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Version : 2024.01
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LCF601 - Gestion des Paramètres du matériel et les Ressources
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -i 's/^mirrorlist/#mirrorlist/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-* [root@centos8 ~]# sed -i 's|#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org|baseurl=http://vault.centos.org|g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-*
Contenu du Module
- LCF601 - Gestion des Paramètres et les Ressources du Matériel
- Contenu du Module
- Présentation des Fichiers Spéciaux
- LAB #1 - Découvrir le Matériel
- 1.1 - La Commande lspci
- 1.2 - La Commande lsusb
- 1.3 - La Commande lsblk
- 1.4 - La Commande lsscsi
- 1.5 - La Commande lscpu
- 1.6 - La Commande lshw
- 1.7 - La Commande dmidecode
- 1.8 - La Commande smartctl
- 1.9 - Les Commandes accton et dump-acct
- 1.10 - La Commande lastcomm
- 1.11 - La Commande sa
- 1.12 - La Commande ac
- LAB #2 - La Commande sysctl
- 2.1 - Répertoire /proc
- Fichiers
- Processeur
- Interruptions système
- Canaux DMA
- Plages d'entrée/sortie
- Périphériques
- Modules
- Statistiques de l'utilisation des disques
- Partitions
- Espaces de pagination
- Statistiques d'utilisation du processeur
- Statistiques d'utilisation de la mémoire
- Version du noyau
- Répertoires
- ide/scsi
- acpi
- bus
- net
- sys
- 2.2 - Utilisation de la Commande sysctl
- LAB #3 - Interprétation des informations dans /proc
- 3.1 - free
- 3.2 - uptime ou w
- 3.3 - iostat
- 3.4 - hdparm
- 3.5 - vmstat
- 3.6 - mpstat
- 3.7 - sar
- Modules usb
- udev
- La Commande udevadm
- Système de fichiers /sys
- LAB #4 - Limiter les Ressources
- 4.1 - ulimit
- 4.2 - Groupes de Contrôle
- La Limitation de la Mémoire
- La Commande cgcreate
- La Commande cgdelete
- Le Fichier /etc/cgconfig.conf
- La Commande cgconfigparser
Présentation des Fichiers Spéciaux
Dans l'ordinateur les périphériques sont reliés à un contrôleur qui communique avec le processeur à l'aide d'un bus. Le contrôleur ainsi que les périphériques nécessitent des pilotes. Sous Linux, les pilotes sont généralement fournis sous la forme d'un module. Chaque périphérique est représenté par un fichier spécial dans le répertoire /dev et c'est dans ce fichier que le système trouve les informations nécessaires pour s'adresser au pilote.
Important : Les périphériques qui nécessitent à ce que l'ordinateur soit éteint afin des les brancher/débrancher sont appelés communément Cold Plug Devices. Les périphériques qui peuvent être brancher/débrancher à chaud sont appelés des Hot Plug Devices.
Consultez le contenu du répertoire /dev :
[root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /dev | more total 0 crw-r--r--. 1 root root 10, 235 Jun 28 02:04 autofs drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 180 Jun 28 02:04 block drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 100 Jun 28 02:04 bsg drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 60 Jun 28 02:04 bus lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 Jun 28 02:04 cdrom -> sr0 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 2940 Jun 28 02:04 char drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 80 Jun 28 02:04 cl_centos8 crw-------. 1 root root 5, 1 Jun 28 02:04 console lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 11 Jun 28 02:04 core -> /proc/kcore drwxr-xr-x. 10 root root 200 Jun 28 02:04 cpu crw-------. 1 root root 10, 62 Jun 28 02:04 cpu_dma_latency drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 120 Jun 28 02:04 disk brw-rw----. 1 root disk 253, 0 Jun 28 02:04 dm-0 brw-rw----. 1 root disk 253, 1 Jun 28 02:04 dm-1 drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 80 Jun 28 02:04 dri crw-rw----. 1 root video 29, 0 Jun 28 02:04 fb0 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Jun 28 02:04 fd -> /proc/self/fd crw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 1, 7 Jun 28 02:04 full crw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 10, 229 Jun 28 02:04 fuse crw-------. 1 root root 245, 0 Jun 28 02:04 hidraw0 crw-------. 1 root root 10, 228 Jun 28 02:04 hpet drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 0 Jun 28 02:04 hugepages crw-------. 1 root root 10, 183 Jun 28 02:04 hwrng lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 12 Jun 28 02:04 initctl -> /run/initctl drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 280 Jun 28 02:04 input crw-r--r--. 1 root root 1, 11 Jun 28 02:04 kmsg lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 28 Jun 28 02:04 log -> /run/systemd/journal/dev-log crw-rw----. 1 root disk 10, 237 Jun 28 02:04 loop-control crw-rw----. 1 root lp 6, 0 Jun 28 02:04 lp0 crw-rw----. 1 root lp 6, 1 Jun 28 02:04 lp1 crw-rw----. 1 root lp 6, 2 Jun 28 02:04 lp2 crw-rw----. 1 root lp 6, 3 Jun 28 02:04 lp3 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 100 Jun 28 02:04 mapper crw-------. 1 root root 10, 227 Jun 28 02:04 mcelog crw-r-----. 1 root kmem 1, 1 Jun 28 02:04 mem drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 40 Jun 28 02:04 mqueue drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 60 Jun 28 02:04 net crw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 1, 3 Jun 28 02:04 null --More--
On peut noter dans la sortie de la commande que certains fichiers sont de type bloc (b), tandis que d'autre sont de type caractère (c).
... brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 1 Jun 28 02:04 sda1 ... crw-rw-rw-. 1 root tty 5, 0 Jun 28 02:04 tty ...
La différence entre les deux repose sur le type de communication entre le système et le module. Dans le premier cas le système accède au périphérique par des coordonnées du bloc de données sur le support tandis que dans le deuxième cas la communication d'échange de données se fait octet par octet sans utiliser des tampons.
Les deux informations clefs du fichier spécial sont situées à la place de la taille d'un fichier normal et se nomment le majeur et le mineur :
- le majeur identifie le pilote du périphérique et donc son contrôleur,
- le mineur identifie le périphérique ou une particularité du périphérique telle une partition d'un disque.
LAB #1 - Découvrir le Matériel
1.1 - La Commande lspci
Cette commande vous renseigne sur les adaptateurs reliés aux bus PCI, AGP et PCI express :
[root@centos8 ~]# lspci 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev 02) 00:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II] 00:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 IDE [Natoma/Triton II] 00:01.2 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 USB [Natoma/Triton II] (rev 01) 00:01.3 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev 03) 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Device 1234:1111 (rev 02) 00:03.0 Unclassified device [00ff]: Red Hat, Inc. Virtio memory balloon 00:07.0 SATA controller: Intel Corporation 82801IR/IO/IH (ICH9R/DO/DH) 6 port SATA Controller [AHCI mode] (rev 02) 00:12.0 Ethernet controller: Red Hat, Inc. Virtio network device 00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Red Hat, Inc. QEMU PCI-PCI bridge 00:1f.0 PCI bridge: Red Hat, Inc. QEMU PCI-PCI bridge
Pour obtenir de l'information sur un adaptateur spécifique, il convient d'utiliser la même commande avec l'option -v en spécifiant l'identifiant concerné :
[root@centos8 ~]# lspci -v -s 00:03.0
00:03.0 Unclassified device [00ff]: Red Hat, Inc. Virtio memory balloon
Subsystem: Red Hat, Inc. Device 0005
Physical Slot: 3
Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 10
I/O ports at e000 [size=64]
Memory at fe400000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K]
Capabilities: [84] Vendor Specific Information: VirtIO: <unknown>
Capabilities: [70] Vendor Specific Information: VirtIO: Notify
Capabilities: [60] Vendor Specific Information: VirtIO: DeviceCfg
Capabilities: [50] Vendor Specific Information: VirtIO: ISR
Capabilities: [40] Vendor Specific Information: VirtIO: CommonCfg
Kernel driver in use: virtio-pci
ou :
[root@centos8 ~]# lspci -vv -s 00:03.0
00:03.0 Unclassified device [00ff]: Red Hat, Inc. Virtio memory balloon
Subsystem: Red Hat, Inc. Device 0005
Physical Slot: 3
Control: I/O+ Mem+ BusMaster+ SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr- Stepping- SERR+ FastB2B- DisINTx-
Status: Cap+ 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B- ParErr- DEVSEL=fast >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx-
Latency: 0
Interrupt: pin A routed to IRQ 10
Region 0: I/O ports at e000 [size=64]
Region 4: Memory at fe400000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K]
Capabilities: [84] Vendor Specific Information: VirtIO: <unknown>
BAR=0 offset=00000000 size=00000000
Capabilities: [70] Vendor Specific Information: VirtIO: Notify
BAR=4 offset=00003000 size=00001000 multiplier=00000004
Capabilities: [60] Vendor Specific Information: VirtIO: DeviceCfg
BAR=4 offset=00002000 size=00001000
Capabilities: [50] Vendor Specific Information: VirtIO: ISR
BAR=4 offset=00001000 size=00001000
Capabilities: [40] Vendor Specific Information: VirtIO: CommonCfg
BAR=4 offset=00000000 size=00001000
Kernel driver in use: virtio-pci
Options de la commande
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# lspci --help lspci: invalid option -- '-' Usage: lspci [<switches>] Basic display modes: -mm Produce machine-readable output (single -m for an obsolete format) -t Show bus tree Display options: -v Be verbose (-vv or -vvv for higher verbosity) -k Show kernel drivers handling each device -x Show hex-dump of the standard part of the config space -xxx Show hex-dump of the whole config space (dangerous; root only) -xxxx Show hex-dump of the 4096-byte extended config space (root only) -b Bus-centric view (addresses and IRQ's as seen by the bus) -D Always show domain numbers -P Display bridge path in addition to bus and device number -PP Display bus path in addition to bus and device number Resolving of device ID's to names: -n Show numeric ID's -nn Show both textual and numeric ID's (names & numbers) -q Query the PCI ID database for unknown ID's via DNS -qq As above, but re-query locally cached entries -Q Query the PCI ID database for all ID's via DNS Selection of devices: -s [[[[<domain>]:]<bus>]:][<slot>][.[<func>]] Show only devices in selected slots -d [<vendor>]:[<device>][:<class>] Show only devices with specified ID's Other options: -i <file> Use specified ID database instead of /usr/share/hwdata/pci.ids -p <file> Look up kernel modules in a given file instead of default modules.pcimap -M Enable `bus
1.2 - La Commande lsusb
Cette commande vous renseigne sur les adaptateurs reliés au bus usb :
[root@centos8 ~]# lsusb
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0627:0001 Adomax Technology Co., Ltd
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub
[root@centos8 ~]# lsusb -vt
/: Bus 01.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, Driver=uhci_hcd/2p, 12M
|__ Port 1: Dev 2, If 0, Class=Human Interface Device, Driver=usbhid, 12M
Options de la commande
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# lsusb --help
Usage: lsusb [options]...
List USB devices
-v, --verbose
Increase verbosity (show descriptors)
-s [[bus]:][devnum]
Show only devices with specified device and/or
bus numbers (in decimal)
-d vendor:[product]
Show only devices with the specified vendor and
product ID numbers (in hexadecimal)
.LAB#1
-D device
Selects which device lsusb will examine
-t, --tree
Dump the physical USB device hierarchy as a tree
-V, --version
Show version of program
-h, --help
Show usage and help
1.3 - La Commande lsblk
Cette commande vous rensigne sur les partitions des disques :
[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 32G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot └─sda2 8:2 0 31G 0 part ├─cl_centos8-root 253:0 0 27.8G 0 lvm / └─cl_centos8-swap 253:1 0 3.2G 0 lvm [SWAP] sdb 8:16 0 4G 0 disk sdc 8:32 0 64G 0 disk └─sdc1 8:33 0 64G 0 part /home sdd 8:48 0 32G 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom [root@centos8 ~]# lsblk -l NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 32G 0 disk sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot sda2 8:2 0 31G 0 part sdb 8:16 0 4G 0 disk sdc 8:32 0 64G 0 disk sdc1 8:33 0 64G 0 part /home sdd 8:48 0 32G 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom cl_centos8-root 253:0 0 27.8G 0 lvm / cl_centos8-swap 253:1 0 3.2G 0 lvm [SWAP]
Options de la commande
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# lsblk --help
Usage:
lsblk [options] [<device> ...]
List information about block devices.
Options:
-a, --all print all devices
-b, --bytes print SIZE in bytes rather than in human readable format
-d, --nodeps don't print slaves or holders
-D, --discard print discard capabilities
-z, --zoned print zone model
-e, --exclude <list> exclude devices by major number (default: RAM disks)
-f, --fs output info about filesystems
-i, --ascii use ascii characters only
-I, --include <list> show only devices with specified major numbers
-J, --json use JSON output format
-l, --list use list format output
-T, --tree use tree format output
-m, --perms output info about permissions
-n, --noheadings don't print headings
-o, --output <list> output columns
-O, --output-all output all columns
-p, --paths print complete device path
-P, --pairs use key="value" output format
-r, --raw use raw output format
-s, --inverse inverse dependencies
-S, --scsi output info about SCSI devices
-t, --topology output info about topology
-x, --sort <column> sort output by <column>
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Available output columns:
NAME device name
KNAME internal kernel device name
MAJ:MIN major:minor device number
FSTYPE filesystem type
MOUNTPOINT where the device is mounted
LABEL filesystem LABEL
UUID filesystem UUID
PARTTYPE partition type UUID
PARTLABEL partition LABEL
PARTUUID partition UUID
PARTFLAGS partition flags
RA read-ahead of the device
RO read-only device
RM removable device
HOTPLUG removable or hotplug device (usb, pcmcia, ...)
MODEL device identifier
SERIAL disk serial number
SIZE size of the device
STATE state of the device
OWNER user name
GROUP group name
MODE device node permissions
ALIGNMENT alignment offset
MIN-IO minimum I/O size
OPT-IO optimal I/O size
PHY-SEC physical sector size
LOG-SEC logical sector size
ROTA rotational device
SCHED I/O scheduler name
RQ-SIZE request queue size
TYPE device type
DISC-ALN discard alignment offset
DISC-GRAN discard granularity
DISC-MAX discard max bytes
DISC-ZERO discard zeroes data
WSAME write same max bytes
WWN unique storage identifier
RAND adds randomness
PKNAME internal parent kernel device name
HCTL Host:Channel:Target:Lun for SCSI
TRAN device transport type
SUBSYSTEMS de-duplicated chain of subsystems
REV device revision
VENDOR device vendor
ZONED zone model
For more details see lsblk(8).
1.4 - La Commande lsscsi
Cette commmande vous renseigne sur les périphériques SCSI et NVMe :
[root@centos8 ~]# lsscsi [1:0:0:0] cd/dvd QEMU QEMU DVD-ROM 2.5+ /dev/sr0 [2:0:0:0] disk ATA QEMU HARDDISK 2.5+ /dev/sda [3:0:0:0] disk ATA QEMU HARDDISK 2.5+ /dev/sdb [4:0:0:0] disk ATA QEMU HARDDISK 2.5+ /dev/sdc [5:0:0:0] disk ATA QEMU HARDDISK 2.5+ /dev/sdd
Options de la commande
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# man lsscsi
[root@centos8 ~]# lsscsi --help
Usage: lsscsi [--brief] [--classic] [--controllers] [--device] [--generic]
[--help] [--hosts] [--kname] [--list] [--long] [--long-unit]
[--lunhex] [--no-nvme] [--pdt] [--protection] [--prot-mode]
[--scsi_id] [--size] [--sz-lbs] [--sysfsroot=PATH] [--transport]
[--unit] [--verbose] [--version] [--wwn] [<h:c:t:l>]
where:
--brief|-b tuple and device name only
--classic|-c alternate output similar to 'cat /proc/scsi/scsi'
--controllers|-C synonym for --hosts since NVMe controllers treated
like SCSI hosts
--device|-d show device node's major + minor numbers
--generic|-g show scsi generic device name
--help|-h this usage information
--hosts|-H lists scsi hosts rather than scsi devices
--kname|-k show kernel name instead of device node name
--list|-L additional information output one
attribute=value per line
--long|-l additional information output
--long-unit|-U print LU name in full, use twice to prefix with
'.naa', 'eui.', 'uuid.' or 't10.'
--lunhex|-x show LUN part of tuple as hex number in T10 format;
use twice to get full 16 digit hexadecimal LUN
--no-nvme|-N exclude NVMe devices from output
--pdt|-D show the peripheral device type in hex
--protection|-p show target and initiator protection information
--protmode|-P show negotiated protection information mode
--scsi_id|-i show udev derived /dev/disk/by-id/scsi* entry
--size|-s show disk size, (once for decimal (e.g. 3 GB),
twice for power of two (e.g. 2.7 GiB),
thrice for number of blocks))
--sysfsroot=PATH|-y PATH set sysfs mount point to PATH (def: /sys)
--sz-lbs|-S show size as a number of logical blocks; if used twice
adds comma followed by logical block size in bytes
--transport|-t transport information for target or, if '--hosts'
given, for initiator
--unit|-u logical unit (LU) name (aka WWN for ATA/SATA)
--verbose|-v output path names where data is found
--version|-V output version string and exit
--wwn|-w output WWN for disks (from /dev/disk/by-id/wwn*)
<h:c:t:l> filter output list (def: '*:*:*:*' (all)). Meaning:
<host_num:controller:target:lun> or for NVMe:
<'N':ctl_num:cntlid:namespace_id>
List SCSI devices or hosts, followed by NVMe namespaces or controllers.
Many storage devices (e.g. SATA disks and USB attached storage) use SCSI
command sets and hence are also listed by this utility. Hyphenated long
options can also take underscore (and vice versa).
1.5 - La Commande lscpu
Cett commande vous renseigne sur l'architecture des CPUs :
[root@centos8 ~]# lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 8 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-7 Thread(s) per core: 1 Core(s) per socket: 4 Socket(s): 2 NUMA node(s): 1 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel BIOS Vendor ID: QEMU CPU family: 6 Model: 158 Model name: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1270 v6 @ 3.80GHz BIOS Model name: pc-i440fx-7.0 Stepping: 9 CPU MHz: 3791.998 BogoMIPS: 7583.99 Virtualization: VT-x Hypervisor vendor: KVM Virtualization type: full L1d cache: 32K L1i cache: 32K L2 cache: 4096K L3 cache: 16384K NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-7 Flags: fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon rep_good nopl xtopology cpuid tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq vmx ssse3 fma cx16 pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch cpuid_fault invpcid_single pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow vnmi flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm mpx rdseed adx smap clflushopt xsaveopt xsavec xgetbv1 xsaves arat umip md_clear arch_capabilities
Options de la commande
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# lscpu --help
Usage:
lscpu [options]
Display information about the CPU architecture.
