Version : 2024.01
Dernière mise-à-jour : 2024/11/28 08:58
La majorité des journaux du système et des applications se trouve dans le répertoire /var/log.
Important : Il est conseillé de déplacer le point de montage du répertoire /var/log sur une partition physique ou un volume logique à part. De cette façon, en cas de journalisation rapide trop bavarde la limite de la taille de ce répertoire est celle de la taille de la partition physique ou du volume logique. Si vous laissez ce répertoire dans la racine du système, il existe un risque à ce que les journaux grossissent si vite qu'ils occupent toute l'espace disque libre, créant ainsi un crash système.
Cette commande retourne les messages du noyau (Kernel Ring Buffer) stockés dans le fichier /var/log/dmesg lors du dernier démarrage du système :
[root@redhat9 ~]# dmesg | more [ 0.000000] Linux version 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (mockbuild@x86-64-02.build.eng.rdu2.redhat.com) (gcc (GCC) 11.4.1 20231218 (Red Hat 11.4.1-3), GNU ld version 2.35.2-43.el9) #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Fri Sep 13 12:41:50 EDT 2024 [ 0.000000] The list of certified hardware and cloud instances for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 can be viewed at the Red Hat Ecosystem Catalog, https://catalog.redhat.com. [ 0.000000] Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=(hd0,msdos1)/vmlinuz-5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/rhel-root ro crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M resume=/dev/mapper/rhel-swap rd.lvm.lv=rhel/r oot rd.lvm.lv=rhel/swap rhgb quiet [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x001: 'x87 floating point registers' [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x002: 'SSE registers' [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x004: 'AVX registers' [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]: 576, xstate_sizes[2]: 256 [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Enabled xstate features 0x7, context size is 832 bytes, using 'standard' format. [ 0.000000] signal: max sigframe size: 1776 [ 0.000000] BIOS-provided physical RAM map: [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009fc00-0x000000000009ffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x00000000bffd9fff] usable [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000bffda000-0x00000000bfffffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000feffc000-0x00000000feffffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fffc0000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000100000000-0x000000023fffffff] usable [ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active [ 0.000000] SMBIOS 2.8 present. [ 0.000000] DMI: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.1-0-g3208b098f51a-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014 [ 0.000000] Hypervisor detected: KVM [ 0.000000] kvm-clock: Using msrs 4b564d01 and 4b564d00 [ 0.000001] kvm-clock: using sched offset of 11342917026 cycles [ 0.000003] clocksource: kvm-clock: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x1cd42e4dffb, max_idle_ns: 881590591483 ns [ 0.000010] tsc: Detected 2099.998 MHz processor [ 0.001013] e820: update [mem 0x00000000-0x00000fff] usable ==> reserved [ 0.001016] e820: remove [mem 0x000a0000-0x000fffff] usable [ 0.001021] last_pfn = 0x240000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000 [ 0.001058] MTRR map: 4 entries (3 fixed + 1 variable; max 19), built from 8 variable MTRRs [ 0.001061] x86/PAT: Configuration [0-7]: WB WC UC- UC WB WP UC- WT [ 0.001103] last_pfn = 0xbffda max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000 [ 0.009594] found SMP MP-table at [mem 0x000f5bc0-0x000f5bcf] [ 0.009621] Using GB pages for direct mapping [ 0.009825] RAMDISK: [mem 0x3149c000-0x34a45fff] [ 0.009836] ACPI: Early table checksum verification disabled [ 0.009849] ACPI: RSDP 0x00000000000F5980 000014 (v00 BOCHS ) [ 0.009857] ACPI: RSDT 0x00000000BFFE300C 000038 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) [ 0.009870] ACPI: FACP 0x00000000BFFE2DDE 000074 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) [ 0.009876] ACPI: DSDT 0x00000000BFFDF040 003D9E (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) [ 0.009881] ACPI: FACS 0x00000000BFFDF000 000040 [ 0.009885] ACPI: APIC 0x00000000BFFE2E52 000090 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) [ 0.009889] ACPI: SSDT 0x00000000BFFE2EE2 0000CA (v01 BOCHS VMGENID 00000001 BXPC 00000001) [ 0.009893] ACPI: HPET 0x00000000BFFE2FAC 000038 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) [ 0.009898] ACPI: WAET 0x00000000BFFE2FE4 000028 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) [ 0.009901] ACPI: Reserving FACP table memory at [mem 0xbffe2dde-0xbffe2e51] [ 0.009902] ACPI: Reserving DSDT table memory at [mem 0xbffdf040-0xbffe2ddd] [ 0.009903] ACPI: Reserving FACS table memory at [mem 0xbffdf000-0xbffdf03f] [ 0.009904] ACPI: Reserving APIC table memory at [mem 0xbffe2e52-0xbffe2ee1] [ 0.009905] ACPI: Reserving SSDT table memory at [mem 0xbffe2ee2-0xbffe2fab] [ 0.009906] ACPI: Reserving HPET table memory at [mem 0xbffe2fac-0xbffe2fe3] [ 0.009906] ACPI: Reserving WAET table memory at [mem 0xbffe2fe4-0xbffe300b] [ 0.010241] No NUMA configuration found --More-- [q]
Les option de cette commande sont :
[root@redhat9 ~]# dmesg --help
Usage:
dmesg [options]
Display or control the kernel ring buffer.
