main
deb-src http://deb.debian.org/debian/ bullseye-updates main

# This system was installed using small removable media
# (e.g. netinst, live or single CD). The matching "deb cdrom"
# entries were disabled at the end of the installation process.
# For information about how to configure apt package sources,
# see the sources.list(5) manual.

Chaque ligne de ce fichier comporte quatre champs :

• Le premier champ deb ou deb-src
  • indique si la source concerne des paquets binaires à installer ou les sources des paquets
• Le deuxième champ indique l'URL de la source
  • indique file:// ou copy:// pour un répertoire local
  • indique cdrom:// pour un CD ou DVD
  • indique http:// pour un serveur web
  • indique ftp:// pour un serveur ftp
• Le troisième champ indique la branche Debian
  • indique stable, testing ou unstable ou leur nom de correspondant tel squeeze
• Le quatrième champs indique une section de paquets
  • main
  • contrib
  • non-free
  • non-US

La mise à jour de la base de références de la description des paquets est effectuée un utilisant la commande suivante :

root@debian11:~# apt-get update
Hit:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye InRelease
Get:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates InRelease [39.4 kB]
Hit:3 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security InRelease
Fetched 39.4 kB in 1s (58.1 kB/s)             
Reading package lists... Done

Les commandes les plus utilisées d'apt-get sont :

Commencez par installer le paquet mc :

root@debian11:~# apt-get install mc
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
The following additional packages will be installed:
  mc-data
Suggested packages:
  arj catdvi | texlive-binaries dbview djvulibre-bin epub-utils genisoimage gv imagemagick libaspell-dev links | w3m | lynx odt2txt python python-boto python-tz unar wimtools zip
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  mc mc-data
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 1,880 kB of archives.
After this operation, 7,772 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y

La ré-installation d'un paquet est effectuée un utilisant la commande suivante :

root@debian11:~# apt-get --reinstall install mc
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 reinstalled, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
Need to get 0 B/534 kB of archives.
After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used.
(Reading database ... 102591 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../mc_3%3a4.8.26-1.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking mc (3:4.8.26-1.1) over (3:4.8.26-1.1) ...
Setting up mc (3:4.8.26-1.1) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.26-1) ...
Processing triggers for mailcap (3.69) ...

La suppression complète d'un paquet, y compris les fichiers de configuration éventuellement modifiés est effectuée un utilisant la commande suivante :

root@debian11:~# apt-get --purge remove mc
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:
  mc-data
Use 'apt autoremove' to remove it.
The following packages will be REMOVED:
  mc*
0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 0 not upgraded.
After this operation, 1,528 kB disk space will be freed.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y

Les paquets téléchargés d'une source distante ou via une source copy:// sont stockés dans le répertoire /var/cache/apt/archives. Les paquets partiellement téléchargés ou copiés sont stockés dans le répertoire /var/cache/apt/archives/partial.

root@debian11:~# ls /var/cache/apt/archives/
binutils_2.35.2-2_amd64.deb                   libasan6_10.2.1-6_amd64.deb              libcrypt-dev_1%3a4.4.18-4_amd64.deb  libnsl-dev_1.3.0-2_amd64.deb         manpages-dev_5.10-1_all.deb
binutils-common_2.35.2-2_amd64.deb            libbinutils_2.35.2-2_amd64.deb           libctf0_2.35.2-2_amd64.deb           libtirpc-dev_1.3.1-1_amd64.deb       mc_3%3a4.8.26-1.1_amd64.deb
binutils-x86-64-linux-gnu_2.35.2-2_amd64.deb  libc6-dev_2.31-13+deb11u3_amd64.deb      libctf-nobfd0_2.35.2-2_amd64.deb     libtsan0_10.2.1-6_amd64.deb          mc-data_3%3a4.8.26-1.1_all.deb
dselect_1.20.9_amd64.deb                      libcc1-0_10.2.1-6_amd64.deb              libgcc-10-dev_10.2.1-6_amd64.deb     libubsan1_10.2.1-6_amd64.deb         partial
gcc-10_10.2.1-6_amd64.deb                     libc-dev-bin_2.31-13+deb11u3_amd64.deb   libitm1_10.2.1-6_amd64.deb           linux-libc-dev_5.10.106-1_amd64.deb
gcc_4%3a10.2.1-1_amd64.deb                    libc-devtools_2.31-13+deb11u3_amd64.deb  liblsan0_10.2.1-6_amd64.deb          lock

Pour nettoyer le cache il convient d'utiliser la commande suivante :

root@debian11:~# apt-get clean
root@debian11:~# ls /var/cache/apt/archives/
lock  partial