Options:
-a, --all print both online and offline CPUs (default for -e)
-b, --online print online CPUs only (default for -p)
-c, --offline print offline CPUs only
-J, --json use JSON for default or extended format
-e, --extended[=<list>] print out an extended readable format
-p, --parse[=<list>] print out a parsable format
-s, --sysroot <dir> use specified directory as system root
-x, --hex print hexadecimal masks rather than lists of CPUs
-y, --physical print physical instead of logical IDs
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Available output columns:
CPU logical CPU number
CORE logical core number
SOCKET logical socket number
CLUSTER logical cluster number
NODE logical NUMA node number
BOOK logical book number
DRAWER logical drawer number
CACHE shows how caches are shared between CPUs
POLARIZATION CPU dispatching mode on virtual hardware
ADDRESS physical address of a CPU
CONFIGURED shows if the hypervisor has allocated the CPU
ONLINE shows if Linux currently makes use of the CPU
MAXMHZ shows the maximum MHz of the CPU
MINMHZ shows the minimum MHz of the CPU
For more details see lscpu(1).
1.6 - La Command lshw
Cette commande vous renseigne sur le matériel selon la classe de celui-ci. Commencez par visualiser les périphériques et leurs classes répectives :
[root@centos8 ~]# lshw -businfo
Bus info Device Class Description
====================================================
system Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
bus Motherboard
memory 96KiB BIOS
cpu@0 processor Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1270 v6 @ 3.80GHz
cpu@1 processor Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E3-1270 v6 @ 3.80GHz
memory 16GiB System Memory
memory DIMM RAM [empty]
pci@0000:00:00.0 bridge 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma]
pci@0000:00:01.0 bridge 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/Triton II]
input PnP device PNP0303
input PnP device PNP0f13
storage PnP device PNP0700
system PnP device PNP0b00
pci@0000:00:01.1 scsi1 storage 82371SB PIIX3 IDE [Natoma/Triton II]
scsi@1:0.0.0 /dev/cdrom disk QEMU DVD-ROM
pci@0000:00:01.2 bus 82371SB PIIX3 USB [Natoma/Triton II]
usb@1 usb1 bus UHCI Host Controller
usb@1:1 input5 input QEMU QEMU USB Tablet
pci@0000:00:01.3 bridge 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI
pci@0000:00:02.0 /dev/fb0 display bochs-drmdrmfb
pci@0000:00:03.0 generic Virtio memory balloon
virtio@0 generic Virtual I/O device
pci@0000:00:07.0 scsi2 storage 82801IR/IO/IH (ICH9R/DO/DH) 6 port SATA Contr
scsi@2:0.0.0 /dev/sda disk 34GB QEMU HARDDISK
scsi@2:0.0.0,1 /dev/sda1 volume 1GiB EXT4 volume
scsi@2:0.0.0,2 /dev/sda2 volume 30GiB Linux LVM Physical Volume partition
scsi@3:0.0.0 /dev/sdb disk 4294MB QEMU HARDDISK
scsi@4:0.0.0 /dev/sdc disk 68GB QEMU HARDDISK
scsi@4:0.0.0,1 /dev/sdc1 volume 63GiB EXT4 volume
scsi@5:0.0.0 /dev/sdd disk 34GB QEMU HARDDISK
pci@0000:00:12.0 network Virtio network device
virtio@1 ens18 network Ethernet interface
pci@0000:00:13.0 network Virtio network device
virtio@2 ens19 network Ethernet interface
pci@0000:00:1e.0 bridge QEMU PCI-PCI bridge
pci@0000:00:1f.0 bridge QEMU PCI-PCI bridge
input0 input Power Button
input1 input AT Translated Set 2 keyboard
input3 input VirtualPS/2 VMware VMMouse
input4 input VirtualPS/2 VMware VMMouse
input6 input PC Speaker
Consultez maintenant le matériel de la classe system :
[root@centos8 ~]# lshw -c system
centos8.ittraining.loc
description: Computer
product: Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
vendor: QEMU
version: pc-i440fx-7.0
width: 64 bits
capabilities: smbios-2.8 dmi-2.8 smp vsyscall32
configuration: boot=normal uuid=95bd69e3-4a74-44a7-b58c-b74fbfb86df2
*-pnp00:03
product: PnP device PNP0b00
physical id: 3
capabilities: pnp
configuration: driver=rtc_cmos
Consultez maintenant le matériel des autres classes principales :
[root@centos8 ~]# lshw -c memory
*-firmware
description: BIOS
vendor: SeaBIOS
physical id: 0
version: rel-1.16.0-0-gd239552ce722-prebuilt.qemu.org
date: 04/01/2014
size: 96KiB
*-memory
description: System Memory
physical id: 1000
size: 16GiB
capabilities: ecc
configuration: errordetection=multi-bit-ecc
*-bank
description: DIMM RAM [empty]
vendor: QEMU
physical id: 0
slot: DIMM 0
[root@centos8 ~]# lshw -c video
*-display
description: VGA compatible controller
product: bochs-drmdrmfb
physical id: 2
bus info: pci@0000:00:02.0
logical name: /dev/fb0
version: 02
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: vga_controller rom fb
configuration: depth=32 driver=bochs-drm latency=0 resolution=1280,800
resources: irq:0 memory:fd000000-fdffffff memory:fea90000-fea90fff memory:c0000-dffff
[root@centos8 ~]# lshw -c storage
*-pnp00:02
product: PnP device PNP0700
physical id: 2
capabilities: pnp
*-ide
description: IDE interface
product: 82371SB PIIX3 IDE [Natoma/Triton II]
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 1.1
bus info: pci@0000:00:01.1
logical name: scsi1
version: 00
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: ide isa_compat_mode bus_master emulated
configuration: driver=ata_piix latency=0
resources: irq:0 ioport:1f0(size=8) ioport:3f6 ioport:170(size=8) ioport:376 ioport:e0c0(size=16)
*-sata
description: SATA controller
product: 82801IR/IO/IH (ICH9R/DO/DH) 6 port SATA Controller [AHCI mode]
vendor: Intel Corporation
physical id: 7
bus info: pci@0000:00:07.0
logical name: scsi2
logical name: scsi3
logical name: scsi4
logical name: scsi5
version: 02
width: 32 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: sata msi ahci_1.0 bus_master cap_list emulated
configuration: driver=ahci latency=0
resources: irq:30 ioport:e060(size=32) memory:fea91000-fea91fff
[root@centos8 ~]# lshw -c disk
*-cdrom
description: DVD reader
product: QEMU DVD-ROM
vendor: QEMU
physical id: 0.0.0
bus info: scsi@1:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/cdrom
logical name: /dev/sr0
version: 2.5+
capabilities: removable audio dvd
configuration: ansiversion=5 status=nodisc
*-disk:0
description: ATA Disk
product: QEMU HARDDISK
physical id: 0
bus info: scsi@2:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/sda
version: 2.5+
serial: QM00005
size: 32GiB (34GB)
capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos
configuration: ansiversion=5 logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=512 signature=b39ec5c8
*-disk:1
description: ATA Disk
product: QEMU HARDDISK
physical id: 1
bus info: scsi@3:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/sdb
version: 2.5+
serial: QM00007
size: 4GiB (4294MB)
configuration: ansiversion=5 logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=512
*-disk:2
description: ATA Disk
product: QEMU HARDDISK
physical id: 2
bus info: scsi@4:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/sdc
version: 2.5+
serial: QM00009
size: 64GiB (68GB)
capabilities: partitioned partitioned:dos
configuration: ansiversion=5 logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=512 signature=45352f44
*-disk:3
description: ATA Disk
product: QEMU HARDDISK
physical id: 3
bus info: scsi@5:0.0.0
logical name: /dev/sdd
version: 2.5+
serial: QM00011
size: 32GiB (34GB)
configuration: ansiversion=5 logicalsectorsize=512 sectorsize=512
[root@centos8 ~]# lshw -c volume
*-volume:0
description: EXT4 volume
vendor: Linux
physical id: 1
bus info: scsi@2:0.0.0,1
logical name: /dev/sda1
logical name: /boot
version: 1.0
serial: 1c04981e-5317-4b73-9695-3ce25246835d
size: 1GiB
capacity: 1GiB
capabilities: primary bootable journaled extended_attributes large_files huge_files dir_nlink recover 64bit extents ext4 ext2 initialized
configuration: created=2021-06-16 12:21:27 filesystem=ext4 lastmountpoint=/boot modified=2022-11-10 07:12:41 mount.fstype=ext4 mount.options=rw,seclabel,relatime mounted=2022-11-10 07:12:41 state=mounted
*-volume:1
description: Linux LVM Physical Volume partition
physical id: 2
bus info: scsi@2:0.0.0,2
logical name: /dev/sda2
serial: kOJTuY-TbBA-JSvU-vhkb-rvpz-QoPt-bIKe2e
size: 30GiB
capacity: 30GiB
capabilities: primary multi lvm2
*-volume
description: EXT4 volume
vendor: Linux
physical id: 1
bus info: scsi@4:0.0.0,1
logical name: /dev/sdc1
logical name: /home
version: 1.0
serial: f76d6b66-985b-4a91-af9c-4987e8c1443c
size: 63GiB
capacity: 63GiB
capabilities: primary journaled extended_attributes large_files huge_files dir_nlink recover 64bit extents ext4 ext2 initialized
configuration: created=2021-07-19 18:02:13 filesystem=ext4 lastmountpoint=/home modified=2022-11-10 15:34:07 mount.fstype=ext4 mount.options=rw,seclabel,relatime mounted=2022-11-10 15:34:07 state=mounted
[root@centos8 ~]# lshw -c network
*-network:0
description: Ethernet controller
product: Virtio network device
vendor: Red Hat, Inc.
physical id: 12
bus info: pci@0000:00:12.0
version: 00
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: msix bus_master cap_list rom
configuration: driver=virtio-pci latency=0
resources: irq:10 ioport:e080(size=32) memory:fea92000-fea92fff memory:fe404000-fe407fff memory:fea00000-fea3ffff
*-virtio1
description: Ethernet interface
physical id: 0
bus info: virtio@1
logical name: ens18
serial: 5e:3f:e8:43:d5:f9
capabilities: ethernet physical
configuration: autonegotiation=off broadcast=yes driver=virtio_net driverversion=1.0.0 ip=10.0.2.45 link=yes multicast=yes
*-network:1
description: Ethernet controller
product: Virtio network device
vendor: Red Hat, Inc.
physical id: 13
bus info: pci@0000:00:13.0
version: 00
width: 64 bits
clock: 33MHz
capabilities: msix bus_master cap_list rom
configuration: driver=virtio-pci latency=0
resources: irq:10 ioport:e0a0(size=32) memory:fea93000-fea93fff memory:fe408000-fe40bfff memory:fea40000-fea7ffff
*-virtio2
description: Ethernet interface
physical id: 0
bus info: virtio@2
logical name: ens19
serial: ea:c8:86:9e:73:a6
capabilities: ethernet physical
configuration: autonegotiation=off broadcast=yes driver=virtio_net driverversion=1.0.0 link=yes multicast=yes
Options de la commande
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# lshw -h
Hardware Lister (lshw) - B.02.19.2
usage: lshw [-format] [-options ...]
lshw -version
-version print program version (B.02.19.2)
format can be
-html output hardware tree as HTML
-xml output hardware tree as XML
-json output hardware tree as a JSON object
-short output hardware paths
-businfo output bus information
options can be
-dump filename displays output and dump collected information into a file (SQLite database)
-class CLASS only show a certain class of hardware
-C CLASS same as '-class CLASS'
-c CLASS same as '-class CLASS'
-disable TEST disable a test (like pci, isapnp, cpuid, etc. )
-enable TEST enable a test (like pci, isapnp, cpuid, etc. )
-quiet don't display status
-sanitize sanitize output (remove sensitive information like serial numbers, etc.)
-numeric output numeric IDs (for PCI, USB, etc.)
-notime exclude volatile attributes (timestamps) from output
1.7 - La Commande dmidecode
La commande dmidecode lit la table DMI (Desktop Management Interface) aussi appelée SMBIOS (System Management BIOS) et fourni les informations sur :
- l'état du matériel actuel,
- les extensions possibles.
[root@centos8 ~]# dmidecode
# dmidecode 3.2
Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs.
SMBIOS 2.8 present.
11 structures occupying 511 bytes.
Table at 0x000F5870.
Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes
BIOS Information
Vendor: SeaBIOS
Version: rel-1.14.0-0-g155821a1990b-prebuilt.qemu.org
Release Date: 04/01/2014
Address: 0xE8000
Runtime Size: 96 kB
ROM Size: 64 kB
Characteristics:
BIOS characteristics not supported
Targeted content distribution is supported
BIOS Revision: 0.0
Handle 0x0100, DMI type 1, 27 bytes
System Information
Manufacturer: QEMU
Product Name: Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)
Version: pc-i440fx-5.2
Serial Number: Not Specified
UUID: 95bd69e3-4a74-44a7-b58c-b74fbfb86df2
Wake-up Type: Power Switch
SKU Number: Not Specified
Family: Not Specified
Handle 0x0300, DMI type 3, 22 bytes
Chassis Information
Manufacturer: QEMU
Type: Other
Lock: Not Present
Version: pc-i440fx-5.2
Serial Number: Not Specified
Asset Tag: Not Specified
Boot-up State: Safe
Power Supply State: Safe
Thermal State: Safe
Security Status: Unknown
OEM Information: 0x00000000
Height: Unspecified
Number Of Power Cords: Unspecified
Contained Elements: 0
SKU Number: Not Specified
Handle 0x0400, DMI type 4, 42 bytes
Processor Information
Socket Designation: CPU 0
Type: Central Processor
Family: Other
Manufacturer: QEMU
ID: 61 0F 00 00 FF FB 8B 07
Version: pc-i440fx-5.2
Voltage: Unknown
External Clock: Unknown
Max Speed: 2000 MHz
Current Speed: 2000 MHz
Status: Populated, Enabled
Upgrade: Other
L1 Cache Handle: Not Provided
L2 Cache Handle: Not Provided
L3 Cache Handle: Not Provided
Serial Number: Not Specified
Asset Tag: Not Specified
Part Number: Not Specified
Core Count: 4
Core Enabled: 4
Thread Count: 1
Characteristics: None
Handle 0x0401, DMI type 4, 42 bytes
Processor Information
Socket Designation: CPU 1
Type: Central Processor
Family: Other
Manufacturer: QEMU
ID: 61 0F 00 00 FF FB 8B 07
Version: pc-i440fx-5.2
Voltage: Unknown
External Clock: Unknown
Max Speed: 2000 MHz
Current Speed: 2000 MHz
Status: Populated, Enabled
Upgrade: Other
L1 Cache Handle: Not Provided
L2 Cache Handle: Not Provided
L3 Cache Handle: Not Provided
Serial Number: Not Specified
Asset Tag: Not Specified
Part Number: Not Specified
Core Count: 4
Core Enabled: 4
Thread Count: 1
Characteristics: None
Handle 0x1000, DMI type 16, 23 bytes
Physical Memory Array
Location: Other
Use: System Memory
Error Correction Type: Multi-bit ECC
Maximum Capacity: 4 GB
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Number Of Devices: 1
Handle 0x1100, DMI type 17, 40 bytes
Memory Device
Array Handle: 0x1000
Error Information Handle: Not Provided
Total Width: Unknown
Data Width: Unknown
Size: 4 GB
Form Factor: DIMM
Set: None
Locator: DIMM 0
Bank Locator: Not Specified
Type: RAM
Type Detail: Other
Speed: Unknown
Manufacturer: QEMU
Serial Number: Not Specified
Asset Tag: Not Specified
Part Number: Not Specified
Rank: Unknown
Configured Memory Speed: Unknown
Minimum Voltage: Unknown
Maximum Voltage: Unknown
Configured Voltage: Unknown
Handle 0x1300, DMI type 19, 31 bytes
Memory Array Mapped Address
Starting Address: 0x00000000000
Ending Address: 0x000BFFFFFFF
Range Size: 3 GB
Physical Array Handle: 0x1000
Partition Width: 1
Handle 0x1301, DMI type 19, 31 bytes
Memory Array Mapped Address
Starting Address: 0x00100000000
Ending Address: 0x0013FFFFFFF
Range Size: 1 GB
Physical Array Handle: 0x1000
Partition Width: 1
Handle 0x2000, DMI type 32, 11 bytes
System Boot Information
Status: No errors detected
Handle 0x7F00, DMI type 127, 4 bytes
End Of Table
Options de la commande
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos7 ~]# dmidecode --help
Usage: dmidecode [OPTIONS]
Options are:
-d, --dev-mem FILE Read memory from device FILE (default: /dev/mem)
-h, --help Display this help text and exit
-q, --quiet Less verbose output
-s, --string KEYWORD Only display the value of the given DMI string
-t, --type TYPE Only display the entries of given type
-u, --dump Do not decode the entries
--dump-bin FILE Dump the DMI data to a binary file
--from-dump FILE Read the DMI data from a binary file
-V, --version Display the version and exit
1.8 - La Commande smartctl
smartctl contrôle le système SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology) intégré à la plupart des disques durs et disques SSD ATA/SATA et SCSI/SAS :
[root@centos8 ~]# smartctl --smart=on --saveauto=on --offlineauto=on /dev/sdb
[root@centos8 ~]# smartctl -a /dev/sdb
smartctl 7.1 2020-04-05 r5049 [x86_64-linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Device Model: QEMU HARDDISK
Serial Number: QM00007
Firmware Version: 2.5+
User Capacity: 4,294,967,296 bytes [4.29 GB]
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall]
ATA Version is: ATA/ATAPI-7, ATA/ATAPI-5 published, ANSI NCITS 340-2000
Local Time is: Sun Nov 13 09:12:18 2022 CET
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x02) Offline data collection activity
was completed without error.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: ( 288) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x19) SMART execute Offline immediate.
No Auto Offline data collection support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
No Conveyance Self-test supported.
No Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
No General Purpose Logging support.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 54) minutes.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 1
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x0003 100 100 006 Pre-fail Always - 0
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0003 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 16
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0002 100 100 020 Old_age Always - 100
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0003 100 100 036 Pre-fail Always - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0003 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 1
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0003 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 0
190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0003 069 069 050 Pre-fail Always - 31 (Min/Max 31/31)
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
No self-tests have been logged. [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t]
Selective Self-tests/Logging not supported
Options de la commande
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# smartctl --help
smartctl 7.1 2020-04-05 r5049 [x86_64-linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.x86_64] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-19, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
Usage: smartctl [options] device
============================================ SHOW INFORMATION OPTIONS =====
-h, --help, --usage
Display this help and exit
-V, --version, --copyright, --license
Print license, copyright, and version information and exit
-i, --info
Show identity information for device
--identify[=[w][nvb]]
Show words and bits from IDENTIFY DEVICE data (ATA)
-g NAME, --get=NAME
Get device setting: all, aam, apm, dsn, lookahead, security,
wcache, rcache, wcreorder, wcache-sct
-a, --all
Show all SMART information for device
-x, --xall
Show all information for device
--scan
Scan for devices
--scan-open
Scan for devices and try to open each device
================================== SMARTCTL RUN-TIME BEHAVIOR OPTIONS =====
-j, --json[=[cgiosuv]]
Print output in JSON format
-q TYPE, --quietmode=TYPE (ATA)
Set smartctl quiet mode to one of: errorsonly, silent, noserial
-d TYPE, --device=TYPE
Specify device type to one of:
ata, scsi[+TYPE], nvme[,NSID], sat[,auto][,N][+TYPE], usbcypress[,X], usbjmicron[,p][,x][,N], usbprolific, usbsunplus, sntjmicron[,NSID], intelliprop,N[+TYPE], jmb39x,N[,sLBA][,force][+TYPE], marvell, areca,N/E, 3ware,N, hpt,L/M/N, megaraid,N, aacraid,H,L,ID, cciss,N, auto, test
-T TYPE, --tolerance=TYPE (ATA)
Tolerance: normal, conservative, permissive, verypermissive
-b TYPE, --badsum=TYPE (ATA)
Set action on bad checksum to one of: warn, exit, ignore
-r TYPE, --report=TYPE
Report transactions (see man page)
-n MODE[,STATUS], --nocheck=MODE[,STATUS] (ATA)
No check if: never, sleep, standby, idle (see man page)
============================== DEVICE FEATURE ENABLE/DISABLE COMMANDS =====
-s VALUE, --smart=VALUE
Enable/disable SMART on device (on/off)
-o VALUE, --offlineauto=VALUE (ATA)
Enable/disable automatic offline testing on device (on/off)
-S VALUE, --saveauto=VALUE (ATA)
Enable/disable Attribute autosave on device (on/off)
-s NAME[,VALUE], --set=NAME[,VALUE]
Enable/disable/change device setting: aam,[N|off], apm,[N|off],
dsn,[on|off], lookahead,[on|off], security-freeze,
standby,[N|off|now], wcache,[on|off], rcache,[on|off],
wcreorder,[on|off[,p]], wcache-sct,[ata|on|off[,p]]
======================================= READ AND DISPLAY DATA OPTIONS =====
-H, --health
Show device SMART health status
-c, --capabilities (ATA, NVMe)
Show device SMART capabilities
-A, --attributes
Show device SMART vendor-specific Attributes and values
-f FORMAT, --format=FORMAT (ATA)
Set output format for attributes: old, brief, hex[,id|val]
-l TYPE, --log=TYPE
Show device log. TYPE: error, selftest, selective, directory[,g|s],
xerror[,N][,error], xselftest[,N][,selftest], background,
sasphy[,reset], sataphy[,reset], scttemp[sts,hist],
scttempint,N[,p], scterc[,N,M], devstat[,N], defects[,N], ssd,
gplog,N[,RANGE], smartlog,N[,RANGE], nvmelog,N,SIZE
-v N,OPTION , --vendorattribute=N,OPTION (ATA)
Set display OPTION for vendor Attribute N (see man page)
-F TYPE, --firmwarebug=TYPE (ATA)
Use firmware bug workaround:
none, nologdir, samsung, samsung2, samsung3, xerrorlba, swapid
-P TYPE, --presets=TYPE (ATA)
Drive-specific presets: use, ignore, show, showall
-B [+]FILE, --drivedb=[+]FILE (ATA)
Read and replace [add] drive database from FILE
[default is +/etc/smartmontools/smart_drivedb.h
and then /usr/share/smartmontools/drivedb.h]
============================================ DEVICE SELF-TEST OPTIONS =====
-t TEST, --test=TEST
Run test. TEST: offline, short, long, conveyance, force, vendor,N,
select,M-N, pending,N, afterselect,[on|off]
-C, --captive
Do test in captive mode (along with -t)
-X, --abort
Abort any non-captive test on device
=================================================== SMARTCTL EXAMPLES =====
smartctl --all /dev/sda (Prints all SMART information)
smartctl --smart=on --offlineauto=on --saveauto=on /dev/sda
(Enables SMART on first disk)
smartctl --test=long /dev/sda (Executes extended disk self-test)
smartctl --attributes --log=selftest --quietmode=errorsonly /dev/sda
(Prints Self-Test & Attribute errors)
smartctl --all --device=3ware,2 /dev/sda
smartctl --all --device=3ware,2 /dev/twe0
smartctl --all --device=3ware,2 /dev/twa0
smartctl --all --device=3ware,2 /dev/twl0
(Prints all SMART info for 3rd ATA disk on 3ware RAID controller)
smartctl --all --device=hpt,1/1/3 /dev/sda
(Prints all SMART info for the SATA disk attached to the 3rd PMPort
of the 1st channel on the 1st HighPoint RAID controller)
smartctl --all --device=areca,3/1 /dev/sg2
(Prints all SMART info for 3rd ATA disk of the 1st enclosure
on Areca RAID controller)
1.9 - Les Commandes accton et dump-acct
Cette commande permet d'activer ou désactiver la comptabilisation des processus :
[root@centos8 ~]# accton on Turning on process accounting, file set to the default '/var/account/pacct'. [root@centos8 ~]# systemctl status psacct ● psacct.service - Kernel process accounting Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/psacct.service; disabled; vendor preset: d> Active: inactive (dead) ...skipping... ● psacct.service - Kernel process accounting Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/psacct.service; disabled; vendor preset: d> Active: inactive (dead) [root@centos8 ~]# systemctl enable psacct Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/psacct.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/psacct.service. [root@centos8 ~]# systemctl start psacct [root@centos8 ~]# systemctl status psacct ● psacct.service - Kernel process accounting Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/psacct.service; enabled; vendor preset: di> Active: active (exited) since Sun 2022-11-13 09:35:16 CET; 4s ago Process: 39765 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/accton /var/account/pacct (code=exited, status=0> Process: 39763 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/psacct/accton-create (code=exited, status=> Main PID: 39765 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Nov 13 09:35:16 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Starting Kernel process accounting> Nov 13 09:35:16 centos8.ittraining.loc accton[39765]: Turning on process accounting, > Nov 13 09:35:16 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Started Kernel process accounting.
Par contre le fichier /var/account/pacct ne peut pas être lu avec les utilitaires de consultation de fichiers texte :
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /var/account/pacct
#pcKaccton pcEusleep%$pcu,awk$pc-iksmtuned('pc6pgrep'&pc-`ksmtuned)&pc,Eksmtuned*&pcd,awk&pc-ksmtuned/.'pc`D$less.'pcDEsystemctl+pcEssleep107pcu,awk07pc-jksmtuned437pc6pgrep327pc-bksmtuned527pc,Gksmtuned627pcd,awk27pc-ksmtuned?9;pc2rpc-pipefs-gene=9;pc2nfs-server-geneA9;pcEsystemd-cryptseI9;pcEsystemd-system-G9;pcEsystemd-hibernaC9;pcEsystemd-fstab-gE:;pc(^readlinkM;;pc$dgrepJ<;pc?lvmconfigN@;pc&`selinuxenabled;9;pc?s+Hkdump-dep-gener<9;pc?k0lvm2-activation:9;pc?B+anaconda-generaH9;pc?Esystemd-rc-loca>9;pc?SIostree-system-gO@;pc$agrep@9;pc?B+selinux-autorelB9;pc?Esystemd-debug-gK9;pc?Esystemd-sysv-geL9;pc?Esystemd-veritysD9;pc?Esystemd-getty-gF9;pc?Esystemd-gpt-aut9;pc@OC(sd-executor)8;pc`AEsystemctlSDpc?,accton-createUDpcacctonUDpacctonRQDpc@Esystemd-tty-askQDpc@@EsystemctlTDpcEsystemd-cgroupsVDpcEsystemd-cgroupsZYIpc`C$lessYIpcaCE%systemctlǘpcGkworker/dying77pcEssleepdcspcu,awkcspc-iksmtunedgfspc6pgrepfespc-_ksmtunedhespc,Fksmtunediespcd,awkespc?-ksmtuned[root@centos8 ~]#
La commande dump-acct permet de voir son contenu mais pas de l'exploiter :
[root@centos8 ~]# dump-acct /var/account/pacct accton |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 1.00| 0| 0| 4360.00| 0.00| 39715| 37763|S | 0|pts/0 |Sun Nov 13 09:33:52 2022 sleep |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 6000.00| 0| 0| 7308.00| 0.00| 39712| 1022| | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:33:03 2022 awk |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 25512.00| 0.00| 39717| 39716| | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:34:03 2022 ksmtuned |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 26632.00| 0.00| 39716| 1022| F | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:34:03 2022 pgrep |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 45104.00| 0.00| 39720| 39719| | 1|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:34:03 2022 ksmtuned |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 26632.00| 0.00| 39719| 39718| F | 1|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:34:03 2022 ksmtuned |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 26112.00| 0.00| 39721| 39718| F | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:34:03 2022 awk |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 25376.00| 0.00| 39722| 39718| | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:34:03 2022 ksmtuned |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 26632.00| 0.00| 39718| 1022| F | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:34:03 2022 less |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 1187.00| 0| 0| 9704.00| 0.00| 39727| 39726|S | 0|pts/0 |Sun Nov 13 09:34:47 2022 systemctl |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 1188.00| 0| 0| 93504.00| 0.00| 39726| 37763|S | 3|pts/0 |Sun Nov 13 09:34:47 2022 sleep |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 6000.00| 0| 0| 7308.00| 0.00| 39723| 1022| | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:34:03 2022 awk |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 25512.00| 0.00| 39729| 39728| | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:35:03 2022 ksmtuned |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 26632.00| 0.00| 39728| 1022| F | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:35:03 2022 pgrep |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 45104.00| 0.00| 39732| 39731| | 1|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:35:03 2022 ksmtuned |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 26632.00| 0.00| 39731| 39730| F | 1|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:35:03 2022 ksmtuned |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 26112.00| 0.00| 39733| 39730| F | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:35:03 2022 awk |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 25376.00| 0.00| 39734| 39730| | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:35:03 2022 ksmtuned |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 26632.00| 0.00| 39730| 1022| F | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:35:03 2022 rpc-pipefs-gene |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 38752.00| 0.00| 39743| 39737|S | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:35:07 2022 nfs-server-gene |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 38880.00| 0.00| 39741| 39737|S | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:35:07 2022 systemd-cryptse |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 90368.00| 0.00| 39745| 39737|S | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:35:07 2022 systemd-system- |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 90368.00| 0.00| 39753| 39737|S | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:35:07 2022 systemd-hiberna |v3| 0.00| 0.00| 0.00| 0| 0| 90368.00| 0.00| 39751| 39737|S | 0|__ |Sun Nov 13 09:35:07 2022 ...
Options de la commande
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# dump-acct --help
Usage: dump-acct [-hrR] [-n <recs>] <files>
[--num <recs>] [--raw] [--reverse] [--help]
[--format <version>] [--byteswap]
[--ahz <freq>]
The system's default process accounting file is /var/account/pacct.
1.10 - La Commande lastcomm
Cette commande vous renseigne sur l'historique et les statistiques des commandes par utilisateur :
[root@centos8 ~]# lastcomm bash F root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:41 gdbus X root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:41 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:41 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:41 kworker/dying F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:30 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:41 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:41 pgrep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:41 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:41 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:41 sleep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:40 kworker/dying F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:07 kworker/dying F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 kworker/dying F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:07 dump-acct root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:40 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:40 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:40 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:40 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:40 pgrep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:40 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:40 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:40 sleep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:39 dump-acct root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:39 man root pts/0 0.01 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 less root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 kworker/dying F root __ 0.00 secs Sat Nov 12 19:37 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:39 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:39 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:39 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:39 pgrep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:39 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:39 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:39 sleep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 man F root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 nroff root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 groff root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 grotty root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 troff root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 nroff F root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 locale root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 tbl root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 preconv root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 man F root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 man F root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 man F root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 man F root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 man F root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 man F root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 man F root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 pgrep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:38 sleep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:37 dump-acct root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:37 kworker/dying F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:05 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:37 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:37 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:37 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:37 pgrep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:37 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:37 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:37 sleep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:36 cat root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:36 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:36 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:36 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:36 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:36 pgrep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:36 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:36 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:36 sleep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 kworker/dying F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:19 systemctl S root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 less S root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 systemd-cgroups root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 systemd-cgroups root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 systemctl S root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 systemd-tty-ask S root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 accton S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 accton root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 accton-create S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 systemctl S root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 (sd-executor) SF root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 systemd-gpt-aut S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 systemd-getty-g S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 systemd-veritys S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 systemd-sysv-ge S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 systemd-debug-g S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 selinux-autorel S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 grep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 ostree-system-g S root __ 0.01 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 systemd-rc-loca S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 anaconda-genera S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 lvm2-activation S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 kdump-dep-gener S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 selinuxenabled root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 lvmconfig root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 grep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 readlink root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 systemd-fstab-g S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 systemd-hiberna S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 systemd-system- S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 systemd-cryptse S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 nfs-server-gene S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 rpc-pipefs-gene S root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 pgrep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 sleep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:34 systemctl S root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:34 less S root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:34 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:34 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:34 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:34 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:34 pgrep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:34 ksmtuned F root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:34 awk root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:34 sleep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:33 accton S root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:33 [root@centos8 ~]# lastcomm grep grep root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:46 grep root pts/0 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:45 grep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35 grep root __ 0.00 secs Sun Nov 13 09:35
Options de la commande
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# lastcomm --help
Usage: lastcomm [-hpV] [-f file] [command] ... [user] ... [terminal] ...
[--forwards] [--file <file>] [--strict-match] [--print-controls]
[--user <name>] [--tty <name>] [--command <name>] [--debug]
[--show-paging] [--pid] [--ahz <freq>] [--version] [--help]
The system's default process accounting file is /var/account/pacct.
1.11 - La Commande sa
Cette commande vous renseigne sur les statistiques sur les processus lancés et leurs ressources systèmes:
[root@centos8 ~]# sa -u | egrep "root" root 0.00 cpu 1090k mem 0 io accton root 0.00 cpu 1827k mem 0 io sleep root 0.00 cpu 6378k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 11276k mem 0 io pgrep root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6528k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6344k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 2426k mem 0 io less root 0.00 cpu 23376k mem 0 io systemctl root 0.00 cpu 1827k mem 0 io sleep root 0.00 cpu 6378k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 11276k mem 0 io pgrep root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6528k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6344k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 9688k mem 0 io rpc-pipefs-gene root 0.00 cpu 9720k mem 0 io nfs-server-gene root 0.00 cpu 22592k mem 0 io systemd-cryptse root 0.00 cpu 22592k mem 0 io systemd-system- root 0.00 cpu 22592k mem 0 io systemd-hiberna root 0.00 cpu 22592k mem 0 io systemd-fstab-g root 0.00 cpu 1098k mem 0 io readlink root 0.00 cpu 2302k mem 0 io grep root 0.00 cpu 16260k mem 0 io lvmconfig root 0.00 cpu 3350k mem 0 io selinuxenabled root 0.00 cpu 5862k mem 0 io kdump-dep-gener root 0.00 cpu 8406k mem 0 io lvm2-activation root 0.00 cpu 5764k mem 0 io anaconda-genera root 0.00 cpu 22592k mem 0 io systemd-rc-loca root 0.01 cpu 38192k mem 0 io ostree-system-g root 0.00 cpu 2302k mem 0 io grep root 0.00 cpu 5764k mem 0 io selinux-autorel root 0.00 cpu 22592k mem 0 io systemd-debug-g root 0.00 cpu 22592k mem 0 io systemd-sysv-ge root 0.00 cpu 22592k mem 0 io systemd-veritys root 0.00 cpu 22592k mem 0 io systemd-getty-g root 0.00 cpu 22592k mem 0 io systemd-gpt-aut root 0.00 cpu 63728k mem 0 io (sd-executor) * root 0.00 cpu 23632k mem 0 io systemctl root 0.00 cpu 6496k mem 0 io accton-create root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io accton root 0.00 cpu 1090k mem 0 io accton root 0.00 cpu 22592k mem 0 io systemd-tty-ask root 0.00 cpu 23376k mem 0 io systemctl root 0.00 cpu 22592k mem 0 io systemd-cgroups root 0.00 cpu 22592k mem 0 io systemd-cgroups root 0.00 cpu 2426k mem 0 io less root 0.00 cpu 23376k mem 0 io systemctl root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/dying * root 0.00 cpu 1827k mem 0 io sleep root 0.00 cpu 6378k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 11276k mem 0 io pgrep root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6528k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6344k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 1828k mem 0 io cat root 0.00 cpu 1827k mem 0 io sleep root 0.00 cpu 6378k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 11276k mem 0 io pgrep root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6528k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6344k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/dying * root 0.00 cpu 1994k mem 0 io dump-acct root 0.00 cpu 1827k mem 0 io sleep root 0.00 cpu 6378k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 11276k mem 0 io pgrep root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6528k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6344k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 4582k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4844k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4186k mem 0 io preconv root 0.00 cpu 3476k mem 0 io tbl root 0.00 cpu 1831k mem 0 io locale root 0.00 cpu 3182k mem 0 io nroff * root 0.00 cpu 4186k mem 0 io troff root 0.00 cpu 3674k mem 0 io grotty root 0.00 cpu 3496k mem 0 io groff root 0.00 cpu 3182k mem 0 io nroff root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 1827k mem 0 io sleep root 0.00 cpu 6378k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 11276k mem 0 io pgrep root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6528k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6344k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/dying * root 0.00 cpu 2426k mem 0 io less root 0.01 cpu 4770k mem 0 io man root 0.00 cpu 1994k mem 0 io dump-acct root 0.00 cpu 1827k mem 0 io sleep root 0.00 cpu 6378k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 11276k mem 0 io pgrep root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6528k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6344k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 2094k mem 0 io dump-acct root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/dying * root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/dying * root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/dying * root 0.00 cpu 1827k mem 0 io sleep root 0.00 cpu 6378k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 11276k mem 0 io pgrep root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6528k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/dying * root 0.00 cpu 6344k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 93648k mem 0 io gdbus root 0.00 cpu 6888k mem 0 io bash * root 0.00 cpu 5410k mem 0 io lastcomm root 0.00 cpu 1827k mem 0 io sleep root 0.00 cpu 6378k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 11276k mem 0 io pgrep root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6528k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6344k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 4570k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4844k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4186k mem 0 io preconv root 0.00 cpu 3476k mem 0 io tbl root 0.00 cpu 1831k mem 0 io locale root 0.00 cpu 3182k mem 0 io nroff * root 0.00 cpu 4186k mem 0 io troff root 0.00 cpu 3706k mem 0 io grotty root 0.00 cpu 3496k mem 0 io groff root 0.00 cpu 3182k mem 0 io nroff root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 1827k mem 0 io sleep root 0.00 cpu 6378k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 11276k mem 0 io pgrep root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6528k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6344k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 2426k mem 0 io less root 0.00 cpu 4770k mem 0 io man root 0.00 cpu 4604k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4760k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4844k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 4186k mem 0 io preconv root 0.00 cpu 3476k mem 0 io tbl root 0.00 cpu 1831k mem 0 io locale root 0.00 cpu 3182k mem 0 io nroff * root 0.00 cpu 4186k mem 0 io troff root 0.00 cpu 3700k mem 0 io grotty root 0.00 cpu 3496k mem 0 io groff root 0.00 cpu 3182k mem 0 io nroff root 0.00 cpu 4804k mem 0 io man * root 0.00 cpu 1827k mem 0 io sleep root 0.00 cpu 6378k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 11276k mem 0 io pgrep root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6528k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6344k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 1827k mem 0 io sleep root 0.00 cpu 6378k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 11276k mem 0 io pgrep root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6528k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6344k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/dying * root 0.00 cpu 2426k mem 0 io less root 0.00 cpu 4770k mem 0 io man root 0.00 cpu 5312k mem 0 io sa root 0.00 cpu 3034k mem 0 io grep root 0.00 cpu 5312k mem 0 io sa root 0.00 cpu 1827k mem 0 io sleep root 0.00 cpu 6378k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 11276k mem 0 io pgrep root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6528k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 6344k mem 0 io awk root 0.00 cpu 6658k mem 0 io ksmtuned * root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/dying *
Options de la commande
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# sa --help
Usage: sa [ options ] [ file ]
options: [-abcdfiljkmnprstuDKP] [-v <num>] [--version] [--help]
[--other-acct-file <name>] [--other-usracct-file <name>]
[--print-seconds] [--dont-read-summary-files] [--debug]
[--separate-times] [--other-savacct-file <name>] [--percentages]
[--print-ratio] [--print-users] [--merge] [--user-summary] [--group-summary]
[--list-all-names] [--not-interactive] [--threshold <num>]
[--sort-ksec] [--sort-tio] [--sort-sys-user-div-calls] [--sort-avio]
[--sort-cpu-avmem] [--sort-num-calls] [--sort-real-time] [--ahz hz]
[--show-paging] [--show-paging-avg]
The system's default process accounting files are:
raw process accounting data: /var/account/pacct
summary by command name: /var/account/savacct
summary by username: /var/account/usracct
1.12 - La Commande ac
Cette commande vous renseigne sur les statistiques des temps de connexion des utilisateurs :
[root@centos8 ~]# ac -p
trainee 247.51
total 247.51
[root@centos8 ~]# ac -d
Jun 16 total 6.41
Jun 17 total 12.09
Jul 19 total 6.94
Jul 20 total 38.95
Sep 2 total 0.03
Sep 3 total 0.01
Sep 5 total 11.01
Oct 9 total 0.92
Oct 11 total 4.17
Oct 12 total 5.45
Nov 7 total 19.40
Nov 8 total 54.12
Nov 9 total 67.32
Nov 10 total 8.48
Nov 11 total 3.01
Today total 9.23
Options de la commande
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# ac --help Usage: ac [OPTION] ... OPTIONS: -d, --daily-totals Print totals for each day -p, --individual-totals Print time totals for each user -f, --file <file> Read from <file> --complain Print errors for whatever problem --reboots Count the time between login and reboot --supplants Count the time between logins on the terminal --timewarps Count the time between login and time warp --compatibility Shortcut for --reboots --supplants --timewarps -a, --all-days Do not skip days without login activity --tw-leniency <value> Set the time warp leniency <value> in seconds --tw-suspicious <value> Set the time warp suspicious <value> in seconds --print-year Print year when displaying dates --print-zeros Don't suppress zeros in category totals --debug Print verbose internal information -V, --version Show version and exit -h, --help Show help and exit The system's default login accounting file is /var/log/wtmp.
