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Table des matières
Dernière mise-à-jour : 2020/01/30 03:46
Linux (RHEL, Debian, Ubuntu et SLES) : Les Fondamentaux
Présentation
Type d'Action (Article L. 6313-1) : Action d'acquisition, d'entretien ou de perfectionnement des connaissances.
Objectif : Maîtriser les fondamentaux de Red Hat Enterprise Linux, de SUSE Linux Enterprise Server, de Debian Linux et d'Ubuntu Linux.
Public : Utilisateurs d'autre systèmes d'exploitation.
Pré requis : Connaître un autre système d'exploitation.
Méthode d'apprentissage : Alternance entre un scénario pédagogique clair et précis et des travaux pratiques basés sur des cas et exemples concrets.
Validation des acquis : Évaluations à l'aide de tests auto-correctifs.
Durée : 21 heures.
Formateur : Certifié LPI.
Moyens pédagogiques : Support de cours en ligne téléchargeable au format PDF.
Ressources : Machine virtuelle : RHEL 7, SLES 12, Debian 9 et Ubuntu 18.04.
Prérequis en Salle
- Un poste par apprenant,
- Windows™ 7 ou 10 avec Hyper-V désinstallé,
- Le mot de passe du compte administrateur de Windows™,
- Clavier AZERTY FR ou QWERTY US,
- Un port USB 2 ou 3 disponible,
- 4 Go de RAM minimum, idéalement 8 Go,
- Processeur 4 cœurs minimum, idéalement 8,
- 8 Go d'espace disque disponible sur le lecteur C,
- Un accès à Internet rapide sans passer par un proxy.
Important - Vos postes devraient pouvoir atteindre la page web suivante pour visualiser les cours : https://ittraining.academy/browsertest. Si ce n'est pas le cas, veuillez débloquer le site https://ittraining.academy.
N.B. Les stagiaires installeront les logiciels suivants sur les postes :
- Oracle VirtualBox v 6.0 ou plus,
- Putty,
- WinSCP.
Programme
- Linux - Les Fondamentaux
- Systèmes de Fichiers
- Linux File Hierarchy System
- L'organisation
- La commande mount
- La commande umount
- Systèmes de fichiers Unix
- Commandes : mount, umount.
- L'Editeur VI
- Présentation
- Lancer et Quitter VI
- Set
- Commandes du Curseur
- Insertion de Texte
- Recherche de Texte
- Suppression de Texte
- Copier - Coller
- Couper - Coller
- En cas de problème
- Commandes : view, vi.
- Aide et Documentation
- L'aide des commandes
- L'aide du shell
- La commande man
- La commande whatis
- La commande apropos
- La commande info
- Sites Internet
- Commandes : help, man, mandb, whatis, apropos, info.
- Commandes de Base et Outils de Manipulation de Fichiers Textes
- Etude des commandes de base
- Options et arguments
- Expressions Régulières
- Expressions régulières basiques
- Expressions régulières étendues
- Outils et Commandes sur les Fichiers
- La commande grep
- La commande egrep
- La commande fgrep
- La commande sed
- La commande awk
- La commande tr
- La commande paste
- La commande cut
- La commande uniq
- La commande split
- La commande diff
- La commande cmp
- La commande patch
- La commande strings
- La commande comm
- La commande head
- La commande tail
- La commande screen
- La commande wall
- Commandes : stty, date, who, df, free, whoami, pwd, cd, ls, touch, echo, cp, file, cat, mv, mkdir, rmdir, rm, sort, more, find, su, locate, updatedb, whereis, which, uptime, w, uname, du, lsmod, modprobe, rmmod, modinfo, clear, exit, logout, shutdown, reboot, halt, poweroff, sleep, grep, egrep, fgrep, sed, awk, tr, paste, cut, split, diff, cmp, uniq, patch, strings, comm, od, head, tail, screen, wall.
- La Ligne de Commande
- Le Shell
- Les Commandes Internes et Externes au shell
- Les alias
- Le Prompt
- Rappeler des Commandes
- Générer les fins de noms de fichiers
- Le shell interactif
- Affichage des variables du shell
- Les variables principales
- Régionalisation et Internationalisation
- Options du shell bash
- Les Scripts Shell
- Exécution
- Les variables spéciales
- La commande read
- Code de retour
- La variable IFS
- La commande test
- La commande [[ expression ]]
- Opérateurs du shell
- L'arithmétique
- La commande expr
- La commande let
- Structures de contrôle
- Boucles
- Scripts de Démarrage
- Commandes : type, alias, unalias, chsh, history, wc, tee, set, vi, script, read, test, expr, let, if, case, for, while.