Options:
-C, --clear clear the kernel ring buffer
-c, --read-clear read and clear all messages
-D, --console-off disable printing messages to console
-E, --console-on enable printing messages to console
-F, --file <file> use the file instead of the kernel log buffer
-f, --facility <list> restrict output to defined facilities
-H, --human human readable output
-k, --kernel display kernel messages
-L, --color[=<when>] colorize messages (auto, always or never)
colors are enabled by default
-l, --level <list> restrict output to defined levels
-n, --console-level <level> set level of messages printed to console
-P, --nopager do not pipe output into a pager
-p, --force-prefix force timestamp output on each line of multi-line messages
-r, --raw print the raw message buffer
--noescape don't escape unprintable character
-S, --syslog force to use syslog(2) rather than /dev/kmsg
-s, --buffer-size <size> buffer size to query the kernel ring buffer
-u, --userspace display userspace messages
-w, --follow wait for new messages
-W, --follow-new wait and print only new messages
-x, --decode decode facility and level to readable string
-d, --show-delta show time delta between printed messages
-e, --reltime show local time and time delta in readable format
-T, --ctime show human-readable timestamp (may be inaccurate!)
-t, --notime don't show any timestamp with messages
--time-format <format> show timestamp using the given format:
[delta|reltime|ctime|notime|iso]
Suspending/resume will make ctime and iso timestamps inaccurate.
--since <time> display the lines since the specified time
--until <time> display the lines until the specified time
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
Supported log facilities:
kern - kernel messages
user - random user-level messages
mail - mail system
daemon - system daemons
auth - security/authorization messages
syslog - messages generated internally by syslogd
lpr - line printer subsystem
news - network news subsystem
Supported log levels (priorities):
emerg - system is unusable
alert - action must be taken immediately
crit - critical conditions
err - error conditions
warn - warning conditions
notice - normal but significant condition
info - informational
debug - debug-level messages
For more details see dmesg(1).
Cette commande indique les dates et heures des connexions des utilisateurs à partir du contenu du fichier /var/log/wtmp :
[root@redhat9 ~]# last trainee pts/1 10.0.2.1 Sat Sep 28 08:43 still logged in trainee pts/0 10.0.2.1 Sat Sep 28 08:09 still logged in trainee pts/0 10.0.2.1 Fri Sep 27 08:02 - 17:23 (09:20) trainee pts/0 10.0.2.1 Fri Sep 27 07:49 - 08:02 (00:13) trainee pts/0 10.0.2.1 Thu Sep 26 12:20 - 15:44 (03:23) trainee pts/0 10.0.2.1 Wed Sep 25 12:47 - 17:31 (04:44) reboot system boot 5.14.0-427.37.1. Wed Sep 25 12:44 still running reboot system boot 5.14.0-427.37.1. Wed Sep 25 12:29 still running trainee pts/0 10.0.2.1 Wed Sep 25 11:35 - 12:29 (00:54) trainee pts/0 10.0.2.1 Wed Sep 25 10:14 - 10:50 (00:35) reboot system boot 5.14.0-284.11.1. Wed Sep 25 10:14 - 12:29 (02:15) trainee pts/1 10.0.2.99 Thu Oct 19 18:35 - 18:35 (00:00) trainee tty2 tty2 Thu Oct 19 18:28 - crash (341+15:45) trainee seat0 login screen Thu Oct 19 18:28 - crash (341+15:45) reboot system boot 5.14.0-284.11.1. Thu Oct 19 18:27 - 12:29 (341+18:02) wtmp begins Thu Oct 19 18:27:17 2023
Les option de cette commande sont :
[root@redhat9 ~]# last --help
Usage:
last [options] [<username>...] [<tty>...]