LAB #2 - La commande sysctl
2.1 - Répertoire /proc
Le répertoire /proc contient des fichiers et des répertoires virtuels. Le contenu de ces fichiers est créé dynamiquement lors de la consultation. Seul root peut consulter la totalité des informations dans le répertoire /proc.
[root@centos8 ~]# ls /proc 1 16391 19 2212 2427 2622 431 59 84 999 mdstat 10 16476 1931 2215 2428 2659 432 6 842 acpi meminfo 1007 16534 1956 2222 2431 2667 433 60 8465 buddyinfo misc 11 16576 1960 2226 2432 2686 434 61 866 bus modules 11805 16593 2 2230 2435 27 435 63 867 cgroups mounts 12 16598 20 2237 2439 28 436 64 868 cmdline mtrr 1219 16600 2007 2238 244 29 437 65 869 consoles net 1228 16613 2029 2241 2443 3 44 6568 87 cpuinfo pagetypeinfo 1232 16646 203 2244 2445 31 446 66 870 crypto partitions 1234 16673 2034 2247 2449 32 45 67 871 devices sched_debug 1235 16677 2037 2260 2451 33 46 674 872 diskstats schedstat 1247 16711 2054 2262 2465 34 47 68 874 dma scsi 13 16712 2062 2267 2472 35 4790 69 875 driver self 1307 16729 21 2268 2473 37 49 70 878 execdomains slabinfo 1339 16742 210 2274 2474 38 50 701 879 fb softirqs 1356 17 2118 2275 2475 39 5076 71 880 filesystems stat 14 1764 2121 2280 2476 4 51 714 884 fs swaps 1441 180 2124 2287 2478 40 52 72 887 interrupts sys 1443 181 2126 2292 2481 402 53 73 9 iomem sysrq-trigger 1444 1817 2156 23 2484 41 532 74 901 ioports sysvipc 1446 182 2160 2302 25 419 539 75 903 irq thread-self 14977 1828 2164 2307 2536 420 55 76 9144 kallsyms timer_list 15 1829 2165 2310 2539 421 568 8 916 kcore tty 15067 183 2167 2330 2571 422 569 808 918 keys uptime 1536 1845 2169 2332 2578 423 570 809 919 key-users version 1553 185 2177 2349 2579 425 571 81 921 kmsg vmallocinfo 15594 186 2187 2358 259 426 572 833 969 kpagecgroup vmstat 15735 187 2190 2373 2593 427 573 835 986 kpagecount zoneinfo 16 1880 2194 2384 26 428 574 837 989 kpageflags 16165 1883 22 239 2602 43 575 838 990 loadavg 16167 1888 2204 241 2608 430 576 839 993 locks
Fichiers
Processeur
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /proc/cpuinfo processor : 0 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 15 model : 6 model name : Common KVM processor stepping : 1 microcode : 0x1 cpu MHz : 1999.987 cache size : 16384 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 4 core id : 0 cpu cores : 4 apicid : 0 initial apicid : 0 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 13 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx lm constant_tsc nopl xtopology cpuid tsc_known_freq pni cx16 x2apic hypervisor lahf_lm cpuid_fault pti bugs : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs itlb_multihit bogomips : 3999.97 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 128 address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: processor : 1 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 15 model : 6 model name : Common KVM processor stepping : 1 microcode : 0x1 cpu MHz : 1999.987 cache size : 16384 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 4 core id : 1 cpu cores : 4 apicid : 1 initial apicid : 1 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 13 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx lm constant_tsc nopl xtopology cpuid tsc_known_freq pni cx16 x2apic hypervisor lahf_lm cpuid_fault pti bugs : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs itlb_multihit bogomips : 3999.97 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 128 address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: processor : 2 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 15 model : 6 model name : Common KVM processor stepping : 1 microcode : 0x1 cpu MHz : 1999.987 cache size : 16384 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 4 core id : 2 cpu cores : 4 apicid : 2 initial apicid : 2 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 13 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx lm constant_tsc nopl xtopology cpuid tsc_known_freq pni cx16 x2apic hypervisor lahf_lm cpuid_fault pti bugs : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs itlb_multihit bogomips : 3999.97 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 128 address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: processor : 3 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 15 model : 6 model name : Common KVM processor stepping : 1 microcode : 0x1 cpu MHz : 1999.987 cache size : 16384 KB physical id : 0 siblings : 4 core id : 3 cpu cores : 4 apicid : 3 initial apicid : 3 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 13 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx lm constant_tsc nopl xtopology cpuid tsc_known_freq pni cx16 x2apic hypervisor lahf_lm cpuid_fault pti bugs : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs itlb_multihit bogomips : 3999.97 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 128 address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: processor : 4 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 15 model : 6 model name : Common KVM processor stepping : 1 microcode : 0x1 cpu MHz : 1999.987 cache size : 16384 KB physical id : 1 siblings : 4 core id : 0 cpu cores : 4 apicid : 4 initial apicid : 4 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 13 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx lm constant_tsc nopl xtopology cpuid tsc_known_freq pni cx16 x2apic hypervisor lahf_lm cpuid_fault pti bugs : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs itlb_multihit bogomips : 3999.97 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 128 address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: processor : 5 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 15 model : 6 model name : Common KVM processor stepping : 1 microcode : 0x1 cpu MHz : 1999.987 cache size : 16384 KB physical id : 1 siblings : 4 core id : 1 cpu cores : 4 apicid : 5 initial apicid : 5 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 13 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx lm constant_tsc nopl xtopology cpuid tsc_known_freq pni cx16 x2apic hypervisor lahf_lm cpuid_fault pti bugs : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs itlb_multihit bogomips : 3999.97 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 128 address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: processor : 6 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 15 model : 6 model name : Common KVM processor stepping : 1 microcode : 0x1 cpu MHz : 1999.987 cache size : 16384 KB physical id : 1 siblings : 4 core id : 2 cpu cores : 4 apicid : 6 initial apicid : 6 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 13 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx lm constant_tsc nopl xtopology cpuid tsc_known_freq pni cx16 x2apic hypervisor lahf_lm cpuid_fault pti bugs : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs itlb_multihit bogomips : 3999.97 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 128 address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management: processor : 7 vendor_id : GenuineIntel cpu family : 15 model : 6 model name : Common KVM processor stepping : 1 microcode : 0x1 cpu MHz : 1999.987 cache size : 16384 KB physical id : 1 siblings : 4 core id : 3 cpu cores : 4 apicid : 7 initial apicid : 7 fpu : yes fpu_exception : yes cpuid level : 13 wp : yes flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ht syscall nx lm constant_tsc nopl xtopology cpuid tsc_known_freq pni cx16 x2apic hypervisor lahf_lm cpuid_fault pti bugs : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs itlb_multihit bogomips : 3999.97 clflush size : 64 cache_alignment : 128 address sizes : 40 bits physical, 48 bits virtual power management:
Interruptions système
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /proc/interrupts
CPU0 CPU1 CPU2 CPU3 CPU4 CPU5 CPU6 CPU7
0: 109 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IO-APIC 2-edge timer
1: 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 IO-APIC 1-edge i8042
8: 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 IO-APIC 8-edge rtc0
9: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IO-APIC 9-fasteoi acpi
10: 0 0 0 0 47098 0 0 0 IO-APIC 10-fasteoi virtio0
11: 0 0 31 0 0 0 0 0 IO-APIC 11-fasteoi uhci_hcd:usb1
12: 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 IO-APIC 12-edge i8042
14: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 IO-APIC 14-edge ata_piix
15: 7376 0 144 0 0 0 0 84588 IO-APIC 15-edge ata_piix
24: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 PCI-MSI 294912-edge virtio1-config
25: 0 0 0 0 0 5640 0 16 PCI-MSI 294913-edge virtio1-input.0
26: 36 0 0 5058 0 0 0 0 PCI-MSI 294914-edge virtio1-output.0
27: 0 16008 0 9431 0 0 0 0 PCI-MSI 114688-edge ahci[0000:00:07.0]
NMI: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Non-maskable interrupts
LOC: 870537 771900 1117711 288839 833717 502365 758229 405110 Local timer interrupts
SPU: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Spurious interrupts
PMI: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Performance monitoring interrupts
IWI: 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 IRQ work interrupts
RTR: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 APIC ICR read retries
RES: 178171 67749 43116 65994 71361 118585 54139 53452 Rescheduling interrupts
CAL: 11095 11007 10841 10343 14679 9998 12165 12443 Function call interrupts
TLB: 2295 2297 2000 1728 2330 2338 1991 1861 TLB shootdowns
TRM: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Thermal event interrupts
THR: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Threshold APIC interrupts
DFR: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Deferred Error APIC interrupts
MCE: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Machine check exceptions
MCP: 288 288 288 288 288 288 288 288 Machine check polls
HYP: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hypervisor callback interrupts
HRE: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hyper-V reenlightenment interrupts
HVS: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Hyper-V stimer0 interrupts
ERR: 0
MIS: 0
PIN: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Posted-interrupt notification event
NPI: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nested posted-interrupt event
PIW: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Posted-interrupt wakeup event
Important : Un pilote de périphérique demande au processeur de fournir un service en utilisant un IRQ. Quand la demande est faite, le processeur interrompe ses activités et passe le contrôle au pilote identifié par l'IRQ. Techniquement l'attribution d'un IRQ à un périphérique doit être exclusive. Dans le cas où deux périphériques demandent un service en même temps, c'est le périphérique ayant l'IRQ le plus bas qui est prioritaire.
Canaux DMA
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /proc/dma 4: cascade
Plages d'entrée/sortie
root@centos8 ~]# cat /proc/ioports | more
0000-0cf7 : PCI Bus 0000:00
0000-001f : dma1
0020-0021 : pic1
0040-0043 : timer0
0050-0053 : timer1
0060-0060 : keyboard
0064-0064 : keyboard
0070-0077 : rtc0
0080-008f : dma page reg
00a0-00a1 : pic2
00c0-00df : dma2
00f0-00ff : fpu
0170-0177 : 0000:00:01.1
0170-0177 : ata_piix
01f0-01f7 : 0000:00:01.1
01f0-01f7 : ata_piix
0376-0376 : 0000:00:01.1
0376-0376 : ata_piix
03c0-03df : vga+
03f6-03f6 : 0000:00:01.1
03f6-03f6 : ata_piix
--More--
Important - Si deux périphériques ont le même port, les deux périphériques seront inutilisables.
Périphériques
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /proc/devices Character devices: 1 mem 4 /dev/vc/0 4 tty 4 ttyS 5 /dev/tty 5 /dev/console 5 /dev/ptmx 7 vcs 10 misc 13 input 21 sg 29 fb 128 ptm 136 pts 162 raw 180 usb 188 ttyUSB 189 usb_device 202 cpu/msr 203 cpu/cpuid 226 drm 244 aux 245 hidraw 246 usbmon 247 bsg 248 watchdog 249 ptp 250 pps 251 rtc 252 dax 253 tpm 254 gpiochip Block devices: 8 sd 9 md 11 sr 65 sd 66 sd 67 sd 68 sd 69 sd 70 sd 71 sd 128 sd 129 sd 130 sd 131 sd 132 sd 133 sd 134 sd 135 sd 253 device-mapper 254 mdp 259 blkext
Modules
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /proc/modules | more xt_CHECKSUM 16384 1 - Live 0xffffffffc09a8000 ipt_MASQUERADE 16384 3 - Live 0xffffffffc09a3000 xt_conntrack 16384 1 - Live 0xffffffffc099e000 ipt_REJECT 16384 2 - Live 0xffffffffc0999000 nft_compat 20480 16 - Live 0xffffffffc0993000 nf_nat_tftp 16384 0 - Live 0xffffffffc098b000 nft_objref 16384 1 - Live 0xffffffffc0986000 nf_conntrack_tftp 16384 3 nf_nat_tftp, Live 0xffffffffc0981000 nft_counter 16384 33 - Live 0xffffffffc097c000 tun 53248 1 - Live 0xffffffffc096e000 bridge 192512 0 - Live 0xffffffffc093e000 stp 16384 1 bridge, Live 0xffffffffc0939000 llc 16384 2 bridge,stp, Live 0xffffffffc0930000 nft_fib_inet 16384 1 - Live 0xffffffffc08f5000 nft_fib_ipv4 16384 1 nft_fib_inet, Live 0xffffffffc08ed000 nft_fib_ipv6 16384 1 nft_fib_inet, Live 0xffffffffc08e8000 nft_fib 16384 3 nft_fib_inet,nft_fib_ipv4,nft_fib_ipv6, Live 0xffffffffc08e3000 nft_reject_inet 16384 5 - Live 0xffffffffc08de000 nf_reject_ipv4 16384 2 ipt_REJECT,nft_reject_inet, Live 0xffffffffc08d9000 nf_reject_ipv6 16384 1 nft_reject_inet, Live 0xffffffffc08d4000 nft_reject 16384 1 nft_reject_inet, Live 0xffffffffc08cf000 --More--
Statistiques de l'utilisation des disques
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /proc/diskstats 8 0 sda 15481 112 1445637 154103 10272 2377 277530 890611 0 237219 1044714 0 0 0 0 8 1 sda1 402 3 66754 13349 31 18 392 4632 0 2824 17981 0 0 0 0 8 2 sda2 14915 109 1375516 140528 8450 2359 277138 869788 0 225416 1010316 0 0 0 0 8 16 sdb 230 0 5991 36 0 0 0 0 0 110 36 0 0 0 0 11 0 sr0 10 0 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 9 2 0 0 0 0 253 0 dm-0 11651 0 1364532 72138 12121 0 288727 1208138 0 227630 1280276 0 0 0 0 253 1 dm-1 104 0 4440 79 0 0 0 0 0 71 79 0 0 0 0
Partitions
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /proc/partitions major minor #blocks name 8 0 33554432 sda 8 1 1048576 sda1 8 2 32504832 sda2 8 16 4194304 sdb 11 0 1048575 sr0 253 0 29143040 dm-0 253 1 3358720 dm-1
Espaces de pagination
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /proc/swaps Filename Type Size Used Priority /dev/dm-1 partition 3358716 0 -2
Statistiques d'utilisation du processeur
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /proc/loadavg 0.00 0.00 0.00 1/697 16936
Statistiques d'utilisation de la mémoire
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /proc/meminfo MemTotal: 3825032 kB MemFree: 1862116 kB MemAvailable: 2420560 kB Buffers: 3300 kB Cached: 750496 kB SwapCached: 0 kB Active: 315572 kB Inactive: 1400260 kB Active(anon): 1856 kB Inactive(anon): 974728 kB Active(file): 313716 kB Inactive(file): 425532 kB Unevictable: 0 kB Mlocked: 0 kB SwapTotal: 3358716 kB SwapFree: 3358716 kB Dirty: 0 kB Writeback: 0 kB AnonPages: 962004 kB Mapped: 261084 kB Shmem: 14552 kB KReclaimable: 46980 kB Slab: 118396 kB SReclaimable: 46980 kB SUnreclaim: 71416 kB KernelStack: 11280 kB PageTables: 46532 kB NFS_Unstable: 0 kB Bounce: 0 kB WritebackTmp: 0 kB CommitLimit: 5271232 kB Committed_AS: 5072744 kB VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB VmallocUsed: 0 kB VmallocChunk: 0 kB Percpu: 5920 kB HardwareCorrupted: 0 kB AnonHugePages: 546816 kB ShmemHugePages: 0 kB ShmemPmdMapped: 0 kB FileHugePages: 0 kB FilePmdMapped: 0 kB HugePages_Total: 0 HugePages_Free: 0 HugePages_Rsvd: 0 HugePages_Surp: 0 Hugepagesize: 2048 kB Hugetlb: 0 kB DirectMap4k: 173944 kB DirectMap2M: 4020224 kB
Version du noyau
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /proc/version Linux version 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (mockbuild@kbuilder.bsys.centos.org) (gcc version 8.4.1 20200928 (Red Hat 8.4.1-1) (GCC)) #1 SMP Tue Jun 1 16:14:33 UTC 2021
Répertoires
ide/scsi
Ce répertoire contient des répertoires dans lesquels se trouvent des informations sur la capacité, le type et la géométrie des disques.
acpi
Ce répertoire contient des informations sur la gestion de l'énérgie, les températures, les vitesses de ventilateurs, la charge des batteries.
bus
Ce répertoire contient un sous-répertoire par bus.
net
Ce répertoire contient des informations sur le réseau.
sys
Ce répertoire contient des paramètres du noyau. Certains des fichiers dans ce répertoire sont accessibles en écriture par root en temps réel. Par exemple pour éviter des attaques réseau DoS utilisant la commande ping, saisissez la commande suivante :
# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all [Entrée]
Cette commande a pour résultat d'ignorer les reqûetes ping.