Extrait du Support
Aide et Documentation
L'Aide des Commandes Externes au Shell
Les commandes externes au shell sont des binaires exécutables ou des scripts, généralement situés dans /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin ou /usr/sbin :
root@debian8:~# type ifconfig ifconfig is /sbin/ifconfig
root@ubuntu1604:~# type ifconfig ifconfig is /sbin/ifconfig
[root@centos7 ~]# type ifconfig ifconfig is /sbin/ifconfig
SLES12SP1:~ # type ifconfig ifconfig is /sbin/ifconfig
L'aide d'une commande externe au shell peut être visualisé dans la plupart des cas en passant le paramètre - -help en argument à la commande en question :
root@debian8:~# du --help | more
Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
or: du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-0, --null end each output line with NUL, not newline
-a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories
--apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although
the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be
larger due to holes in ('sparse') files, internal
fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like
-B, --block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
'-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes;
see SIZE format below
-b, --bytes equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'
-c, --total produce a grand total
-D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the
command line
-d, --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)
only if it is N or fewer levels below the command
line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as
--summarize
--files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the
--More--
root@ubuntu1604:~# du --help | more
Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
or: du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
Summarize disk usage of the set of FILEs, recursively for directories.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-0, --null end each output line with NUL, not newline
-a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories
--apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although
the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be
larger due to holes in ('sparse') files, internal
fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like
-B, --block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
'-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes;
see SIZE format below
-b, --bytes equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'
-c, --total produce a grand total
-D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the
command line
-d, --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)
only if it is N or fewer levels below the command
line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as
--summarize
--files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the
--More--
[root@centos7 ~]# du --help | more
Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
or: du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline
-a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories
--apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although
the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be
larger due to holes in ('sparse') files, internal
fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like
-B, --block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
'-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes;
see SIZE format below
-b, --bytes equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'
-c, --total produce a grand total
-D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the
command line
-d, --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)
only if it is N or fewer levels below the command
line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as
--summarize
--files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the
--More--
SLES12SP1:~ # du --help | more
Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
or: du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.
Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-0, --null end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline
-a, --all write counts for all files, not just directories
--apparent-size print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although
the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be
larger due to holes in ('sparse') files, internal
fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like
-B, --block-size=SIZE scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
'-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes;
see SIZE format below
-b, --bytes equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'
-c, --total produce a grand total
-D, --dereference-args dereference only symlinks that are listed on the
command line
-d, --max-depth=N print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)
only if it is N or fewer levels below the command
line argument; --max-depth=0 is the same as
--summarize
--files0-from=F summarize disk usage of the
--More--
Cependant dans certains cas, cette option n'est pas admise :
root@debian8:~# type --help -su: type: --: invalid option type: usage: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
root@ubuntu1604:~# type --help -su: type: --: invalid option type: usage: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
[root@centos7 ~]# type --help -bash: type: --: invalid option type: usage: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
SLES12SP1:~ # type --help -bash: type: --: invalid option type: usage: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
L'Aide des Commandes Internes du Shell
Les commandes internes au shell sont des commandes telles type, cd ou umask. Pour vérifier le type de commande, il faut utiliser la commande type :
root@debian8:~# type type type is a shell builtin
root@ubuntu1604:~# type type type is a shell builtin
[root@centos7 ~]# type type type is a shell builtin
SLES12SP1:~ # type type type is a shell builtin
Le shell possède la commande help. Utilisée seule, cette commande fournit la liste des commandes internes :
root@debian8:~# help | more GNU bash, version 4.3.30(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list. Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'. Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general. Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list. A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled. job_spec [&] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -a> (( expression )) if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMAND> . filename [arguments] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x com> : kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] p> [ arg... ] let arg [arg ...] [[ expression ]] local [option] name[=value] ... alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] logout [n] bg [job_spec ...] mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] > bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] > popd [-n] [+N | -N] break [n] printf [-v var] format [arguments] builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir] caller [expr] pwd [-LP] case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMA> read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text> cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count> command [-pVv] command [arg ...] readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or read> --More--
root@ubuntu1604:~# help | more GNU bash, version 4.3.42(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu) These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list. Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'. Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general. Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list. A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled. job_spec [&] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -> (( expression )) if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMAN> . filename [arguments] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x co> : kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] > [ arg... ] let arg [arg ...] [[ expression ]] local [option] name[=value] ... alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] logout [n] bg [job_spec ...] mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count]> bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename]> popd [-n] [+N | -N] break [n] printf [-v var] format [arguments] builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir] caller [expr] pwd [-LP] case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMM> read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i tex> cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir] readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s coun> command [-pVv] command [arg ...] readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or rea> --More--
[root@centos7 ~]# help | more GNU bash, version 4.2.46(1)-release (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu) These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list. Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'. Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general. Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list. A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled. job_spec [&] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anr> (( expression )) if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS;> . filename [arguments] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x comma> : kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid> [ arg... ] let arg [arg ...] [[ expression ]] local [option] name[=value] ... alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] logout [n] bg [job_spec ...] mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-> bind [-lpvsPVS] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q> popd [-n] [+N | -N] break [n] printf [-v var] format [arguments] builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir] caller [expr] pwd [-LP] case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND> read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] > cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [dir] readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] > command [-pVv] command [arg ...] readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readon> --More--
SLES12SP1:~ # help | more GNU bash, version 4.2.47(1)-release (x86_64-suse-linux-gnu) These shell commands are defined internally. Type `help' to see this list. Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'. Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general. Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list. A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled. job_spec [&] history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw> (( expression )) if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; > . filename [arguments] jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x comman> : kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid > [ arg... ] let arg [arg ...] [[ expression ]] local [option] name[=value] ... alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ] logout [n] bg [job_spec ...] mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t> bind [-lpvsPVS] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q > popd [-n] [+N | -N] break [n] printf [-v var] format [arguments] builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]] pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir] caller [expr] pwd [-LP] case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS> read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [> cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [dir] readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [> command [-pVv] command [arg ...] readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonl> --More--
L'aide concernant une commande spécifique peut être obtenu en passant la commande concernée en argument à la commande help :
root@debian8:~# help type
type: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
Display information about command type.
For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name.
Options:
-a display all locations containing an executable named NAME;
includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if
the `-p' option is not also used
-f suppress shell function lookup
-P force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file
that would be executed
-p returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,
or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'.
-t output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword',
`function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell
reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not
found, respectively
Arguments:
NAME Command name to be interpreted.
Exit Status:
Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found.
root@ubuntu1604:~# help type
type: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
Display information about command type.