Pour mettre à jour les paquets déjà installés, il convient d'utiliser une de deux commandes apt-get :

• upgrade - permet de mettre à jour des paquets installés vers les versions les plus récentes. Cette action ne supprime aucun paquet installé.
• dist-upgrade - permet de mettre à jour des paquets installés vers les versions les plus récentes en mettant à jour aussi les dépendances modifiées. Cette action peut donc supprimer des paquets déjà installés. La commande est principalement utilisée pour mettre à jour une distribution complète, c'est-à-dire d'installer les mises à jour des paquets déjà installés et installer des nouveaux paquets ainsi que leur dépendances.

D'autres commandes apt sont présentes sur le système :

root@debian11:~# ls -l /usr/bin/apt*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  18664 Jun 10  2021 /usr/bin/apt
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  88376 Jun 10  2021 /usr/bin/apt-cache
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  26936 Jun 10  2021 /usr/bin/apt-cdrom
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  26856 Jun 10  2021 /usr/bin/apt-config
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  22848 Jun 10  2021 /usr/bin/apt-extracttemplates
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 276800 Jun 10  2021 /usr/bin/apt-ftparchive
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  47416 Jun 10  2021 /usr/bin/apt-get
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  28191 Jun 10  2021 /usr/bin/apt-key
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  12242 Mar 28  2021 /usr/bin/apt-listchanges
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  51512 Jun 10  2021 /usr/bin/apt-mark
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  39152 Jun 10  2021 /usr/bin/apt-sortpkgs

Chaque commande a une fonction spécifique :

• apt-cache - utilisée pour se renseigner sur les paquets connus à APT,
• apt-cdrom - utilisée pour ajouter un CD-ROM aux sources des paquets disponibles,
• apt-config - utilisée pour obtenir les valeurs de la configuration de APT,
• apt-extracttemplates - utilisée pour extraire des fichiers templates pour la configuration d'un paquet lors de son installation. Le résultat est donc l'affichage de questions lors de l'installation d'un paquet dont les réponses sont nécessaires afin que l'installation s'effectue correctment,
• apt-ftparchive - utilisée pour créer les index dont APT se sert pour accéder aux sources des distributions,
• apt-key - utilisée pour gerer les clefs dont se sert APT pour authentifier les paquets. Les paquets authentifiés par ces clefs seront réputés fiables,
• apt-listchanges - utilisée pour afficher ce qui a changé dans la nouvelle version d'un paquet Debian par rapport à la version actuellement installée sur le système,
• apt-mark - utilisée pour diverses configurations d'un paquet, par exemple pour le marquer comme installé automatiquement ou manuellement, ou pour modifier les sélections de dpkg telles que hold install deinstall et purge,
• apt-sortpkgs - utilisée pour prendre un fichier index (source ou paquet) and trier les enregistrements de telle façon qu'ils soient ordonnés par nom.

La commande apt-cache prend la forme suivante :

# apt-cache <options> <commande> <paquet(s)> [Entrée]

Les options et les commandes de la commande apt-cache sont :

root@debian11:~# apt-cache --help
apt 2.2.4 (amd64)
Usage: apt-cache [options] command
       apt-cache [options] show pkg1 [pkg2 ...]

apt-cache queries and displays available information about installed
and installable packages. It works exclusively on the data acquired
into the local cache via the 'update' command of e.g. apt-get. The
displayed information may therefore be outdated if the last update was
too long ago, but in exchange apt-cache works independently of the
availability of the configured sources (e.g. offline).

Most used commands:
  showsrc - Show source records
  search - Search the package list for a regex pattern
  depends - Show raw dependency information for a package
  rdepends - Show reverse dependency information for a package
  show - Show a readable record for the package
  pkgnames - List the names of all packages in the system
  policy - Show policy settings

See apt-cache(8) for more information about the available commands.
Configuration options and syntax is detailed in apt.conf(5).
Information about how to configure sources can be found in sources.list(5).
Package and version choices can be expressed via apt_preferences(5).
Security details are available in apt-secure(8).