2.2 - Utilisation de la Commande sysctl
Les fichiers dans le répertoire /proc/sys peuvent être administrés par la commande sysctl en temps réel.
La commande sysctl applique les règles consignés dans le fichier /etc/sysctl.conf au démarrage de la machine.
Saisissez la commande :
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/sysctl.conf # sysctl settings are defined through files in # /usr/lib/sysctl.d/, /run/sysctl.d/, and /etc/sysctl.d/. # # Vendors settings live in /usr/lib/sysctl.d/. # To override a whole file, create a new file with the same in # /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there. To override # only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later # name in /etc/sysctl.d/ and put new settings there. # # For more information, see sysctl.conf(5) and sysctl.d(5). [root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /etc/sysctl.d/ total 0 lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 Mar 16 15:42 99-sysctl.conf -> ../sysctl.conf [root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /usr/lib/sysctl.d/ total 24 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1810 Dec 22 2020 10-default-yama-scope.conf -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 524 Mar 16 15:42 50-coredump.conf -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1270 Mar 16 15:42 50-default.conf -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 246 Jun 15 2020 50-libkcapi-optmem_max.conf -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 636 Mar 16 15:42 50-pid-max.conf -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 499 Nov 26 2019 60-libvirtd.conf [root@centos8 ~]# cat /usr/lib/sysctl.d/50-default.conf # This file is part of systemd. # # systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it # under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by # the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or # (at your option) any later version. # See sysctl.d(5) and core(5) for documentation. # To override settings in this file, create a local file in /etc # (e.g. /etc/sysctl.d/90-override.conf), and put any assignments # there. # System Request functionality of the kernel (SYNC) # # Use kernel.sysrq = 1 to allow all keys. # See https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/admin-guide/sysrq.html for a list # of values and keys. kernel.sysrq = 16 # Append the PID to the core filename kernel.core_uses_pid = 1 # https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=1689346 kernel.kptr_restrict = 1 # Source route verification net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter = 1 # Do not accept source routing net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route = 0 # Promote secondary addresses when the primary address is removed net.ipv4.conf.all.promote_secondaries = 1 # Fair Queue CoDel packet scheduler to fight bufferbloat net.core.default_qdisc = fq_codel # Enable hard and soft link protection fs.protected_hardlinks = 1 fs.protected_symlinks = 1
Les options de la commande sysctl sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# sysctl --help
Usage:
sysctl [options] [variable[=value] ...]
Options:
-a, --all display all variables
-A alias of -a
-X alias of -a
--deprecated include deprecated parameters to listing
-b, --binary print value without new line
-e, --ignore ignore unknown variables errors
-N, --names print variable names without values
-n, --values print only values of the given variable(s)
-p, --load[=<file>] read values from file
-f alias of -p
--system read values from all system directories
-r, --pattern <expression>
select setting that match expression
-q, --quiet do not echo variable set
-w, --write enable writing a value to variable
-o does nothing
-x does nothing
-d alias of -h
-h, --help display this help and exit
-V, --version output version information and exit
For more details see sysctl(8).
Important : Consultez la page de la traduction du manuel de sysctl ici pour comprendre la commande.
LAB#3 - Interprétation des informations dans /proc
Les informations brutes stockées dans /proc peuvent être interprétées grâce à l'utilisation des commandes dites de gestion des performances :
- free,
- uptime et w,
- iostat,
- hdparm,
- vmstat,
- mpstat,
- sar.
3.1 - La Commande free
La commande free permet de donner l’état de la mémoire totale, libre, partagée, swap et bufferisée. Saisissez donc la commande suivante :
[root@centos8 ~]# free -m
total used free shared buff/cache available
Mem: 3735 1135 1818 14 782 2363
Swap: 3279 0 3279
Dans le cas de cet exemple, nous pouvons constater que l’affichage montre :
- 3735 Mo de mémoire physique totale,
- 1135 Mo de mémoire physique utilisée et 1818 Mo de mémoire physique libre,
- 3279 Mo de mémoire swap totale et 0 Mo de swap utilisé
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# free --help
Usage:
free [options]
Options:
-b, --bytes show output in bytes
--kilo show output in kilobytes
--mega show output in megabytes
--giga show output in gigabytes
--tera show output in terabytes
--peta show output in petabytes
-k, --kibi show output in kibibytes
-m, --mebi show output in mebibytes
-g, --gibi show output in gibibytes
--tebi show output in tebibytes
--pebi show output in pebibytes
-h, --human show human-readable output
--si use powers of 1000 not 1024
-l, --lohi show detailed low and high memory statistics
-t, --total show total for RAM + swap
-s N, --seconds N repeat printing every N seconds
-c N, --count N repeat printing N times, then exit
-w, --wide wide output
--help display this help and exit
-V, --version output version information and exit
For more details see free(1).
3.2 - Les Commandes uptime et w
Chacune des ces commandes indique la charge moyenne du ou des processeurs depuis 1 minute, 5 minutes et 15 minutes :
[root@centos8 ~]# uptime 04:39:03 up 1 day, 2:34, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 [root@centos8 ~]# w 04:39:04 up 1 day, 2:34, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00 USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT trainee pts/0 10.0.2.1 03:58 0.00s 0.11s 0.02s sshd: trainee [priv]
Les valeurs load average ou charge moyenne indiquent le nombre moyen de processus en cours de traitement ou en attente pour la période concernée.
Par exemple si les valeurs sur un système muni d'un seul processeur étaient 3,48 4,00 3,85 ceci indiquerait que le processeur a du mal à traiter les processus mettant en moyenne :
- 2,48 processus en attente dans la dernière minute,
- 3,00 processus en attente dans les dernières 5 minutes,
- 2,85 processus en attente dans les dernières 15 minutes.
Les options de ces commandes sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# uptime --help
Usage:
uptime [options]
Options:
-p, --pretty show uptime in pretty format
-h, --help display this help and exit
-s, --since system up since
-V, --version output version information and exit
For more details see uptime(1).
[root@centos8 ~]# w --help
Usage:
w [options]
Options:
-h, --no-header do not print header
-u, --no-current ignore current process username
-s, --short short format
-f, --from show remote hostname field
-o, --old-style old style output
-i, --ip-addr display IP address instead of hostname (if possible)
--help display this help and exit
-V, --version output version information and exit
For more details see w(1).
3.3 - La Commande iostat
La commande iostat affiche des statistiques sur l'utilisation des disques, des terminaux et des lecteurs de cartouche :
[root@centos8 ~]# iostat
bash: iostat: command not found...
Install package 'sysstat' to provide command 'iostat'? [N/y] y
* Waiting in queue...
The following packages have to be installed:
lm_sensors-libs-3.4.0-22.20180522git70f7e08.el8.x86_64 Lm_sensors core libraries
sysstat-11.7.3-5.el8.x86_64 Collection of performance monitoring tools for Linux
Proceed with changes? [N/y] y
* Waiting in queue...
* Waiting for authentication...
* Waiting in queue...
* Downloading packages...
* Requesting data...
* Testing changes...
* Installing packages...
Linux 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (centos8.ittraining.loc) 29/06/21 _x86_64_(8 CPU)
avg-cpu: %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle
0.03 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 99.93
Device tps kB_read/s kB_wrtn/s kB_read kB_wrtn
sda 0.28 7.67 1.49 735338 142510
sdb 0.00 0.03 0.00 2995 0
scd0 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 0
dm-0 0.26 7.25 1.55 694786 148837
dm-1 0.00 0.02 0.00 2220 0
Au-dessous de la première ligne indiquant la version du noyau du système et son nom d'hôte ainsi que la date actuelle, iostat affiche une vue d'ensemble de l'utilisation CPU moyenne du système depuis le dernier démarrage. Le rapport d'utilisation du CPU inclut les pourcentages suivants :
- %user - Pourcentage de temps passé en mode utilisateur (exécutant des applications, etc.)
- %nice - Pourcentage de temps passé en mode utilisateur (pour les processus qui ont modifié leur priorité de programmation à l'aide de la commande nice)
- %system - Pourcentage de temps passé en mode noyau
- %steal - Pourcentage du temps passé par des CPU virtuels en attendant que l'hyperviseur s'occupe d'un autre CPU virtuel.
- %iowait - Pourcentage du temps passé à attendre les entrées et les sorties des disques.
- %idle - Pourcentage de temps passé en inactivité
Notez la valeur de %iowait. Dans le cas où ce pourcentage est trop élévé, ceci indique que le processeur passe son temps à attendre les entrées et les sorties de disque.
Au-dessous du rapport d'utilisation du CPU de la sortie de la commande iostat figure le rapport d'utilisation des périphériques. Ce dernier contient une ligne pour chaque périphérique disque du système et inclut les informations suivantes :
- La spécification du périphérique.
- Le nombre de transferts (ou opérations d'E/S) par seconde.
- Le nombre de blocs de KB lus par seconde.
- Le nombre de blocs de KB écrits par seconde.
- Le nombre total de KB lus.
- Le nombre total de KB écrits.
Dernièrement, pour voir les statistiques étendues des disques, utilisez la commande suivante :
[root@centos8 ~]# iostat -d -x Linux 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (centos8.ittraining.loc) 30/06/21 _x86_64_ (8 CPU) Device r/s w/s rkB/s wkB/s rrqm/s wrqm/s %rrqm %wrqm r_await w_await aqu-sz rareq-sz wareq-sz svctm %util sda 0.20 0.16 11.67 1.81 0.00 0.03 0.48 17.45 6.79 69.99 0.01 58.28 11.33 9.13 0.33 sdb 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 8.81 0.00 0.51 0.00 scd0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.00 0.90 0.00 dm-0 0.12 0.19 3.98 1.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.18 79.07 0.02 32.88 10.07 10.34 0.32 dm-1 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.76 0.00 0.00 21.35 0.00 0.68 0.00
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# iostat --help
Usage: iostat [ options ] [ <interval> [ <count> ] ]
Options are:
[ -c ] [ -d ] [ -h ] [ -k | -m ] [ -N ] [ -s ] [ -t ] [ -V ] [ -x ] [ -y ] [ -z ]
[ -j { ID | LABEL | PATH | UUID | ... } ] [ --human ] [ -o JSON ]
[ [ -H ] -g <group_name> ] [ -p [ <device> [,...] | ALL ] ]
[ <device> [...] | ALL ]
3.4 - La Commande hdparm
Pour surveiller la vitesse des entrées et des sorties du disque, vous pouvez utiliser la commande hdparm :
[root@centos8 ~]# hdparm -t /dev/sda /dev/sda: Timing buffered disk reads: 1410 MB in 3.00 seconds = 469.98 MB/sec
3.5 - La Commande vmstat
La commande vmstat affiche des statistiques sur la mémoire, la pagination et la charge ponctuelle du processeur :
[root@centos8 ~]# vmstat 1 10 procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu----- r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st 0 0 0 1765216 2256 866336 0 0 3 0 9 12 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 1765136 2256 866336 0 0 0 0 57 80 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 1765136 2256 866376 0 0 0 0 54 77 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 1765136 2256 866376 0 0 0 0 66 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 1765136 2256 866376 0 0 0 0 103 125 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 1765108 2256 866376 0 0 0 0 64 86 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 1765108 2256 866376 0 0 0 0 62 88 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 1765108 2256 866376 0 0 0 0 68 97 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 1765108 2256 866376 0 0 0 0 60 88 0 0 100 0 0 0 0 0 1765108 2256 866376 0 0 0 0 177 251 0 0 100 0 0
La première ligne subdivise le champ en six catégories à savoir : processus, mémoire, swap, E/S, système et CPU sur lesquelles elle donne des statistiques. La seconde ligne identifie de manière encore plus détaillée chacun des champs, permettant ainsi de parcourir simplement et rapidement l'ensemble des données lors de la recherche de statistiques spécifiques.
Les champs relatifs aux processus sont les suivants :
- r — Le nombre de processus exécutables attendant d'avoir accès au CPU
- b — Le nombre de processus exécutables dans un état de veille qui ne peut être interrompu
Les champs relatifs à la mémoire sont les suivants :
- swpd — La quantité de mémoire virtuelle utilisée
- free — La quantité de mémoire libre
- buff — La quantité de mémoire utilisée par les tampons (ou buffers)
- cache — La quantité de mémoire utilisée comme cache de pages
Les champs relatifs au swap sont les suivants :
- si — La quantité de mémoire chargée depuis le disque
- so — La quantité de mémoire déchargée sur le disque
Les champs relatifs aux Entrées/Sorties (E/S) sont les suivants :
- bi — Blocs envoyés vers un périphérique blocs
- bo— Blocs reçus d'un périphérique blocs
Les champs relatifs au système sont les suivants :
- in — Nombre d'interruptions par seconde
- cs — Nombre de changements de contexte par seconde
Les champs relatifs au CPU sont les suivants :
- us — Le pourcentage de temps pendant lequel le CPU exécute un code de niveau utilisateur
- sy — Le pourcentage de temps pendant lequel le CPU exécute un code de niveau système
- id — Le pourcentage de temps pendant lequel le CPU était inoccupé
- wa — Attente d'E/S
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# vmstat --help Usage: vmstat [options] [delay [count]] Options: -a, --active active/inactive memory -f, --forks number of forks since boot -m, --slabs slabinfo -n, --one-header do not redisplay header -s, --stats event counter statistics -d, --disk disk statistics -D, --disk-sum summarize disk statistics -p, --partition <dev> partition specific statistics -S, --unit <char> define display unit -w, --wide wide output -t, --timestamp show timestamp -h, --help display this help and exit -V, --version output version information and exit For more details see vmstat(8).
Important : Par défaut la commande vmstat affiche des informations depuis le démarrage du système.
3.6 - La Commande mpstat
La commande mpstat affiche des statistiques détaillées sur le CPU :
[root@centos8 ~]# mpstat Linux 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (centos8.ittraining.loc) 29/06/21 _x86_64_(8 CPU) 04:53:22 CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %gnice %idle 04:53:22 all 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.92
Dans le cas où vous avez plusieurs processeurs ou coeurs, vous pouvez visualiser ces mêmes informations par unité de traitement :
[root@centos8 ~]# mpstat -P ALL Linux 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (centos8.ittraining.loc) 29/06/21 _x86_64_(8 CPU) 04:54:28 CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %gnice %idle 04:54:28 all 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.92 04:54:28 0 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.94 04:54:28 1 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.91 04:54:28 2 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.90 04:54:28 3 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.95 04:54:28 4 0.05 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.88 04:54:28 5 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.92 04:54:28 6 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.95 04:54:28 7 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.94
Pour afficher 5 jeux de statistiques à des intervales de 2 secondes pour tous les unités de traitement, il convient d'utiliser la commande suivante :
[root@centos8 ~]# mpstat -P ALL 2 5 Linux 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (centos8.ittraining.loc) 29/06/21 _x86_64_ (8 CPU) 04:55:11 CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %gnice %idle 04:55:13 all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 99.94 04:55:13 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:13 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:13 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:13 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:13 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 99.50 04:55:13 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:13 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:13 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:13 CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %gnice %idle 04:55:15 all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.94 04:55:15 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:15 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:15 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:15 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:15 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:15 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:15 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:15 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.50 04:55:15 CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %gnice %idle 04:55:17 all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.94 04:55:17 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:17 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:17 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.50 04:55:17 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:17 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:17 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:17 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:17 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:17 CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %gnice %idle 04:55:19 all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:19 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:19 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:19 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:19 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:19 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:19 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:19 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:19 7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:19 CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %gnice %idle 04:55:21 all 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.94 04:55:21 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:21 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:21 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:21 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:21 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:21 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:21 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 04:55:21 7 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.50 Average: CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %irq %soft %steal %guest %gnice %idle Average: all 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 99.95 Average: 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 Average: 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 Average: 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.90 Average: 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 Average: 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 99.90 Average: 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 Average: 6 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 Average: 7 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.80
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# mpstat --help
Usage: mpstat [ options ] [ <interval> [ <count> ] ]
Options are:
[ -A ] [ -n ] [ -u ] [ -V ] [ -I { SUM | CPU | SCPU | ALL } ]
[ -N { <node_list> | ALL } ] [ -o JSON ] [ -P { <cpu_list> | ALL } ]
3.7 - La Commande sar
La commande sar (System Activity Reporter) permet de surveiller toutes les ressources du système selon l'option qui est passée en argument à la commande.