For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name.
Options:
-a display all locations containing an executable named NAME;
includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if
the `-p' option is not also used
-f suppress shell function lookup
-P force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file
that would be executed
-p returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,
or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'.
-t output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword',
`function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell
reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not
found, respectively
Arguments:
NAME Command name to be interpreted.
Exit Status:
Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found.
[root@centos7 ~]# help type
type: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
Display information about command type.
For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name.
Options:
-a display all locations containing an executable named NAME;
includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if
the `-p' option is not also used
-f suppress shell function lookup
-P force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file
that would be executed
-p returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,
or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'.
-t output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword',
`function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell
reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not
found, respectively
Arguments:
NAME Command name to be interpreted.
Exit Status:
Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found.
typeset: typeset [-aAfFgilrtux] [-p] name[=value] ...
Set variable values and attributes.
Obsolete. See `help declare'.
SLES12SP1:~ # help type
type: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
Display information about command type.
For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
command name.
Options:
-a display all locations containing an executable named NAME;
includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if
the `-p' option is not also used
-f suppress shell function lookup
-P force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file
that would be executed
-p returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,
or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'.
-t output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword',
`function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell
reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not
found, respectively
Arguments:
NAME Command name to be interpreted.
Exit Status:
Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found.
typeset: typeset [-aAfFgilrtux] [-p] name[=value] ...
Set variable values and attributes.
Obsolete. See `help declare'.
La Commande man
La commande man donne accès au manuel de la commande passé en argument. Par exemple man help sous RHEL/CentOS 7 et SLES 12 :
BASH_BUILTINS(1) General Commands Manual BASH_BUILTINS(1)
NAME
bash, :, ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command, compgen, com‐
plete, compopt, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, exec, exit,
export, false, fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout,
mapfile, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt, source,
suspend, test, times, trap, true, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait -
bash built-in commands, see bash(1)
BASH BUILTIN COMMANDS
Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting
options preceded by - accepts -- to signify the end of the options. The :, true,
false, and test builtins do not accept options and do not treat -- specially. The
exit, logout, break, continue, let, and shift builtins accept and process arguments
beginning with - without requiring --. Other builtins that accept arguments but are
not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning with - as invalid
options and require -- to prevent this interpretation.
: [arguments]
No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding arguments and performing
any specified redirections. A zero exit code is returned.
. filename [arguments]
Manual page help(1) line 1 (press h for help or q to quit)
Par contre dans certains cas, comme sous Debian 8 et Ubuntu 16.04 LTS avec la commande help, le manuel n'est pas disponible :
root@debian8:~# man help No manual entry for help
root@ubuntu1604:~# man help No manual entry for help
Une page de manuel peut contenir plusieurs sections :
| Section | Contenu |
|---|---|
| NOM | Nom et rôle de la commande |
| SYNOPSIS | Syntaxe de la commande, paramètres et arguments |
| DESCRIPTION | Mode d'emploi et les arguments principaux |
| OPTIONS | Descriptions détaillées de chaque paramètre |
| EXEMPLES / EXAMPLES | Exemples d'utilisation de la commande |
| ENVIRONNEMENT / ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES | Fonctionnement selon l'environnement du shell |
| CONFORMITÉ / STANDARDS / CONFORMING TO | Éventuelles normes auxquelles la commande se conforme |
| BOGUES / BUGS/TO DO | Éventuelles bogues connues |
| DIAGNOSTICS/RETOUR / EXIT STATUS/RETURN VALUE | Codes d'erreur et leur signification |
| VOIR AUSSI / SEE ALSO | Commandes liées à celle du manuel actuel |
La navigation dans la page de manuel se fait grâce à l'utilisation de certaines touches :
| Touche | Fonction |
|---|---|
| Espace | Faire défiler une page complète |
| Entrée | Faire défiler la page ligne par ligne |
| ↑ | Faire défiler la page une ligne vers le haut |
| ↓ | Faire défiler la page une ligne vers le bas |
| PageHaut | Faire défiler une demi-page vers le haut |
| PageBas | Faire défiler une demi-page vers le bas |
| Début | Se positionner au début du manuel |
| Fin | Se positionner à la fin du manuel |
| / | Rechercher la chaîne qui suit la touche /. La touche n recherche l'occurrence suivante. La touche N recherche l'occurrence précédente |
| Q | Quitter le manuel |
Un manuel complet est fait de plusieurs sections :
| Section | Contenu |
|---|---|
| 1 | Instructions exécutables ou commandes shell |
| 2 | Appels système |
| 3 | Appels des bibliothèques |
| 4 | Fichiers spéciaux |
| 5 | Format des fichiers |
| 6 | Jeux, économiseurs d'écrans, gadgets |
| 7 | Divers et commandes non standard |
| 8 | Commandes d'administration du système Linux |
| 9 | Sous-programmes du noyau |
Les différentes sections disponibles sont visibles grâce à l'utilisation de la commande whereis :
root@debian8:~# whereis passwd passwd: /usr/bin/passwd /etc/passwd /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1ssl.gz /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1.gz /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz
root@ubuntu1604:~# whereis passwd passwd: /usr/bin/passwd /etc/passwd /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1ssl.gz