Les commandes les plus utilisées d'apt-cache sont :

Utilisez la commande stats de la commande apt-cache pour obtenir des statistiques sur les paquets :

root@debian11:~# apt-cache stats
Total package names: 98002 (2,744 k)
Total package structures: 87215 (3,837 k)
  Normal packages: 58293
  Pure virtual packages: 632
  Single virtual packages: 18895
  Mixed virtual packages: 347
  Missing: 9048
Total distinct versions: 58947 (5,187 k)
Total distinct descriptions: 117595 (2,822 k)
Total dependencies: 352751/101877 (8,685 k)
Total ver/file relations: 60904 (1,462 k)
Total Desc/File relations: 52059 (1,249 k)
Total Provides mappings: 22309 (535 k)
Total globbed strings: 186821 (4,214 k)
Total slack space: 100 k
Total space accounted for: 32.4 M
Total buckets in PkgHashTable: 196613
  Unused: 126297
  Used: 70316
  Utilization: 35.7637%
  Average entries: 1.24033
  Longest: 16
  Shortest: 1
Total buckets in GrpHashTable: 196613
  Unused: 119445
  Used: 77168
  Utilization: 39.2487%
  Average entries: 1.26998
  Longest: 6
  Shortest: 1

Recherchez maintenant la chaîne mc dans la liste des paquets :

root@debian11:~# apt-cache search mc | more
libace-rmcast-6.5.12 - ACE reliable multicast library
libace-rmcast-dev - ACE reliable multicast library - development files
libace-tmcast-6.5.12 - ACE transactional multicast library
libace-tmcast-dev - ACE transactional multicast library - development files
alsa-oss - ALSA wrapper for OSS applications
amule-emc - lists ed2k links inside emulecollection files
apel - portable library for emacsen
appstream - Software component metadata management
gir1.2-appstreamcompose-1.0 - Building blocks to compose AppStream metadata (introspection data)
ardour - the digital audio workstation
libarmci-mpi-dev - ARMCI-MPI (Development version)
auto-07p - software for continuation and bifurcation problems in ODE
auto-multiple-choice - Auto Multiple Choice - multiple choice papers management
auto-multiple-choice-common - Auto Multiple Choice - architecture independent files
auto-multiple-choice-doc - Auto Multiple Choice - HTML documentation
auto-multiple-choice-doc-pdf - Auto Multiple Choice - PDF documentation
bali-phy - Bayesian Inference of Alignment and Phylogeny
libbambamc-dev - Development files for reading and writing BAM (genome alignment) files
libbambamc0 - Runtime library for reading and writing BAM (genome alignment) files
python3-beaker - cache and session library for Python 3
beast-mcmc - Bayesian MCMC phylogenetic inference
beast-mcmc-examples - Bayesian MCMC phylogenetic inference - example data
libnucleotidelikelihoodcore0 - implementation of LikelihoodCore for nucleotides used by beast-mcmc
beast2-mcmc - Bayesian MCMC phylogenetic inference
beast2-mcmc-doc - Bayesian MCMC phylogenetic inference - documentation
beast2-mcmc-examples - Bayesian MCMC phylogenetic inference - example data
biobambam2 - tools for early stage alignment file processing
libblosc-dev - high performance meta-compressor optimized for binary data (development files)
libblosc1 - high performance meta-compressor optimized for binary data
python3-cachy - Provide a simple yet effective caching library (Python 3)
libcbf-dev - development files for CBFlib
cbmc - bounded model checker for C and C++ programs
cccc - C and C++ Code Counter, a software metrics tool
libccid - PC/SC driver for USB CCID smart card readers
libcglm-dev - Development files for the cglm library
cif-tools - Suite of tools to manipulate, validate and query mmCIF files
cl-babel - charset encoding/decoding library for Common Lisp
cl-trivial-backtrace - generate a Common Lisp backtrace portably
cl-uffi - Universal Foreign Function Library for Common Lisp
claws-mail-spam-report - Spam reporting plugin for Claws Mail
clonalframeml - Efficient Inference of Recombination in Whole Bacterial Genomes
libclutter-imcontext-0.1-0 - Open GL based interactive canvas library IMContext framework
libclutter-imcontext-0.1-0-dbg - Open GL based interactive canvas library IMContext framework (debug files)
libclutter-imcontext-0.1-bin - Open GL based interactive canvas library IMContext framework
libclutter-imcontext-0.1-dev - Open GL based interactive canvas library IMContext framework (dev. files)
libclutter-imcontext-0.1-doc - Open GL based interactive canvas library IMContext framework (document)
cmucl-source - CMUCL lisp sources
cohomcalg - sheaf cohomology of line bundles on toric varieties
cohomcalg-common - sheaf cohomology of line bundles on toric varieties (common files)
collectd-core - statistics collection and monitoring daemon (core system)
colortest - utilities to test color capabilities of terminal
libcombblas-dev - an extensible parallel graph library for graph analytics
libcombblas-docs - an extensible parallel graph library for graph analytics (docs)
libcombblas1.16.0 - an extensible parallel graph library for graph analytics
comgt - Option GlobeTrotter and Vodafone datacard control tool
complexity - tool for analyzing the complexity of C program functions
complexity-doc - tool for analyzing the complexity of C program (documentation)
cp2k - Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics
--More--
[q]