Sous RHEL/CentOS 8 la commande /usr/lib64/sa/sadc permet de collecter les informations :
[root@centos8 ~]# ls /usr/lib64/sa sa1 sa2 sadc
Le script /usr/lib64/sa/sa1 exécute la commande sadc. Ce script prend deux options :
| Option | Description |
|---|---|
| -t | L'intervalle entre les collectes |
| -n | Nombre de collectes |
Le script /usr/lib64/sa/sa2 exécute la commande sar et consigne les informations dans un fichier au format /var/log/sa/sar<jj> :
[root@centos8 ~]# ls /var/log/sa/ sa29 s ar29
Sous CentOS / RHEL 8, l'intervalle entre les collectes des informations est configuré par les timers de systemd au lieu des cron jobs :
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /usr/lib/systemd/system/sysstat-collect.timer # /usr/lib/systemd/system/sysstat-collect.timer # (C) 2014 Tomasz Torcz <tomek@pipebreaker.pl> # # sysstat-11.7.3 systemd unit file: # Activates activity collector every 10 minutes [Unit] Description=Run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes [Timer] OnCalendar=*:00/10 [Install] WantedBy=sysstat.service
La valeur de OnCalendar indique un collecte toutes les dix minutes.
Pour modifier l'intervalle entre les collectes, il faut créer un fichier override dans le répertoire /etc/systemd/system/ en utilisant la commande systemctl edit. En effet, il ne faut jamais éditer les fichiers dans le répertoire /usr/lib/systemd/system :
[root@centos8 ~]# systemctl edit sysstat-collect.timer [root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/systemd/system/sysstat-collect.timer.d/override.conf [Unit] Description=Run system activity accounting tool every 2 minutes [Timer] OnCalendar= OnCalendar=*:00/2 AccuracySec=0
Important : Notez la ligne OnCalendar= qui est necessaire afin de surcharger la valeur par défaut.
Vérifiez ensuite la prise en compte de la configuration :
[root@centos8 ~]# systemctl status sysstat-collect.timer
● sysstat-collect.timer - Run system activity accounting tool every 2 minutes
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/sysstat-collect.timer; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Drop-In: /etc/systemd/system/sysstat-collect.timer.d
└─override.conf
Active: active (waiting) since Tue 2021-06-29 06:16:04 EDT; 3h 2min ago
Trigger: Tue 2021-06-29 09:20:00 EDT; 1min 19s left
Jun 29 06:16:04 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Started Run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes.
[root@centos8 ~]# journalctl -g sysstat-collect.service -- Logs begin at Mon 2021-06-28 02:04:10 EDT, end at Tue 2021-06-29 09:18:00 EDT. -- Jun 29 06:20:33 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. Jun 29 06:26:29 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. Jun 29 06:30:33 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. Jun 29 06:40:33 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. Jun 29 06:50:33 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. Jun 29 07:00:33 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. Jun 29 07:10:33 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. Jun 29 07:20:33 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. Jun 29 07:30:33 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. Jun 29 07:40:33 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. Jun 29 07:50:33 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. Jun 29 07:53:56 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. Jun 29 07:54:00 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. Jun 29 07:56:00 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. Jun 29 07:58:00 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. Jun 29 08:00:00 centos8.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: Succeeded. ...
Saisissez la commande suivante :
[root@centos8 ~]# sar Linux 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (centos8.ittraining.loc) 29/06/21 _x86_64_ (8 CPU) 06:16:04 LINUX RESTART (8 CPU) 06:20:33 CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 06:26:29 all 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.94 06:30:33 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 06:40:33 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.94 06:50:33 all 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 99.95 07:00:33 all 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 99.95 07:10:33 all 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 99.95 07:20:33 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 07:30:33 all 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.94 07:40:33 all 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 99.93 07:50:33 all 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.94 07:53:56 all 0.08 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 99.86 07:54:00 all 0.09 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 99.85 Average: all 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.94 07:55:44 LINUX RESTART (8 CPU) 07:56:00 CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 07:58:00 all 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:00:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:02:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:04:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 08:06:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 08:08:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:10:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 08:12:00 all 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 08:14:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 99.94 08:16:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 08:18:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 08:20:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:22:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 08:24:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 99.95 08:26:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 08:28:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:30:00 all 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.00 99.87 08:32:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:34:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:36:00 all 0.03 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:38:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:40:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:42:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:44:00 all 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:46:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:48:00 all 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 08:50:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:52:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 99.92 08:54:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 08:56:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 99.94 08:58:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 99.96 09:00:00 all 0.07 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 99.88 09:02:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 99.94 09:04:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 09:06:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 99.94 09:08:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 99.94 09:10:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 09:12:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.94 09:12:00 CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 09:14:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 09:16:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.06 0.00 0.00 99.92 09:18:00 all 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 09:20:00 all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.94 Average: all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.94
Statistiques d'Utilisation du CPU
Visualisez maintenant les statistiques d'utilisation du CPU:
[root@centos8 ~]# sar -u 5 3 Linux 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (centos8.ittraining.loc) 29/06/21 _x86_64_ (8 CPU) 09:22:52 CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 09:22:57 all 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 09:23:02 all 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.95 09:23:07 all 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.97 Average: all 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.96
D'avantage de statistiques peuvent être obtenues en utilisant l'option ALL :
[root@centos8 ~]# sar -u ALL 5 3 Linux 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (centos8.ittraining.loc) 29/06/21 _x86_64_(8 CPU) 01:49:14 CPU %usr %nice %sys %iowait %steal %irq %soft %guest %gnice %idle 01:49:19 all 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.95 01:49:24 all 0.03 0.00 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.00 99.80 01:49:29 all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.10 0.05 0.00 0.00 99.60 Average: all 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.08 0.00 0.08 0.03 0.00 0.00 99.78
Pour consulter les statistiques d'un coeur spécifique, utilisez l'option -P :
[root@centos8 ~]# sar -u -P 1 5 3 Linux 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (centos8.ittraining.loc) 29/06/21 _x86_64_ (8 CPU) 01:51:52 CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 01:51:57 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 01:52:02 1 0.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.80 01:52:07 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 Average: 1 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 99.93 [root@centos8 ~]# sar -u -P 5 5 3 Linux 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (centos8.ittraining.loc) 29/06/21 _x86_64_ (8 CPU) 01:52:16 CPU %user %nice %system %iowait %steal %idle 01:52:21 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 01:52:26 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 01:52:31 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 Average: 5 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00
Statistiques d'Utilisation de la Mémoire et du Swap
Utilisez l'option -r pour visualiser les statistiques concernant la mémoire :
[root@centos8 ~]# sar -r 5 3 Linux 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (centos8.ittraining.loc) 30/06/21 _x86_64_(8 CPU) 07:33:32 kbmemfree kbavail kbmemused %memused kbbuffers kbcached kbcommit %commit kbactive kbinact kbdirty 07:33:37 1647240 2297232 2177792 56.94 3356 827396 5096432 70.94 359072 1486368 0 07:33:42 1647232 2297224 2177800 56.94 3356 827396 5095788 70.93 359072 1486300 0 07:33:47 1647232 2297224 2177800 56.94 3356 827396 5095788 70.93 359072 1486376 0 Average: 1647235 2297227 2177797 56.94 3356 827396 5096003 70.94 359072 1486348 0
Utilisez l'option -S pour visualiser les statistiques concernant le Swap :
[root@centos8 ~]# sar -S 5 3 Linux 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (centos8.ittraining.loc) 30/06/21 _x86_64_(8 CPU) 07:31:58 kbswpfree kbswpused %swpused kbswpcad %swpcad 07:32:03 3358716 0 0.00 0 0.00 07:32:08 3358716 0 0.00 0 0.00 07:32:13 3358716 0 0.00 0 0.00 Average: 3358716 0 0.00 0 0.00
Statistiques des E/S
Utilisez l'option -b pour visualiser les statistiques concernant les E/S :
[root@centos8 ~]# sar -b 5 3 Linux 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (centos8.ittraining.loc) 29/06/21 _x86_64_ (8 CPU) 09:24:49 tps rtps wtps bread/s bwrtn/s 09:24:54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 09:24:59 1.20 0.00 1.20 0.00 20.20 09:25:04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average: 0.40 0.00 0.40 0.00 6.73
Statistiques des E/S par Disque
Utilisez l'option -d pour visualiser les statistiques concernant les E/S par disque :
[root@centos8 ~]# sar -d 5 3 Linux 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (centos8.ittraining.loc) 29/06/21 _x86_64_ (8 CPU) 09:25:45 DEV tps rkB/s wkB/s areq-sz aqu-sz await svctm %util 09:25:50 dev8-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 09:25:50 dev8-16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 09:25:50 dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 09:25:50 dev253-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 09:25:50 dev253-1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 09:25:50 DEV tps rkB/s wkB/s areq-sz aqu-sz await svctm %util 09:25:55 dev8-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 09:25:55 dev8-16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 09:25:55 dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 09:25:55 dev253-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 09:25:55 dev253-1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 09:25:55 DEV tps rkB/s wkB/s areq-sz aqu-sz await svctm %util 09:26:00 dev8-0 0.60 0.00 0.30 0.50 0.01 13.00 13.00 0.78 09:26:00 dev8-16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 09:26:00 dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 09:26:00 dev253-0 0.60 0.00 0.50 0.83 0.01 12.67 13.00 0.78 09:26:00 dev253-1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average: DEV tps rkB/s wkB/s areq-sz aqu-sz await svctm %util Average: dev8-0 0.20 0.00 0.10 0.50 0.00 13.00 13.00 0.26 Average: dev8-16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average: dev11-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average: dev253-0 0.20 0.00 0.17 0.83 0.00 12.67 13.00 0.26 Average: dev253-1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
La colonne DEV indentifie les disques par leurs majeurs et mineurs. Pour voir les informations avec les noms des disques, ajoutez l'option -p :
[root@centos8 ~]# sar -p -d 5 3 Linux 4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 (centos8.ittraining.loc) 30/06/21 _x86_64_ (8 CPU) 07:48:32 DEV tps rkB/s wkB/s areq-sz aqu-sz await svctm %util 07:48:37 sda 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 07:48:37 sdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 07:48:37 sr0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 07:48:37 cl_centos8-root 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 07:48:37 cl_centos8-swap 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 07:48:37 DEV tps rkB/s wkB/s areq-sz aqu-sz await svctm %util 07:48:42 sda 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 07:48:42 sdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 07:48:42 sr0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 07:48:42 cl_centos8-root 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 07:48:42 cl_centos8-swap 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 07:48:42 DEV tps rkB/s wkB/s areq-sz aqu-sz await svctm %util 07:48:47 sda 0.40 0.00 0.40 1.00 0.02 56.00 56.50 2.26 07:48:47 sdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 07:48:47 sr0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 07:48:47 cl_centos8-root 0.40 0.00 0.80 2.00 0.02 56.00 56.50 2.26 07:48:47 cl_centos8-swap 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average: DEV tps rkB/s wkB/s areq-sz aqu-sz await svctm %util Average: sda 0.13 0.00 0.13 1.00 0.01 56.00 56.50 0.75 Average: sdb 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average: sr0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Average: cl_centos8-root 0.13 0.00 0.27 2.00 0.01 56.00 56.50 0.75 Average: cl_centos8-swap 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Les options de la commande sar sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# sar --help
Usage: sar [ options ] [ <interval> [ <count> ] ]
Main options and reports (report name between square brackets):
-B Paging statistics [A_PAGE]
-b I/O and transfer rate statistics [A_IO]
-d Block devices statistics [A_DISK]
-F [ MOUNT ]
Filesystems statistics [A_FS]
-H Hugepages utilization statistics [A_HUGE]
-I { <int_list> | SUM | ALL }
Interrupts statistics [A_IRQ]
-m { <keyword> [,...] | ALL }
Power management statistics [A_PWR_...]
Keywords are:
CPU CPU instantaneous clock frequency
FAN Fans speed
FREQ CPU average clock frequency
IN Voltage inputs
TEMP Devices temperature
USB USB devices plugged into the system
-n { <keyword> [,...] | ALL }
Network statistics [A_NET_...]
Keywords are:
DEV Network interfaces
EDEV Network interfaces (errors)
NFS NFS client
NFSD NFS server
SOCK Sockets (v4)
IP IP traffic (v4)
EIP IP traffic (v4) (errors)
ICMP ICMP traffic (v4)
EICMP ICMP traffic (v4) (errors)
TCP TCP traffic (v4)
ETCP TCP traffic (v4) (errors)
UDP UDP traffic (v4)
SOCK6 Sockets (v6)
IP6 IP traffic (v6)
EIP6 IP traffic (v6) (errors)
ICMP6 ICMP traffic (v6)
EICMP6 ICMP traffic (v6) (errors)
UDP6 UDP traffic (v6)
FC Fibre channel HBAs
SOFT Software-based network processing
-q Queue length and load average statistics [A_QUEUE]
-r [ ALL ]
Memory utilization statistics [A_MEMORY]
-S Swap space utilization statistics [A_MEMORY]
-u [ ALL ]
CPU utilization statistics [A_CPU]
-v Kernel tables statistics [A_KTABLES]
-W Swapping statistics [A_SWAP]
-w Task creation and system switching statistics [A_PCSW]
-y TTY devices statistics [A_SERIAL]
Modules usb
L'USB (Universal Serial Bus) est un bus de données qui peut offrir des taux de transfert jusqu'à 480Mb/s sous la version 2.0 et jusqu'à 4.8 Gb/s sous la version 3.0. Les modules nécessaires pour les contrôleurs USB sont :
| Version USB | Module | Nom Complet |
|---|---|---|
| 1.0\1.1 | UHCI | Universal Controller Host Interface |
| OHCI | Open Controller Host Interface | |
| 2.0 | EHCI | Enhanced Host Controller Interface |
| 3.0 | XHCI | Extensible Host Controller Interface |
Le tableau suivant liste les modules courrament chargés en fonction du périphérique utilisé :
| Module | Type de Périphérique |
|---|---|
| usb_storage | Supports de masse |
| usbhid | Periphériques HID (Human Interface Device) |
| snd-usb-audio | Cartes son usb |
| usbvidéo | Cartes vidéo et d'acquisition |
| irda-usb | Périphériques infrarouges |
| usbnet | Cartes réseaux usb |
Les modules peuvent être chargés par un des moyens suivants :
- INITrd,
- Le processus init (systemd),
- kmod, d'une manière dynamique et transparente lors du branchement du périphérique,
- udev,
- manuellement.
udev
Depuis le noyau Linux 2.6 Linux est capable de détecter des périphériques branchés à chaud. Cette technologie s'appelle le hotplugging. Le hotplugging est obtenu grâce à l'utilisation de trois composants :
- Udev,
- HAL,
- Dbus.
Les rôles de chaque composant sont les suivants :
- Udev se charge de créer et supprimer d'une manière dynamique les nœuds dans le répertoire /dev,
- HAL obtient des informations à partir d'Udev et créé un fichier au format XML représentant le périphérique branché. Il informe ensuite Nautilus en utilisant le Dbus,
- Dbus joue le rôle d'un bus système qui est utilisé pour la communication inter-processus.
Lors de démarrage de Linux, Udev joue un rôle important :
- Au démarrage tmpfs est monté sur /dev,
- Udev copie les éventuels nœuds statiques de /lib/udev/devices vers /dev,
- le démon udevd collecte des données appelées uevents du noyau et cherche une règle correspondante dans le répertoire /lib/udev/rules.d/,
- Udev crée les nœuds et liens symboliques spécifiés dans la règle identifiée,
- Udev stocke les règles contenues dans /lib/udev/rules.d/*.rules en mémoire,
- En cas de modification des ces règles, Udev met à jour la mémoire.
Udev repose sur le filesystem sysfs monté sur /sys qui permet de rendre les périphériques visibles à Udev dans l'User Space. Par exemple, lors du branchement d'une clé USB, Udev crée /dev/sdb1 automatiquement et utilise les informations contenues dans le fichier /lib/modules/`uname -r`/modules.alias pour trouver le pilote nécessaire :
Le fichier de configuration principal d'Udev est /etc/udev/udev.conf :
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/udev/udev.conf # see udev.conf(5) for details # # udevd is also started in the initrd. When this file is modified you might # also want to rebuild the initrd, so that it will include the modified configuration. #udev_log="info"
Les fichiers de règles se trouvent dans /lib/udev/rules.d/ :
[root@centos8 ~]# ls /lib/udev/rules.d/ 01-md-raid-creating.rules 70-uaccess.rules 10-dm.rules 70-wacom.rules 11-dm-lvm.rules 71-biosdevname.rules 11-dm-mpath.rules 71-nvmf-iopolicy-netapp.rules 11-dm-parts.rules 71-prefixdevname.rules 13-dm-disk.rules 71-seat.rules 39-usbmuxd.rules 73-idrac.rules 40-elevator.rules 73-seat-late.rules 40-libgphoto2.rules 75-net-description.rules 40-redhat.rules 75-probe_mtd.rules 40-usb-blacklist.rules 75-rdma-description.rules 40-usb_modeswitch.rules 77-mm-cinterion-port-types.rules 50-udev-default.rules 77-mm-dell-port-types.rules 60-alias-kmsg.rules 77-mm-ericsson-mbm.rules 60-block.rules 77-mm-fibocom-port-types.rules 60-cdrom_id.rules 77-mm-haier-port-types.rules 60-drm.rules 77-mm-huawei-net-port-types.rules 60-evdev.rules 77-mm-longcheer-port-types.rules 60-fido-id.rules 77-mm-mtk-port-types.rules 60-input-id.rules 77-mm-nokia-port-types.rules 60-libfprint-2-autosuspend.rules 77-mm-pcmcia-device-blacklist.rules 60-net.rules 77-mm-quectel-port-types.rules 60-persistent-alsa.rules 77-mm-sierra.rules 60-persistent-input.rules 77-mm-simtech-port-types.rules 60-persistent-storage.rules 77-mm-telit-port-types.rules 60-persistent-storage-tape.rules 77-mm-ublox-port-types.rules 60-persistent-v4l.rules 77-mm-usb-device-blacklist.rules 60-raw.rules 77-mm-usb-serial-adapters-greylist.rules 60-rdma-ndd.rules 77-mm-x22x-port-types.rules 60-rdma-persistent-naming.rules 77-mm-zte-port-types.rules 60-sensor.rules 78-sound-card.rules 60-serial.rules 80-drivers.rules 60-tpm-udev.rules 80-iio-sensor-proxy.rules 61-gdm.rules 80-libinput-device-groups.rules 61-gnome-bluetooth-rfkill.rules 80-mm-candidate.rules 61-gnome-settings-daemon-rfkill.rules 80-net-setup-link.rules 61-scsi-sg3_id.rules 80-udisks2.rules 62-multipath.rules 81-kvm-rhel.rules 63-fc-wwpn-id.rules 84-nm-drivers.rules 63-md-raid-arrays.rules 85-nm-unmanaged.rules 63-scsi-sg3_symlink.rules 85-regulatory.rules 64-btrfs.rules 90-alsa-restore.rules 64-md-raid-assembly.rules 90-bolt.rules 65-libwacom.rules 90-fwupd-devices.rules 65-md-incremental.rules 90-iprutils.rules 65-sane-backends.rules 90-libinput-fuzz-override.rules 66-kpartx.rules 90-nm-thunderbolt.rules 68-del-part-nodes.rules 90-pulseaudio.rules 69-btattach-bcm.rules 90-rdma-hw-modules.rules 69-cd-sensors.rules 90-rdma-ulp-modules.rules 69-dm-lvm-metad.rules 90-rdma-umad.rules 69-libmtp.rules 90-vconsole.rules 69-md-clustered-confirm-device.rules 91-drm-modeset.rules 70-hypervfcopy.rules 95-cd-devices.rules 70-hypervkvp.rules 95-dm-notify.rules 70-hypervvss.rules 95-upower-csr.rules 70-joystick.rules 95-upower-hid.rules 70-mouse.rules 95-upower-wup.rules 70-nvmf-autoconnect.rules 98-kexec.rules 70-power-switch.rules 99-qemu-guest-agent.rules 70-printers.rules 99-systemd.rules 70-spice-vdagentd.rules 99-vmware-scsi-udev.rules 70-touchpad.rules
Important : Il vous est possible d'ajouter des règles si besoin est. Dans ce cas, créez un fichier 99-local.rules est éditez-le au lieu d'éditer les fichiers existants.