[root@centos7 ~]# whereis passwd passwd: /usr/bin/passwd /etc/passwd /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1.gz /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz
SLES12SP1:~ # whereis passwd passwd: /usr/bin/passwd /etc/passwd /etc/passwd.YaST2save /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1ssl.gz /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1.gz /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz
Pour visualiser une section spécifique, il convient de préciser son numéro :
$ man 5 passwd [Entrée]
L'option -k de la commande man permet de rechercher la chaîne passée en argument dans la liste des manuels disponibles :
root@debian8:~# man -k passwd chgpasswd (8) - update group passwords in batch mode chpasswd (8) - update passwords in batch mode exim4_passwd (5) - Files in use by the Debian exim4 packages exim4_passwd_client (5) - Files in use by the Debian exim4 packages gpasswd (1) - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - generate hashed password for GRUB lppasswd (1) - add, change, or delete digest passwords. mkpasswd (1) - Overfeatured front end to crypt(3) pam_localuser (8) - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd passwd (1) - change user password passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes passwd (5) - the password file update-passwd (8) - safely update /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/groupword
root@ubuntu1604:~# man -k passwd chgpasswd (8) - update group passwords in batch mode chpasswd (8) - update passwords in batch mode fgetpwent_r (3) - get passwd file entry reentrantly getpwent_r (3) - get passwd file entry reentrantly gpasswd (1) - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - generate hashed password for GRUB pam_localuser (8) - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd passwd (1) - change user password passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes passwd (5) - the password file passwd2des (3) - RFS password encryption update-passwd (8) - safely update /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group
[root@centos7 ~]# man -k passwd chpasswd (8) - update passwords in batch mode fgetpwent_r (3) - get passwd file entry reentrantly getpwent_r (3) - get passwd file entry reentrantly gpasswd (1) - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - Generate a PBKDF2 password hash. kpasswd (1) - change a user's Kerberos password lpasswd (1) - Change group or user password lppasswd (1) - add, change, or delete digest passwords. pam_localuser (8) - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd passwd (1) - update user's authentication tokens sslpasswd (1ssl) - compute password hashes passwd (5) - password file passwd2des (3) - RFS password encryption pwhistory_helper (8) - Helper binary that transfers password hashes from passwd or shadow to ... smbpasswd (5) - The Samba encrypted password file smbpasswd (8) - change a user's SMB password userpasswd (1) - A graphical tool to allow users to change their passwords. vncpasswd (1) - change the VNC password
SLES12SP1:~ # man -k passwd chpasswd (8) - update passwords in batch mode Crypt::SmbHash (3pm) - Perl-only implementation of lanman and nt md4 hash functions, for use in... fgetpwent_r (3) - get passwd file entry reentrantly getpwent_r (3) - get passwd file entry reentrantly gpasswd (1) - administer /etc/group grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - generate hashed password for GRUB ldappasswd (1) - change the password of an LDAP entry lppasswd (1) - add, change, or delete digest passwords. opiepasswd (1) - Change or set a user's password for the OPIE authentication system. pam_localuser (8) - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd passwd (1) - change user password passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes passwd (5) - password file passwd2des (3) - RFS password encryption saslpasswd2 (8) - set a user's sasl password smbpasswd (5) - The Samba encrypted password file smbpasswd (8) - change a user's SMB password vncpasswd (1) - change the VNC password yppasswd (1) - change your password in the NIS database
Le résultat est une liste de commandes suivies par une description brève de celles-ci.
Important - Notez que les numéros entre parenthèses indiquent les sections disponibles.
Options de la commande
Les options de cette commande sont :
root@debian8:~# man --help
Usage: man [OPTION...] [SECTION] PAGE...
-C, --config-file=FILE use this user configuration file
-d, --debug emit debugging messages
-D, --default reset all options to their default values
--warnings[=WARNINGS] enable warnings from groff
Main modes of operation:
-f, --whatis equivalent to whatis
-k, --apropos equivalent to apropos
-K, --global-apropos search for text in all pages
-l, --local-file interpret PAGE argument(s) as local filename(s)
-w, --where, --path, --location
print physical location of man page(s)
-W, --where-cat, --location-cat
print physical location of cat file(s)
-c, --catman used by catman to reformat out of date cat pages
-R, --recode=ENCODING output source page encoded in ENCODING
Finding manual pages:
-L, --locale=LOCALE define the locale for this particular man search
-m, --systems=SYSTEM use manual pages from other systems
-M, --manpath=PATH set search path for manual pages to PATH
-S, -s, --sections=LIST use colon separated section list
-e, --extension=EXTENSION limit search to extension type EXTENSION
-i, --ignore-case look for pages case-insensitively (default)
-I, --match-case look for pages case-sensitively
--regex show all pages matching regex
--wildcard show all pages matching wildcard
--names-only make --regex and --wildcard match page names only,
not descriptions
-a, --all find all matching manual pages
-u, --update force a cache consistency check
--no-subpages don't try subpages, e.g. 'man foo bar' => 'man
foo-bar'
Controlling formatted output:
-P, --pager=PAGER use program PAGER to display output
-r, --prompt=STRING provide the `less' pager with a prompt
-7, --ascii display ASCII translation of certain latin1 chars
-E, --encoding=ENCODING use selected output encoding
--no-hyphenation, --nh turn off hyphenation
--no-justification, --nj turn off justification
-p, --preprocessor=STRING STRING indicates which preprocessors to run:
e - [n]eqn, p - pic, t - tbl,
g - grap, r - refer, v - vgrind
-t, --troff use groff to format pages
-T, --troff-device[=DEVICE] use groff with selected device
-H, --html[=BROWSER] use www-browser or BROWSER to display HTML output
-X, --gxditview[=RESOLUTION] use groff and display through gxditview
(X11):
-X = -TX75, -X100 = -TX100, -X100-12 = -TX100-12
-Z, --ditroff use groff and force it to produce ditroff
-?, --help give this help list
--usage give a short usage message
-V, --version print program version
Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
for any corresponding short options.