Pour être plus précis dans la recherche, il est nécessaire de rechercher une phrase clef :

root@debian11:~# apt-cache search "midnight commander"
pilot - Simple file browser from Alpine, a text-based email client
avfs - virtual filesystem to access archives, disk images, remote locations
junior-system - Debian Jr. System tools
krusader - twin-panel (commander-style) file manager
mc - Midnight Commander - a powerful file manager
mc-data - Midnight Commander - a powerful file manager -- data files
moc - ncurses based console audio player

Afficher maintenant les informations concernant le paquet mc :

root@debian11:~# apt-cache show mc
Package: mc
Version: 3:4.8.26-1.1
Installed-Size: 1492
Maintainer: Dmitry Smirnov <onlyjob@debian.org>
Architecture: amd64
Provides: mcedit
Depends: libc6 (>= 2.15), libext2fs2 (>= 1.37), libglib2.0-0 (>= 2.59.2), libgpm2 (>= 1.20.7), libslang2 (>= 2.2.4), libssh2-1 (>= 1.2.8), mc-data (= 3:4.8.26-1.1)
Recommends: mime-support, perl, unzip, sensible-utils
Suggests: arj, bzip2, catdvi | texlive-binaries, dbview, djvulibre-bin, epub-utils, file, genisoimage, gv, imagemagick, libaspell-dev, links | w3m | lynx, odt2txt, poppler-utils, python, python-boto, python-tz, unar, wimtools, xpdf | pdf-viewer, zip
Description-en: Midnight Commander - a powerful file manager
 GNU Midnight Commander is a text-mode full-screen file manager. It
 uses a two panel interface and a subshell for command execution. It
 includes an internal editor with syntax highlighting and an internal
 viewer with support for binary files. Also included is Virtual
 Filesystem (VFS), that allows files on remote systems (e.g. FTP, SSH
 servers) and files inside archives to be manipulated like real files.
Description-md5: 252a5c5aeeb7425db45357d4ab8aa55f
Homepage: https://www.midnight-commander.org
Tag: admin::filesystem, devel::lang:perl, devel::library, implemented-in::c,
 implemented-in::perl, interface::commandline, interface::text-mode,
 role::devel-lib, role::program, scope::application, suite::gnu,
 uitoolkit::ncurses, use::browsing, use::editing, use::organizing,
 works-with::archive, works-with::file
Section: utils
Priority: optional
Filename: pool/main/m/mc/mc_4.8.26-1.1_amd64.deb
Size: 534020
MD5sum: 0f8a73d3655353c27a214a483a7bc8ce
SHA256: 517dbba5018b82bee2d6f2b940100360f54bc7cd83d0d791a372a1d279ceebad

Dernièrement, visualisez les dépendances du paquet mc :

root@debian11:~# apt-cache depends mc
mc
  Depends: libc6
  Depends: libext2fs2
  Depends: libglib2.0-0
  Depends: libgpm2
  Depends: libslang2
  Depends: libssh2-1
  Depends: mc-data
  Recommends: mime-support
  Recommends: perl
  Recommends: unzip
  Recommends: sensible-utils
  Suggests: arj
  Suggests: bzip2
 |Suggests: catdvi
  Suggests: texlive-binaries
  Suggests: dbview
  Suggests: djvulibre-bin
  Suggests: epub-utils
  Suggests: file
  Suggests: genisoimage
  Suggests: gv
  Suggests: imagemagick
    graphicsmagick-imagemagick-compat
    imagemagick-6.q16
  Suggests: libaspell-dev
 |Suggests: links
 |Suggests: w3m
  Suggests: lynx
  Suggests: odt2txt
  Suggests: poppler-utils
  Suggests: <python>
    python-is-python2
  Suggests: <python-boto>
  Suggests: <python-tz>
  Suggests: unar
  Suggests: wimtools
 |Suggests: xpdf
  Suggests: <pdf-viewer>
    atril
    evince
    gv
    mupdf
    okular
    qpdfview
    viewpdf.app
    xpdf
    zathura-pdf-poppler
  Suggests: zip

Les deux lignes suivantes :

 |Suggests: xpdf
  Suggests: <pdf-viewer>

indiquent soit xpdf soit <pdf-viewer>

Copyright © 2023 Hugh Norris.