Comme indique le nom de chaque fichier, le contenu est composé de règles à l'attention d'udev. Le fichier des règles par défaut est le 50-udev-default.rules :
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /lib/udev/rules.d/50-udev-default.rules | more
# do not edit this file, it will be overwritten on update
# run a command on remove events
ACTION=="remove", ENV{REMOVE_CMD}!="", RUN+="$env{REMOVE_CMD}"
ACTION=="remove", GOTO="default_end"
SUBSYSTEM=="virtio-ports", KERNEL=="vport*", ATTR{name}=="?*", SYMLINK+="virtio-ports/$attr{name}"
# select "system RTC" or just use the first one
SUBSYSTEM=="rtc", ATTR{hctosys}=="1", SYMLINK+="rtc"
SUBSYSTEM=="rtc", KERNEL=="rtc0", SYMLINK+="rtc", OPTIONS+="link_priority=-100"
SUBSYSTEM=="usb", ENV{DEVTYPE}=="usb_device", IMPORT{builtin}="usb_id", IMPORT{builtin}="hwdb --subsystem=usb"
ENV{MODALIAS}!="", IMPORT{builtin}="hwdb --subsystem=$env{SUBSYSTEM}"
ACTION!="add", GOTO="default_end"
SUBSYSTEM=="tty", KERNEL=="ptmx", GROUP="tty", MODE="0666"
SUBSYSTEM=="tty", KERNEL=="tty", GROUP="tty", MODE="0666"
SUBSYSTEM=="tty", KERNEL=="tty[0-9]*", GROUP="tty", MODE="0620"
SUBSYSTEM=="tty", KERNEL=="sclp_line[0-9]*", GROUP="tty", MODE="0620"
SUBSYSTEM=="tty", KERNEL=="ttysclp[0-9]*", GROUP="tty", MODE="0620"
SUBSYSTEM=="tty", KERNEL=="3270/tty[0-9]*", GROUP="tty", MODE="0620"
SUBSYSTEM=="vc", KERNEL=="vcs*|vcsa*", GROUP="tty"
KERNEL=="tty[A-Z]*[0-9]|ttymxc[0-9]*|pppox[0-9]*|ircomm[0-9]*|noz[0-9]*|rfcomm[0-9]*", GROUP="dialout"
SUBSYSTEM=="mem", KERNEL=="mem|kmem|port", GROUP="kmem", MODE="0640"
SUBSYSTEM=="input", GROUP="input"
SUBSYSTEM=="input", KERNEL=="js[0-9]*", MODE="0664"
SUBSYSTEM=="video4linux", GROUP="video"
SUBSYSTEM=="graphics", GROUP="video"
SUBSYSTEM=="drm", KERNEL!="renderD*", GROUP="video"
SUBSYSTEM=="dvb", GROUP="video"
SUBSYSTEM=="media", GROUP="video"
SUBSYSTEM=="cec", GROUP="video"
SUBSYSTEM=="drm", KERNEL=="renderD*", GROUP="render", MODE="0666"
SUBSYSTEM=="kfd", GROUP="render", MODE="0666"
SUBSYSTEM=="sound", GROUP="audio", \
OPTIONS+="static_node=snd/seq", OPTIONS+="static_node=snd/timer"
--More--
Chaque règle prend la forme suivante :
KEY, [KEY, …] NAME [, SYMLINK]
Chaque KEY est un champ au format type=valeur qui doit correspondre à un périphérique unique. La valeur de type peut prendre plusieurs formes :
| Type | Description | Exemples |
|---|---|---|
| BUS | Type de bus | usb, scsi, ide |
| KERNEL | Le nom par défault du périphérique donné par le noyau | hda, ttyUSB0, lp0 |
| SUBSYSTEM | Le nom noyau du sous-système, généralement identique à la valeur du BUS | usb, scsi |
| DRIVER | Le nom du pilote qui contrôle le périphérique | usb-storage |
| ID | Le numéro du périphérique sur son bus | PCI bus id, USB id |
| PLACE | Ne concerne que les périphériques USB et donne la position topologique du périphérique sur son bus | S/O |
| SYSFS{filename} | Le nom du fichier dans /sys pour le périphérique. Ce fichier contient le fabricant, le label, le numéro de série et UUID du périphérique. La vérification de jusqu'à 5 fichiers est possible par règle | S/O |
| PROGRAM | Ceci permet à Udev d'appeler un programme externe pour nommer un périphérique | S/O |
| RESULT | Valeur à comparer au résultat de PROGRAM | S/O |
NAME et SYMLINK sont utilisées pour stipuler ce que Udev doit faire avec le périphérique :
| Type | Description | Exemples |
|---|---|---|
| NAME | Le nome du nœud dans /dev | S/O |
| SYMLINK | Le ou les lien(s) symbolique(s) qui pointe(nt) vers le NAME | S/O |
La commande udevadm
Pour obtenir de l'information sur un périphérique il convient d'utiliser la commande udevadm :
[root@centos8 ~]# udevadm info --query=all -n /dev/sda P: /devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:07.0/ata3/host2/target2:0:0/2:0:0:0/block/sda N: sda S: disk/by-id/ata-QEMU_HARDDISK_QM00005 S: disk/by-id/scsi-0ATA_QEMU_HARDDISK_QM00005 S: disk/by-id/scsi-1ATA_QEMU_HARDDISK_QM00005 S: disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_QEMU_HARDDISK_QM00005 S: disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:07.0-ata-1 E: DEVLINKS=/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:07.0-ata-1 /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-SATA_QEMU_HARDDISK_QM00005 /dev/disk/by-id/ata-QEMU_HARDDISK_QM00005 /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-0ATA_QEMU_HARDDISK_QM00005 /dev/disk/by-id/scsi-1ATA_QEMU_HARDDISK_QM00005 E: DEVNAME=/dev/sda E: DEVPATH=/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:07.0/ata3/host2/target2:0:0/2:0:0:0/block/sda E: DEVTYPE=disk E: ID_ATA=1 E: ID_ATA_FEATURE_SET_SMART=1 E: ID_ATA_FEATURE_SET_SMART_ENABLED=1 E: ID_ATA_SATA=1 E: ID_ATA_WRITE_CACHE=1 E: ID_ATA_WRITE_CACHE_ENABLED=1 E: ID_BUS=ata E: ID_MODEL=QEMU_HARDDISK E: ID_MODEL_ENC=QEMU\x20HARDDISK\x20\x20\x20 E: ID_PART_TABLE_TYPE=dos E: ID_PART_TABLE_UUID=b39ec5c8 E: ID_PATH=pci-0000:00:07.0-ata-1 E: ID_PATH_TAG=pci-0000_00_07_0-ata-1 E: ID_REVISION=2.5+ E: ID_SCSI=1 E: ID_SCSI_INQUIRY=1 E: ID_SERIAL=QEMU_HARDDISK_QM00005 E: ID_SERIAL_SHORT=QM00005 E: ID_TYPE=disk E: ID_VENDOR=ATA E: ID_VENDOR_ENC=ATA\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20 E: MAJOR=8 E: MINOR=0 E: SCSI_IDENT_LUN_ATA=QEMU_HARDDISK_QM00005 E: SCSI_IDENT_LUN_T10=ATA_QEMU_HARDDISK_QM00005 E: SCSI_IDENT_LUN_VENDOR=QM00005 E: SCSI_IDENT_SERIAL=QM00005 E: SCSI_MODEL=QEMU_HARDDISK E: SCSI_MODEL_ENC=QEMU\x20HARDDISK\x20\x20\x20 E: SCSI_REVISION=2.5+ E: SCSI_TPGS=0 E: SCSI_TYPE=disk E: SCSI_VENDOR=ATA E: SCSI_VENDOR_ENC=ATA\x20\x20\x20\x20\x20 E: SUBSYSTEM=block E: TAGS=:systemd: E: USEC_INITIALIZED=8735808
Les options de la commande
Les options de la commande udevadm sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# udevadm --help
udevadm [--help] [--version] [--debug] COMMAND [COMMAND OPTIONS]
Send control commands or test the device manager.
Commands:
info Query sysfs or the udev database
trigger Request events from the kernel
settle Wait for pending udev events
control Control the udev daemon
monitor Listen to kernel and udev events
test Test an event run
test-builtin Test a built-in command
[root@centos8 ~]# udevadm info --help
udevadm info [OPTIONS] [DEVPATH|FILE]
Query sysfs or the udev database.
-h --help Print this message
-V --version Print version of the program
-q --query=TYPE Query device information:
name Name of device node
symlink Pointing to node
path sysfs device path
property The device properties
all All values
-p --path=SYSPATH sysfs device path used for query or attribute walk
-n --name=NAME Node or symlink name used for query or attribute walk
-r --root Prepend dev directory to path names
-a --attribute-walk Print all key matches walking along the chain
of parent devices
-d --device-id-of-file=FILE Print major:minor of device containing this file
-x --export Export key/value pairs
-P --export-prefix Export the key name with a prefix
-e --export-db Export the content of the udev database
-c --cleanup-db Clean up the udev database
Système de fichiers /sys
Le système de fichiers virtuel /sys a été introduit avec le noyau Linux 2.6. Son rôle est de décrire le matériel pour udev.
Saisissez la commande suivante :
[root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /sys total 0 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 0 Jul 12 08:15 block drwxr-xr-x. 33 root root 0 Jul 12 08:15 bus drwxr-xr-x. 57 root root 0 Jul 12 08:15 class drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 0 Jul 12 08:15 dev drwxr-xr-x. 14 root root 0 Jul 12 08:15 devices drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 0 Jul 12 08:15 firmware drwxr-xr-x. 9 root root 0 Jul 12 08:15 fs drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 0 Jul 12 08:15 hypervisor drwxr-xr-x. 15 root root 0 Jul 12 08:15 kernel drwxr-xr-x. 153 root root 0 Jul 12 08:15 module drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 0 Jul 12 08:15 power
Chaque répertoire contient des informations :
- block
- contient des informations sur les périphériques bloc
- bus
- contient des informations sur les bus de données
- class
- contient des informations sur des classes de matériel
- devices
- contient des informations sur la position des périphériques sur les bus
- firmware
- contient, entre autre, des informations sur l'ACPI
- module
- contient des informations sur les modules du noyau
- power
- contient des informations sur la gestion de l'énergie
- fs
- contient des informations sur les systèmes de fichiers
Pour illustrer ceci, saisissez la commande suivante :
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /sys/block/sda/sda1/size 2097152
Ce chiffre correspond aux nombre de secteurs.
LAB #4 - Limitation des ressources
4.1 - ulimit
Les ressources disponibles aux utilisateurs peuvent être limitées par l'utilisation de la commande ulimit.
La commande ulimit gère deux types de limite, la limite hard en utilisant l'option -H et la limite soft en utilisant l'option -S. Seul root peut positionner une limite hard et ceci à condition que la limite ne dépasse pas les ressources réelles.
La limite soft est la limite imposée à l'utilisateur par défaut tandis que la limite hard est la limite que l'utilisateur peut atteindre en utilisant la commande ulimit lui-même.
L'utilisateur root peut paramétrer les limites accordées en éditant la fichier /etc/security/limits.conf :
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/security/limits.conf # /etc/security/limits.conf # #This file sets the resource limits for the users logged in via PAM. #It does not affect resource limits of the system services. # #Also note that configuration files in /etc/security/limits.d directory, #which are read in alphabetical order, override the settings in this #file in case the domain is the same or more specific. #That means for example that setting a limit for wildcard domain here #can be overriden with a wildcard setting in a config file in the #subdirectory, but a user specific setting here can be overriden only #with a user specific setting in the subdirectory. # #Each line describes a limit for a user in the form: # #<domain> <type> <item> <value> # #Where: #<domain> can be: # - a user name # - a group name, with @group syntax # - the wildcard *, for default entry # - the wildcard %, can be also used with %group syntax, # for maxlogin limit # #<type> can have the two values: # - "soft" for enforcing the soft limits # - "hard" for enforcing hard limits # #<item> can be one of the following: # - core - limits the core file size (KB) # - data - max data size (KB) # - fsize - maximum filesize (KB) # - memlock - max locked-in-memory address space (KB) # - nofile - max number of open file descriptors # - rss - max resident set size (KB) # - stack - max stack size (KB) # - cpu - max CPU time (MIN) # - nproc - max number of processes # - as - address space limit (KB) # - maxlogins - max number of logins for this user # - maxsyslogins - max number of logins on the system # - priority - the priority to run user process with # - locks - max number of file locks the user can hold # - sigpending - max number of pending signals # - msgqueue - max memory used by POSIX message queues (bytes) # - nice - max nice priority allowed to raise to values: [-20, 19] # - rtprio - max realtime priority # #<domain> <type> <item> <value> # #* soft core 0 #* hard rss 10000 #@student hard nproc 20 #@faculty soft nproc 20 #@faculty hard nproc 50 #ftp hard nproc 0 #@student - maxlogins 4 # End of file
Important : La valeur de la limite peut être un nombre ou le mot unlimited.
Par exemple, si root inscrit les deux ligne suivantes dans le fichier /etc/security/limits.conf :
... trainee soft nofile 1024 trainee hard nofile 4096 ...
la limite du nombre de fichiers ouverts simultanément par trainee est de 1 024. Par contre, trainee a la possibilité d'augmenter cette limite jusqu'à 4 096 en utilisant la commande suivante :
$ ulimit -n 4096
Pour consulter la liste des limites actuelles, il convient d'utiliser la commande ulimit avec l'option -a :
[root@centos8 ~]# ulimit -a core file size (blocks, -c) unlimited data seg size (kbytes, -d) unlimited scheduling priority (-e) 0 file size (blocks, -f) unlimited pending signals (-i) 14702 max locked memory (kbytes, -l) 64 max memory size (kbytes, -m) unlimited open files (-n) 1024 pipe size (512 bytes, -p) 8 POSIX message queues (bytes, -q) 819200 real-time priority (-r) 0 stack size (kbytes, -s) 8192 cpu time (seconds, -t) unlimited max user processes (-u) 14702 virtual memory (kbytes, -v) unlimited file locks (-x) unlimited
Options de la commande
Les options de ulimit sont :
[root@centos8 ~]# help ulimit
ulimit: ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit]
Modify shell resource limits.
Provides control over the resources available to the shell and processes
it creates, on systems that allow such control.
Options:
-S use the `soft' resource limit
-H use the `hard' resource limit
-a all current limits are reported
-b the socket buffer size
-c the maximum size of core files created
-d the maximum size of a process's data segment
-e the maximum scheduling priority (`nice')
-f the maximum size of files written by the shell and its children
-i the maximum number of pending signals
-k the maximum number of kqueues allocated for this process
-l the maximum size a process may lock into memory
-m the maximum resident set size
-n the maximum number of open file descriptors
-p the pipe buffer size
-q the maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues
-r the maximum real-time scheduling priority
-s the maximum stack size
-t the maximum amount of cpu time in seconds
-u the maximum number of user processes
-v the size of virtual memory
-x the maximum number of file locks
-P the maximum number of pseudoterminals
-T the maximum number of threads
Not all options are available on all platforms.
If LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; the
special LIMIT values `soft', `hard', and `unlimited' stand for the
current soft limit, the current hard limit, and no limit, respectively.
Otherwise, the current value of the specified resource is printed. If
no option is given, then -f is assumed.
Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -t, which is in seconds,
-p, which is in increments of 512 bytes, and -u, which is an unscaled
number of processes.
Exit Status:
Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs.
4.2 - Groupes de Contrôle
Les Groupes de Contrôles (Control Groups) aussi appelés CGroups, sont une façon de contrôler et de limiter des ressources. Les groupes de contrôle permettent l'allocation de ressources, même d'une manière dynamique pendant que le système fonctionne, telles le temps processeur, la mémoire système, la bande réseau, ou une combinaison de ces ressources parmi des groupes de tâches (processus) définis par l'utilisateur et exécutés sur un système.
Les groupes de contrôle sont organisés de manière hiérarchique, comme des processus. Par contre, la comparaison entre les deux démontre que tandis que les processus se trouvent dans une arborescence unique descandant tous du processus init et héritant de l'environnement de leurs parents, les contrôles groupes peuvent être multiples donnant lieu à des arborescences ou hiérarchies multiples qui héritent de certains attributs de leurs groupes de contrôle parents.
Ces hiérarchies multiples et séparés sont necéssaires parce que chaque hiérarchie est attaché à un ou plusieurs sous-système(s) aussi appelés des Contrôleurs de Ressources ou simplement des Contrôleurs. Les contrôleurs disponibles sous RHEl/CentOS 7 sont :
- blkio - utilisé pour établir des limites sur l'accès des entrées/sorties à partir et depuis des périphériques blocs,
- cpu - utilisé pour fournir aux tâches des groupes de contrôle accès au CPU grâce au planificateur,
- cpuacct - utilisé pour produire des rapports automatiques sur les ressources CPU utilisées par les tâches dans un groupe de contrôle,
- cpuset - utilisé pour assigner des CPU individuels sur un système multicoeur et des noeuds de mémoire à des tâches dans un groupe de contrôle,
- devices - utilisé pour autoriser ou pour refuser l'accès des tâches aux périphériques dans un groupe de contrôle,
- freezer - utilisé pour suspendre ou pour réactiver les tâches dans un groupe de contrôle,
- memory - utilisé pour établir les limites d'utilisation de la mémoire par les tâches d'un groupe de contrôle et pour génèrer des rapports automatiques sur les ressources rmémoire utilisées par ces tâches,
- net_cls - utilisé pour repèrer les paquets réseau avec un identifiant de classe (classid) afin de permettre au contrôleur de trafic Linux, tc, d'identifier les paquets provenant d'une tâche particulière d'un groupe de contrôle.