Report bugs to cjwatson@debian.org.
La Commande apropos
La commande apropos cherche dans la base de données whatis la chaine de caractères passée en argument à la commande. Sans option, la sortie obtenue est identique à la commande man -k :
root@debian8:~# apropos passwd chgpasswd (8) - update group passwords in batch mode chpasswd (8) - update passwords in batch mode exim4_passwd (5) - Files in use by the Debian exim4 packages exim4_passwd_client (5) - Files in use by the Debian exim4 packages gpasswd (1) - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - generate hashed password for GRUB lppasswd (1) - add, change, or delete digest passwords. mkpasswd (1) - Overfeatured front end to crypt(3) pam_localuser (8) - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd passwd (1) - change user password passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes passwd (5) - the password file update-passwd (8) - safely update /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group
root@ubuntu1604:~# apropos passwd chgpasswd (8) - update group passwords in batch mode chpasswd (8) - update passwords in batch mode fgetpwent_r (3) - get passwd file entry reentrantly getpwent_r (3) - get passwd file entry reentrantly gpasswd (1) - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - generate hashed password for GRUB pam_localuser (8) - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd passwd (1) - change user password passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes passwd (5) - the password file passwd2des (3) - RFS password encryption update-passwd (8) - safely update /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group
[root@centos7 ~]# apropos passwd chpasswd (8) - update passwords in batch mode fgetpwent_r (3) - get passwd file entry reentrantly getpwent_r (3) - get passwd file entry reentrantly gpasswd (1) - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - Generate a PBKDF2 password hash. kpasswd (1) - change a user's Kerberos password lpasswd (1) - Change group or user password lppasswd (1) - add, change, or delete digest passwords. pam_localuser (8) - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd passwd (1) - update user's authentication tokens sslpasswd (1ssl) - compute password hashes passwd (5) - password file passwd2des (3) - RFS password encryption pwhistory_helper (8) - Helper binary that transfers password hashes from passwd or shadow to ... smbpasswd (5) - The Samba encrypted password file smbpasswd (8) - change a user's SMB password userpasswd (1) - A graphical tool to allow users to change their passwords. vncpasswd (1) - change the VNC password
SLES12SP1:~ # apropos passwd chpasswd (8) - update passwords in batch mode Crypt::SmbHash (3pm) - Perl-only implementation of lanman and nt md4 hash functions, for use in... fgetpwent_r (3) - get passwd file entry reentrantly getpwent_r (3) - get passwd file entry reentrantly gpasswd (1) - administer /etc/group grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - generate hashed password for GRUB ldappasswd (1) - change the password of an LDAP entry lppasswd (1) - add, change, or delete digest passwords. opiepasswd (1) - Change or set a user's password for the OPIE authentication system. pam_localuser (8) - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd passwd (1) - change user password passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes passwd (5) - password file passwd2des (3) - RFS password encryption saslpasswd2 (8) - set a user's sasl password smbpasswd (5) - The Samba encrypted password file smbpasswd (8) - change a user's SMB password vncpasswd (1) - change the VNC password yppasswd (1) - change your password in the NIS database
Options de la commande
Les options de cette commande sont :
root@debian8:~# apropos --help
Usage: apropos [OPTION...] KEYWORD...
-d, --debug emit debugging messages
-v, --verbose print verbose warning messages
-e, --exact search each keyword for exact match
-r, --regex interpret each keyword as a regex
-w, --wildcard the keyword(s) contain wildcards
-a, --and require all keywords to match
-l, --long do not trim output to terminal width
-C, --config-file=FILE use this user configuration file
-L, --locale=LOCALE define the locale for this search
-m, --systems=SYSTEM use manual pages from other systems
-M, --manpath=PATH set search path for manual pages to PATH
-s, --sections=LIST, --section=LIST
search only these sections (colon-separated)
-?, --help give this help list
--usage give a short usage message
-V, --version print program version
Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
for any corresponding short options.
The --regex option is enabled by default.
Report bugs to cjwatson@debian.org.
Les Commandes makewhatis et whatis sous RHEL/CentOS 6.6
Chaque page de manuel contient une brève description. Ces descriptions ainsi que le nom du manuel sont stockés dans la base de données whatis.
Cette base de données peut être maintenue manuellement par root en invoquant l'exécutable /usr/bin/makewhatis.
L'utilisation de makewhatis est très simple :
[root@centos6 ~]# makewhatis
La commande whatis peut maintenant être utilisée pour identifier les sections des manuels disponibles pour une commande donnée :
[root@centos6 ~]# whatis passwd passwd (1) - update user's authentication tokens passwd (5) - password file passwd [sslpasswd] (1ssl) - compute password hashes
Options des commandes
Les options de la commande makewhatis sont :
[root@centos6 ~]# makewhatis --help
Usage: makewhatis [-s sections] [-u] [-v] [-w] [manpath] [-c [catpath]] [-o whatisdb]
This will build the whatis database for the man pages
found in manpath and the cat pages found in catpath.
-s: sections (default: 1 1p 8 2 3 3p 4 5 6 7 9 0p n l p o 1x 2x 3x 4x 5x 6x 7x 8x)
-u: update database with pages added today
-U: update database with pages added since last makewhatis run
-v: verbose
-o: location of whatis database (default: /var/cache/man/whatis)
-w: use manpath obtained from `man --path`
[manpath]: man directories (default: /usr/share/man)
[catpath]: cat directories (default: the first existing
directory in /usr/share/man)
Les options de la commande whatis sont :
[root@centos ~]# whatis --help usage: whatis keyword ...
Les Commandes mandb et whatis sous RHEL/CentOS 7, Debian 6, 7 et 8, SLES 11 et 12, Ubuntu 14.04 et 16.04
Sous RHEL/CentOS 7, Debian 6, 7 et 8, SLES 11 et 12, Ubuntu 14.04 et 16.04, la base de données peut être maintenue manuellement par root en invoquant l'exécutable /bin/mandb ou /usr/bin/mandb.
L'utilisation de mandb est très simple :
root@debian8:~# mandb Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ug... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ug... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/tr... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/tr... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/el... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/el... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ja... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ja... ... 0 man subdirectories contained newer manual pages. 0 manual pages were added. 0 stray cats were added. 0 old database entries were purged.
root@ubuntu1604:~# mandb Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/lv... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/lv... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/pt_BR... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/pt_BR... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/tr... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/tr... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ca... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ca... ... 0 man subdirectories contained newer manual pages. 0 manual pages were added. 0 stray cats were added. 0 old database entries were purged.
[root@centos7 ~]# mandb Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man... mandb: warning: /usr/share/man/man8/fsck.fat.8.manpage-fix.gz: ignoring bogus filename Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ca... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ca... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/cs... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/cs... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/da... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/da... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/de... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/de... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/en... ... 0 man subdirectories contained newer manual pages. 0 manual pages were added. 0 stray cats were added. 0 old database entries were purged.
SLES12SP1:~ # mandb mandb: warning: $MANPATH set, ignoring /etc/manpath.config Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ca... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ca... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/cs... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/cs... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/da... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/da... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/de... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/de... Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/es... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/es... ... 10 man subdirectories contained newer manual pages. 0 manual pages were added. 0 stray cats were added. 0 old database entries were purged.
La commande whatis peut maintenant être utilisée pour identifier les sections des manuels disponibles pour une commande donnée :
root@debian8:~# whatis passwd passwd (1) - change user password passwd (5) - the password file passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes
root@ubuntu1604:~# whatis passwd passwd (1) - change user password passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes passwd (5) - the password file
[root@centos7 ~]# whatis passwd sslpasswd (1ssl) - compute password hashes passwd (1) - update user's authentication tokens passwd (5) - password file
SLES12SP1:~ # whatis passwd passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes passwd (1) - change user password passwd (5) - password file
Options des commandes
Les options de la commande mandb sont :
root@debian8:~# mandb --help
Usage: mandb [OPTION...] [MANPATH]
-c, --create create dbs from scratch, rather than updating
-C, --config-file=FILE use this user configuration file
-d, --debug emit debugging messages
-f, --filename=FILENAME update just the entry for this filename
-p, --no-purge don't purge obsolete entries from the dbs
-q, --quiet work quietly, except for 'bogus' warning
-s, --no-straycats don't look for or add stray cats to the dbs
-t, --test check manual pages for correctness
-u, --user-db produce user databases only
-?, --help give this help list
--usage give a short usage message
-V, --version print program version
Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
for any corresponding short options.
Report bugs to cjwatson@debian.org.
Les options de la commande whatis sont :
root@debian8:~# whatis --help
Usage: whatis [OPTION...] KEYWORD...
-d, --debug emit debugging messages
-v, --verbose print verbose warning messages
-r, --regex interpret each keyword as a regex
-w, --wildcard the keyword(s) contain wildcards
-l, --long do not trim output to terminal width
-C, --config-file=FILE use this user configuration file
-L, --locale=LOCALE define the locale for this search
-m, --systems=SYSTEM use manual pages from other systems
-M, --manpath=PATH set search path for manual pages to PATH
-s, --sections=LIST, --section=LIST
search only these sections (colon-separated)
-?, --help give this help list
--usage give a short usage message
-V, --version print program version
Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
for any corresponding short options.
Report bugs to cjwatson@debian.org.
La Commande info
En plus du système des manuels, des informations concernant des exécutables peuvent être trouvées dans le système info. De l'information détaillée, des exemples et des tutoriels peuvent être absents du système des manuels. Pour cette raison le système info a été créé.
Dans le système info, de multiples pages d'informations concernant un exécutable, appelées nœuds, sont regroupées. La navigation entre nœuds est simple et utilise un système de liens hypertexte.
Afin de faciliter la navigation chaque page contient une entête qui inclut de l'information sur le nœud courant, le nœud parent, le nœud précédent et le nœud suivant. Pour naviguer entre les nœuds il convient d'utiliser les touches suivantes :
| Touch | Fonction |
|---|---|
| n | Nœud suivant. |
| p | Nœud précédent. |
| u | Nœud parent. |
| Espace | Défiler une page vers le bas. |
| Suppr | Défiler une page vers le haut. |
| b | Retour au début du nœud courant. |
| Tab ⇆ | Sélectionner le lien hypertexte suivant. |
| m <lien> | Aller au sous-nœud spécifié. En appuyant sur [Tab], on obtient la liste de tous les sous-nœuds. |
| ↵ Entrée | Suivre le lien hypertexte courant. Un lien hypertexte commence avec un astérisque et se termine avec le caractère :. |
| q | Quitter le système info. |
Pour accéder au premier nœud, utilisez la commande suivante :
root@debian8:~# info
...
File: dir, Node: Top This is the top of the INFO tree
This (the Directory node) gives a menu of major topics.
Typing "q" exits, "?" lists all Info commands, "d" returns here,
"h" gives a primer for first-timers,
"mEmacs<Return>" visits the Emacs manual, etc.
In Emacs, you can click mouse button 2 on a menu item or cross reference
to select it.
* Menu:
Basics
* Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions.