- perf_event - utilisé pour permettre le monitoring des CGroups avec l'outil perf,
- hugetlb - utilisé pour limiter des ressources sur des pages de mémoire virtuelle de grande taille.
Pour visualiser les hiérarchies, il convient d'utiliser la commande lssubsys :
[root@centos8 ~]# lssubsys -am bash: lssubsys: command not found... Install package 'libcgroup-tools' to provide command 'lssubsys'? [N/y] y * Waiting in queue... The following packages have to be installed: libcgroup-0.41-19.el8.x86_64 Library to control and monitor control groups libcgroup-tools-0.41-19.el8.x86_64 Command-line utility programs, services and daemons for libcgroup Proceed with changes? [N/y] y * Waiting in queue... * Waiting for authentication... * Waiting in queue... * Downloading packages... * Requesting data... * Testing changes... * Installing packages... cpuset /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset cpu,cpuacct /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct blkio /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio memory /sys/fs/cgroup/memory devices /sys/fs/cgroup/devices freezer /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer net_cls,net_prio /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio perf_event /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event hugetlb /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb pids /sys/fs/cgroup/pids rdma /sys/fs/cgroup/rdma
[root@centos8 ~]# lssubsys -am cpuset /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset cpu,cpuacct /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct blkio /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio memory /sys/fs/cgroup/memory devices /sys/fs/cgroup/devices freezer /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer net_cls,net_prio /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio perf_event /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event hugetlb /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb pids /sys/fs/cgroup/pids rdma /sys/fs/cgroup/rdma
Sous RHEL/CentOS 8, Systemd organise les processus dans chaque CGroup. Par exemple tous les processus démarrés par le serveur Apache se trouveront dans le même CGroup, y compris les scripts CGI. Ceci implique que la gestion des ressources en utilisant des hiérarchies est couplé avec l'arborescence des unités de Systemd.
En haut de l'arborescence des unités de Systemd se trouve la tranche root - -.slice, dont dépend :
- le system.slice - l'emplacement des services système,
- le user.slice - l'emplacement des sessions des utilisateurs,
- le machine.slice - l'emplacement des machines virtuelles et conteneurs.
En dessous des tranches peuvent se trouver :
- des scopes - des processus crées par fork,
- des services - des processus créés par une Unité.
Les slices peuvent être visualisés avec la commande suivante :
[root@centos8 ~]# systemctl list-units --type=slice UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION -.slice loaded active active Root Slice machine.slice loaded active active Virtual Machine and Container Slice system-getty.slice loaded active active system-getty.slice system-lvm2\x2dpvscan.slice loaded active active system-lvm2\x2dpvscan.slice system-sshd\x2dkeygen.slice loaded active active system-sshd\x2dkeygen.slice system-systemd\x2dfsck.slice loaded active active system-systemd\x2dfsck.slice system-systemd\x2dhibernate\x2dresume.slice loaded active active system-systemd\x2dhibernate\x2dresume.slice system-user\x2druntime\x2ddir.slice loaded active active system-user\x2druntime\x2ddir.slice system-vncserver.slice loaded active active system-vncserver.slice system.slice loaded active active System Slice user-1000.slice loaded active active User Slice of UID 1000 user-42.slice loaded active active User Slice of UID 42 user.slice loaded active active User and Session Slice LOAD = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded. ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB. SUB = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type. 13 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too. To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
L'arborescence des unités de Systemd est la suivante :
[root@centos8 ~]# systemd-cgls Control group /: -.slice ├─user.slice │ ├─user-42.slice │ │ ├─session-c1.scope │ │ │ ├─1317 gdm-session-worker [pam/gdm-launch-environment] │ │ │ ├─1459 /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session --register-session gnome-session --autostart /usr/share/gdm/greeter/autostart │ │ │ ├─1856 /usr/libexec/gnome-session-binary --autostart /usr/share/gdm/greeter/autostart │ │ │ ├─1882 /usr/bin/gnome-shell │ │ │ ├─2059 /usr/bin/Xwayland :1024 -rootless -terminate -accessx -core -listen 4 -listen 5 -displayfd 6 │ │ │ ├─2132 ibus-daemon --xim --panel disable │ │ │ ├─2135 /usr/libexec/ibus-dconf │ │ │ ├─2138 /usr/libexec/ibus-x11 --kill-daemon │ │ │ ├─2251 /usr/libexec/gsd-xsettings │ │ │ ├─2261 /usr/libexec/gsd-a11y-settings │ │ │ ├─2268 /usr/libexec/gsd-clipboard │ │ │ ├─2271 /usr/libexec/gsd-color │ │ │ ├─2272 /usr/libexec/gsd-datetime │ │ │ ├─2273 /usr/libexec/gsd-housekeeping │ │ │ ├─2274 /usr/libexec/gsd-keyboard │ │ │ ├─2275 /usr/libexec/gsd-media-keys │ │ │ ├─2280 /usr/libexec/gsd-mouse │ │ │ ├─2281 /usr/libexec/gsd-power │ │ │ ├─2283 /usr/libexec/gsd-print-notifications │ │ │ ├─2284 /usr/libexec/gsd-rfkill │ │ │ ├─2285 /usr/libexec/gsd-screensaver-proxy │ │ │ ├─2290 /usr/libexec/gsd-sharing │ │ │ ├─2321 /usr/libexec/gsd-smartcard │ │ │ ├─2328 /usr/libexec/gsd-sound │ │ │ ├─2333 /usr/libexec/gsd-wacom │ │ │ └─2432 /usr/libexec/ibus-engine-simple │ │ └─user@42.service │ │ ├─xdg-permission-store.service │ │ │ └─2170 /usr/libexec/xdg-permission-store │ │ ├─pulseaudio.service │ │ │ └─1455 /usr/bin/pulseaudio --daemonize=no --log-target=journal │ │ ├─init.scope │ │ │ ├─1357 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --user │ │ │ └─1377 (sd-pam) │ │ ├─at-spi-dbus-bus.service │ │ │ ├─2090 /usr/libexec/at-spi-bus-launcher │ │ │ ├─2095 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --config-file=/usr/share/defaults/at-spi2/accessibility.conf --nofork --print-address 3 │ │ │ └─2098 /usr/libexec/at-spi2-registryd --use-gnome-session │ │ └─dbus.service │ │ ├─1755 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --session --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation --syslog-only │ │ └─2143 /usr/libexec/ibus-portal │ └─user-1000.slice │ ├─user@1000.service │ │ ├─gvfs-goa-volume-monitor.service │ │ │ └─2369 /usr/libexec/gvfs-goa-volume-monitor │ │ ├─xdg-permission-store.service │ │ │ └─2191 /usr/libexec/xdg-permission-store │ │ ├─tracker-store.service │ │ │ └─2653 /usr/libexec/tracker-store │ │ ├─evolution-calendar-factory.service │ │ │ ├─2605 /usr/libexec/evolution-calendar-factory │ │ │ └─2706 /usr/libexec/evolution-calendar-factory-subprocess --factory all --bus-name org.gnome.evolution.dataserver.Subprocess.Backend.Calendarx2605x2 --own-path /org/gnome/evolution> │ │ ├─pulseaudio.service │ │ │ └─1456 /usr/bin/pulseaudio --daemonize=no --log-target=journal │ │ ├─gvfs-daemon.service │ │ │ ├─1896 /usr/libexec/gvfsd │ │ │ └─1901 /usr/libexec/gvfsd-fuse /run/user/1000/gvfs -f -o big_writes │ │ ├─evolution-source-registry.service │ │ │ └─2206 /usr/libexec/evolution-source-registry │ │ ├─gvfs-udisks2-volume-monitor.service │ │ │ └─2243 /usr/libexec/gvfs-udisks2-volume-monitor │ │ ├─init.scope │ │ │ ├─1239 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --user │ │ │ └─1318 (sd-pam) │ │ ├─gvfs-gphoto2-volume-monitor.service │ │ │ └─2269 /usr/libexec/gvfs-gphoto2-volume-monitor │ │ ├─at-spi-dbus-bus.service │ │ │ ├─1964 /usr/libexec/at-spi-bus-launcher │ │ │ ├─1969 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --config-file=/usr/share/defaults/at-spi2/accessibility.conf --nofork --print-address 3 │ │ │ └─1972 /usr/libexec/at-spi2-registryd --use-gnome-session │ │ ├─dbus.service │ │ │ ├─1786 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --session --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation --syslog-only │ │ │ ├─2183 /usr/libexec/ibus-portal │ │ │ ├─2201 /usr/libexec/gnome-shell-calendar-server │ │ │ ├─2225 /usr/libexec/goa-daemon │ │ │ ├─2397 /usr/libexec/goa-identity-service │ │ │ └─2721 /usr/libexec/dconf-service │ │ ├─evolution-addressbook-factory.service │ │ │ ├─2727 /usr/libexec/evolution-addressbook-factory │ │ │ └─2771 /usr/libexec/evolution-addressbook-factory-subprocess --factory all --bus-name org.gnome.evolution.dataserver.Subprocess.Backend.AddressBookx2727x2 --own-path /org/gnome/evo> │ │ ├─gvfs-mtp-volume-monitor.service lines 44-86
En utilisant Systemd, plusieurs ressources peuvent être limitées :
- CPUShares - par défault 1024,
- MemoryLimit - limite exprimée en Mo ou en Go. Pas de valeur par défaut,
- BlockIOWeight - valeur entre 10 et 1000. Pas de valeur par défaut,
- StartupCPUShares - comme CPUShares mais uniquement appliqué pendant le démarrage,
- StartupBlockIOWeight - comme BlockIOWeight mais uniquement appliqué pendant le démarrage,
- CPUQuota - utilisé pour limiter le temps CPU, même quand le système ne fait rien.
Important : Consultez le manuel systemd.resource-control(5) pour voir les paramètres CGroup qui peuvent être passés à systemctl.
Limitation de la Mémoire
Commencez par créer le script hello-world.sh qui servira à générer un processus pour travailler avec les CGroups :
[root@centos8 ~]# vi hello-world.sh
[root@centos8 ~]# cat hello-world.sh
#!/bin/bash
while [ 1 ]; do
echo "hello world"
sleep 360
done
Rendez le script exécutable et testez-le :
[root@centos8 ~]# chmod u+x hello-world.sh [root@centos8 ~]# ./hello-world.sh hello world ^C
Créez maintenant un CGroup dans le sous-système memory appelé helloworld :
[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/helloworld
Par défaut, ce CGroup héritera de l'ensemble de la mémoire disponible. Pour éviter cela, créez maintenant une limite de 40000000 octets pour ce CGroup :
[root@centos8 ~]# echo 40000000 > /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/helloworld/memory.limit_in_bytes [root@centos8 ~]# cat /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/helloworld/memory.limit_in_bytes 39997440
Important - Notez que les 40 000 000 demandés sont devenus 39 997 440 ce qui correspond à un nombre entier de pages mémoire du noyau de 4Ko. ( 39 997 440 / 4096 = 9 765 ).
Lancez maintenant le script helloworld.sh :
[root@centos8 ~]# ./hello-world.sh & [1] 35148 [root@centos8 ~]# hello world [Entrée] [root@centos8 ~]# ps aux | grep hello-world root 35148 0.0 0.0 12724 2980 pts/1 S 08:48 0:00 /bin/bash ./hello-world.sh root 35151 0.0 0.0 12136 1044 pts/1 S+ 08:48 0:00 grep --color=auto hello-world
Notez qu'il n'y a pas de limite de la mémoire, ce qui implique l'héritage par défaut :
[root@centos8 ~]# ps -ww -o cgroup 35148 CGROUP 12:memory:/user.slice/user-1000.slice/session-7.scope,7:devices:/user.slice,4:pids:/user.slice/user-1000.slice/session-7.scope,2:blkio:/user.slice,1:name=systemd:/user.slice/user-1000.slice/session-7.scope
Insérer le PID de notre script dans le CGroup helloworld :
[root@centos8 ~]# echo 35148 > /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/helloworld/cgroup.procs
Notez maintenant l'héritage de la limitation de la mémoire - 12:memory:/helloworld :
[root@centos8 ~]# ps -ww -o cgroup 35148 CGROUP 12:memory:/helloworld,7:devices:/user.slice,4:pids:/user.slice/user-1000.slice/session-7.scope,2:blkio:/user.slice,1:name=systemd:/user.slice/user-1000.slice/session-7.scope
Constatez ensuite l'occupation mémoire réelle :
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/helloworld/memory.usage_in_bytes 274432
Tuez le script hello-world.sh :
[root@centos8 ~]# kill 35148 [root@centos8 ~]# ps aux | grep hello-world root 35307 0.0 0.0 12136 1112 pts/1 S+ 08:55 0:00 grep --color=auto hello-world [1]+ Terminated ./hello-world.sh
Créez un second CGroup beaucoup plus restrictif :
[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/helloworld1 [root@centos8 ~]# echo 6000 > /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/helloworld1/memory.limit_in_bytes [root@centos8 ~]# cat /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/helloworld1/memory.limit_in_bytes 4096
Relancez le script hello-world.sh et insérez-le dans le nouveau CGroup :
[root@centos8 ~]# ./hello-world.sh & [1] 35389 [root@centos8 ~]# hello world [Entrée] [root@centos8 ~]# echo 35389 > /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/helloworld1/cgroup.procs
Attendez la prochaine sortie de hello world sur le canal standard puis constatez que le script s'arrête :
[root@centos8 ~]# hello world [Entrée] [1]+ Killed ./hello-world.sh
La Commande cgcreate
Cette commande permet la création d'un CGroup :
[root@centos8 ~]# cgcreate -g memory:helloworld2 [root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/helloworld2/ total 0 -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 cgroup.clone_children --w--w----. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 cgroup.event_control -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 cgroup.procs -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.failcnt --w--w----. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.force_empty -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.kmem.failcnt -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.kmem.limit_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.kmem.max_usage_in_bytes -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.kmem.slabinfo -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.kmem.tcp.failcnt -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.kmem.tcp.limit_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.kmem.tcp.max_usage_in_bytes -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.kmem.tcp.usage_in_bytes -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.kmem.usage_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.limit_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.max_usage_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.memsw.failcnt -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.memsw.max_usage_in_bytes -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.memsw.usage_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.move_charge_at_immigrate -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.numa_stat -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.oom_control ----------. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.pressure_level -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.soft_limit_in_bytes -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.stat -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.swappiness -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.usage_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 memory.use_hierarchy -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 notify_on_release -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:39 tasks
Il n'existe cependant pas de commande pour affecter une limitation de la mémoire :
[root@centos8 ~]# echo 40000000 > /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/helloworld2/memory.limit_in_bytes
La Commande cgexec
Cette commande permet d'insérer la limitation dans le CGroup et de lancer le script en une seule ligne :
[root@centos8 ~]# cgexec -g memory:helloworld2 ./hello-world.sh & [1] 37670 [root@centos8 ~]# hello world [Entrée] [root@centos8 ~]#
La Commande cgdelete
Une fois le script terminé, cette commande permet de supprimer le cgroup :
[root@centos8 ~]# ps aux | grep *.sh root 37670 0.0 0.0 12724 3112 pts/1 S 10:41 0:00 /bin/bash ./hello-world.sh root 37685 0.0 0.0 12136 1148 pts/1 S+ 10:42 0:00 grep --color=auto hello-world.sh [root@centos8 ~]# kill 37670 root@centos8 ~]# ps aux | grep *.sh root 37726 0.0 0.0 12136 1156 pts/1 R+ 10:43 0:00 grep --color=auto hello-world.sh [1]+ Terminated cgexec -g memory:helloworld2 ./hello-world.sh [root@centos8 ~]# cgdelete memory:helloworld2 [root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/helloworld2/ ls: cannot access '/sys/fs/cgroup/memory/helloworld2/': No such file or directory
Le Fichier /etc/cgconfig.conf
Afin de les rendre persistants, il convient d'éditer le fichier /etc/cgconfig.conf :
[root@centos8 ~]# vi /etc/cgconfig.conf
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/cgconfig.conf
#
# Copyright IBM Corporation. 2007
#
# Authors: Balbir Singh <balbir@linux.vnet.ibm.com>
# This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License
# as published by the Free Software Foundation.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it would be useful, but
# WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
#
#
# By default, we expect systemd mounts everything on boot,
# so there is not much to do.
# See man cgconfig.conf for further details, how to create groups
# on system boot using this file.
group helloworld2 {
cpu {
cpu.shares = 100;
}
memory {
memory.limit_in_bytes = 40000;
}
}
Important - Notez la création de deux limitations, une de 40 000 octets de mémoire et l'autre de 100 cpu.shares. Cette dernière est une valeur exprimée sur 1 024, où 1 024 représente 100% du temps CPU. La limite fixée est donc equivalente à 9,77% du temps CPU.
Créez donc les deux CGroups concernés :
[root@centos8 ~]# cgcreate -g memory:helloworld2 [root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/helloworld2/ total 0 -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 cgroup.clone_children --w--w----. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 cgroup.event_control -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 cgroup.procs -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.failcnt --w--w----. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.force_empty -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.kmem.failcnt -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.kmem.limit_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.kmem.max_usage_in_bytes -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.kmem.slabinfo -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.kmem.tcp.failcnt -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.kmem.tcp.limit_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.kmem.tcp.max_usage_in_bytes -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.kmem.tcp.usage_in_bytes -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.kmem.usage_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.limit_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.max_usage_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.memsw.failcnt -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.memsw.limit_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.memsw.max_usage_in_bytes -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.memsw.usage_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.move_charge_at_immigrate -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.numa_stat -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.oom_control ----------. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.pressure_level -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.soft_limit_in_bytes -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.stat -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.swappiness -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.usage_in_bytes -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 memory.use_hierarchy -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 notify_on_release -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:46 tasks
[root@centos8 ~]# cgcreate -g cpu:helloworld2 [root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/helloworld2/ total 0 -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cgroup.clone_children -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cgroup.procs -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cpuacct.stat -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cpuacct.usage -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cpuacct.usage_all -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cpuacct.usage_percpu -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cpuacct.usage_percpu_sys -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cpuacct.usage_percpu_user -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cpuacct.usage_sys -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cpuacct.usage_user -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cpu.cfs_period_us -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cpu.cfs_quota_us -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cpu.rt_period_us -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cpu.rt_runtime_us -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cpu.shares -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 cpu.stat -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 notify_on_release -rw-rw-r--. 1 root root 0 Jul 13 10:47 tasks
La Commande cgconfigparser
Appliquez le contenu du fichier /etc/cgconfig.conf grâce à l'utilisation de la commande cgconfigparser :
[root@centos8 ~]# cgconfigparser -l /etc/cgconfig.conf [root@centos8 ~]# cat /sys/fs/cgroup/memory/helloworld2/memory.limit_in_bytes 36864 [root@centos8 ~]# cat /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu/helloworld2/cpu.shares 100
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