Access modes.
* Finding files: (find). Operating on files matching certain criteria.
Compression
* Gzip: (gzip). General (de)compression of files (lzw).
-----Info: (dir)Top, 197 lines --Top--------------------------------------------------------
Welcome to Info version 5.2. Type h for help, m for menu item.
root@ubuntu1604:~# info
...
File: dir, Node: Top, This is the top of the INFO tree.
This is the Info main menu (aka directory node).
A few useful Info commands:
'q' quits;
'?' lists all Info commands;
'h' starts the Info tutorial;
'mTexinfo RET' visits the Texinfo manual, etc.
* Menu:
Basics
* Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
* Ed: (ed). The GNU line editor
* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions.
Access modes.
* Finding files: (find). Operating on files matching certain criteria.
C++ libraries
-----Info: (dir)Top, 254 lines --Top-------------------------------------------------------
Welcome to Info version 6.1. Type H for help, h for tutorial.
[root@centos7 ~]# info
...
File: dir Node: Top This is the top of the INFO tree
This (the Directory node) gives a menu of major topics.
Typing "q" exits, "?" lists all Info commands, "d" returns here,
"h" gives a primer for first-timers,
"mEmacs<Return>" visits the Emacs topic, etc.
In Emacs, you can click mouse button 2 on a menu item or cross reference
to select it.
* Menu:
Archiving
* Cpio: (cpio). Copy-in-copy-out archiver to tape or disk.
* Tar: (tar). Making tape (or disk) archives.
Basics
* Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
* Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions.
Access modes.
-----Info: (dir)Top, 2027 lines --Top-----------------------------------------------------------
Welcome to Info version 5.1. Type h for help, m for menu item.
SLES12SP1:~ # info ... File: dir, Node: Top This is the top of the INFO tree This (the Directory node) gives a menu of major topics. Typing "q" exits, "?" lists all Info commands, "d" returns here, "h" gives a primer for first-timers, "mEmacs<Return>" visits the Emacs manual, etc. In Emacs, you can click mouse button 2 on a menu item or cross reference to select it. * Menu: Archiving * Cpio: (cpio). Copy-in-copy-out archiver to tape or disk. * Shar utilities: (sharutils). Shell archiver, uuencode/uudecode. * Tar: (tar). Making tape (or disk) archives. Basics * Bash: (bash). The GNU Bourne-Again SHell. * Common options: (coreutils)Common options. * Coreutils: (coreutils). Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities. * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats. -----Info: (dir)Top, 321 lines --Top-------------------------------------------------------------- Welcome to Info version 4.13. Type h for help, m for menu item.
Notez la différence de versions entre les distributions :
root@debian8:~# info -O --version info (GNU texinfo) 5.2 Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html> This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
root@ubuntu1604:~# info -O --version info (GNU texinfo) 6.1 Copyright (C) 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html> This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
[root@centos7 ~]# info -O --version info (GNU texinfo) 5.1 Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html> This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
SLES12SP1:~ # info -O --version info (GNU texinfo) 4.13 Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html> This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
Options de la commande
Les options de cette commande sont :
root@debian8:~# info --help
Usage: info [OPTION]... [MENU-ITEM...]
Read documentation in Info format.
Options:
-a, --all use all matching manuals.
-k, --apropos=STRING look up STRING in all indices of all manuals.
-d, --directory=DIR add DIR to INFOPATH.
--dribble=FILE remember user keystrokes in FILENAME.
-f, --file=MANUAL specify Info manual to visit.
-h, --help display this help and exit.
--index-search=STRING go to node pointed by index entry STRING.
-n, --node=NODENAME specify nodes in first visited Info file.
-o, --output=FILE output selected nodes to FILE.
-R, --raw-escapes output "raw" ANSI escapes (default).
--no-raw-escapes output escapes as literal text.
--restore=FILE read initial keystrokes from FILE.
-O, --show-options, --usage go to command-line options node.
--strict-node-location (for debugging) use Info file pointers as-is.
--subnodes recursively output menu items.
-v, --variable VAR=VALUE assign VALUE to Info variable VAR.
--vi-keys use vi-like and less-like key bindings.
--version display version information and exit.
-w, --where, --location print physical location of Info file.
-x, --debug=NUMBER set debugging level (-1 for all).
The first non-option argument, if present, is the menu entry to start from;
it is searched for in all `dir' files along INFOPATH.
If it is not present, info merges all `dir' files and shows the result.
Any remaining arguments are treated as the names of menu
items relative to the initial node visited.
For a summary of key bindings, type h within Info.
Examples:
info show top-level dir menu
info info show the general manual for Info readers
info info-stnd show the manual specific to this Info program
info emacs start at emacs node from top-level dir
info emacs buffers start at buffers node within emacs manual
info --show-options emacs start at node with emacs' command line options
info --subnodes -o out.txt emacs dump entire manual to out.txt
info -f ./foo.info show file ./foo.info, not searching dir
Email bug reports to bug-texinfo@gnu.org,
general questions and discussion to help-texinfo@gnu.org.
Texinfo home page: http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/
root@ubuntu1604:~# info --help
Usage: info [OPTION]... [MENU-ITEM...]
Read documentation in Info format.
Options:
-a, --all use all matching manuals.
-k, --apropos=STRING look up STRING in all indices of all manuals.
-d, --directory=DIR add DIR to INFOPATH.
--dribble=FILE remember user keystrokes in FILENAME.
-f, --file=MANUAL specify Info manual to visit.
-h, --help display this help and exit.
--index-search=STRING go to node pointed by index entry STRING.
-n, --node=NODENAME specify nodes in first visited Info file.
-o, --output=FILE output selected nodes to FILE.
-R, --raw-escapes output "raw" ANSI escapes (default).
--no-raw-escapes output escapes as literal text.
--restore=FILE read initial keystrokes from FILE.
-O, --show-options, --usage go to command-line options node.
--strict-node-location (for debugging) use Info file pointers as-is.
--subnodes recursively output menu items.
-v, --variable VAR=VALUE assign VALUE to Info variable VAR.
--vi-keys use vi-like and less-like key bindings.
--version display version information and exit.
-w, --where, --location print physical location of Info file.
-x, --debug=NUMBER set debugging level (-1 for all).
The first non-option argument, if present, is the menu entry to start from;
it is searched for in all 'dir' files along INFOPATH.
If it is not present, info merges all 'dir' files and shows the result.
Any remaining arguments are treated as the names of menu
items relative to the initial node visited.
For a summary of key bindings, type H within Info.
Examples:
info show top-level dir menu
info info show the general manual for Info readers
info info-stnd show the manual specific to this Info program
info emacs start at emacs node from top-level dir
info emacs buffers select buffers menu entry in emacs manual
info emacs -n Files start at Files node within emacs manual
info '(emacs)Files' alternative way to start at Files node
info --show-options emacs start at node with emacs' command line options
info --subnodes -o out.txt emacs dump entire manual to out.txt
info -f ./foo.info show file ./foo.info, not searching dir
Email bug reports to bug-texinfo@gnu.org,
general questions and discussion to help-texinfo@gnu.org.
Texinfo home page: http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/
[root@centos7 ~]# info --help
Usage: info [OPTION]... [MENU-ITEM...]
Read documentation in Info format.
Options:
-k, --apropos=STRING look up STRING in all indices of all manuals.
-d, --directory=DIR add DIR to INFOPATH.
--dribble=FILENAME remember user keystrokes in FILENAME.
-f, --file=FILENAME specify Info file to visit.
-h, --help display this help and exit.
--index-search=STRING go to node pointed by index entry STRING.
-n, --node=NODENAME specify nodes in first visited Info file.
-o, --output=FILENAME output selected nodes to FILENAME.
-R, --raw-escapes output "raw" ANSI escapes (default).
--no-raw-escapes output escapes as literal text.
--restore=FILENAME read initial keystrokes from FILENAME.
-O, --show-options, --usage go to command-line options node.
--strict-node-location (for debugging) use Info file pointers as-is.
--subnodes recursively output menu items.
--vi-keys use vi-like and less-like key bindings.
--version display version information and exit.
-w, --where, --location print physical location of Info file.
The first non-option argument, if present, is the menu entry to start from;
it is searched for in all `dir' files along INFOPATH.
If it is not present, info merges all `dir' files and shows the result.
Any remaining arguments are treated as the names of menu
items relative to the initial node visited.
For a summary of key bindings, type h within Info.
Examples:
info show top-level dir menu
info info show the general manual for Info readers
info info-stnd show the manual specific to this Info program
info emacs start at emacs node from top-level dir
info emacs buffers start at buffers node within emacs manual
info --show-options emacs start at node with emacs' command line options
info --subnodes -o out.txt emacs dump entire manual to out.txt
info -f ./foo.info show file ./foo.info, not searching dir
Email bug reports to bug-texinfo@gnu.org,
general questions and discussion to help-texinfo@gnu.org.
Texinfo home page: http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/
SLES12SP1:~ # info --help
Usage: info [OPTION]... [MENU-ITEM...]
Read documentation in Info format.
Options:
-k, --apropos=STRING look up STRING in all indices of all manuals.
-d, --directory=DIR add DIR to INFOPATH.
--dribble=FILENAME remember user keystrokes in FILENAME.
-f, --file=FILENAME specify Info file to visit.
-h, --help display this help and exit.
--index-search=STRING go to node pointed by index entry STRING.
-n, --node=NODENAME specify nodes in first visited Info file.
-o, --output=FILENAME output selected nodes to FILENAME.
-R, --raw-escapes output "raw" ANSI escapes (default).
--no-raw-escapes output escapes as literal text.
--restore=FILENAME read initial keystrokes from FILENAME.
-O, --show-options, --usage go to command-line options node.
--subnodes recursively output menu items.
--vi-keys use vi-like and less-like key bindings.
--version display version information and exit.
-w, --where, --location print physical location of Info file.
The first non-option argument, if present, is the menu entry to start from;
it is searched for in all `dir' files along INFOPATH.
If it is not present, info merges all `dir' files and shows the result.
Any remaining arguments are treated as the names of menu
items relative to the initial node visited.
For a summary of key bindings, type h within Info.
Examples:
info show top-level dir menu
info info show the general manual for Info readers
info info-stnd show the manual specific to this Info program
info emacs start at emacs node from top-level dir
info emacs buffers start at buffers node within emacs manual
info --show-options emacs start at node with emacs' command line options
info --subnodes -o out.txt emacs dump entire manual to out.txt
info -f ./foo.info show file ./foo.info, not searching dir
Email bug reports to bug-texinfo@gnu.org,
general questions and discussion to help-texinfo@gnu.org.
Texinfo home page: http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/
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Copyright © 2004-2017 Hugh Norris.<br><br> <a rel=“license” href=“http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/fr/”><img alt=“Licence Creative Commons” style=“border-width:0” src=“http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/3.0/fr/88x31.png” /></a><br />Ce(tte) oeuvre est mise à disposition selon les termes de la <a rel=“license” href=“http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/fr/”>Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 3.0 France</a>.
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