Show a listing of last logged in users.
Options:
-<number> how many lines to show
-a, --hostlast display hostnames in the last column
-d, --dns translate the IP number back into a hostname
-f, --file <file> use a specific file instead of /var/log/wtmp
-F, --fulltimes print full login and logout times and dates
-i, --ip display IP numbers in numbers-and-dots notation
-n, --limit <number> how many lines to show
-R, --nohostname don't display the hostname field
-s, --since <time> display the lines since the specified time
-t, --until <time> display the lines until the specified time
-p, --present <time> display who were present at the specified time
-w, --fullnames display full user and domain names
-x, --system display system shutdown entries and run level changes
--time-format <format> show timestamps in the specified <format>:
notime|short|full|iso
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see last(1).
Cette commande indique les dates et heures de la connexion au système la plus récente des utilisateurs :
[root@redhat9 ~]# lastlog Username Port From Latest root pts/1 Sat Sep 28 08:43:22 +0200 2024 bin **Never logged in** daemon **Never logged in** adm **Never logged in** lp **Never logged in** sync **Never logged in** shutdown **Never logged in** halt **Never logged in** mail **Never logged in** operator **Never logged in** games **Never logged in** ftp **Never logged in** nobody **Never logged in** systemd-coredump **Never logged in** dbus **Never logged in** polkitd **Never logged in** avahi **Never logged in** tss **Never logged in** colord **Never logged in** clevis **Never logged in** rtkit **Never logged in** sssd **Never logged in** geoclue **Never logged in** libstoragemgmt **Never logged in** systemd-oom **Never logged in** setroubleshoot **Never logged in** pipewire **Never logged in** flatpak **Never logged in** gdm tty1 Thu Sep 26 14:55:01 +0200 2024 cockpit-ws **Never logged in** cockpit-wsinstance **Never logged in** gnome-initial-setup **Never logged in** sshd **Never logged in** chrony **Never logged in** dnsmasq **Never logged in** tcpdump **Never logged in** trainee pts/1 10.0.2.1 Sat Sep 28 08:43:17 +0200 2024 apache **Never logged in** fenestros2 pts/0 Fri Sep 27 14:22:01 +0200 2024 fenestros1 **Never logged in**
Les option de cette commande sont :
[root@redhat9 ~]# lastlog --help Usage: lastlog [options] Options: -b, --before DAYS print only lastlog records older than DAYS -C, --clear clear lastlog record of an user (usable only with -u) -h, --help display this help message and exit -R, --root CHROOT_DIR directory to chroot into -S, --set set lastlog record to current time (usable only with -u) -t, --time DAYS print only lastlog records more recent than DAYS -u, --user LOGIN print lastlog record of the specified LOGIN
Cette commande indique les dates et heures des connexions infructueuses des utilisateurs à partir du contenu du fichier /var/log/btmp :
[root@redhat9 ~]# lastb root pts/0 Wed Sep 25 11:41 - 11:41 (00:00) root pts/0 Thu Oct 19 18:29 - 18:29 (00:00) btmp begins Thu Oct 19 18:29:22 2023
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@redhat9 ~]# lastb --help
Usage:
lastb [options] [<username>...] [<tty>...]
Show a listing of last logged in users.
Options:
-<number> how many lines to show
-a, --hostlast display hostnames in the last column
-d, --dns translate the IP number back into a hostname
-f, --file <file> use a specific file instead of /var/log/btmp
-F, --fulltimes print full login and logout times and dates
-i, --ip display IP numbers in numbers-and-dots notation
-n, --limit <number> how many lines to show
-R, --nohostname don't display the hostname field
-s, --since <time> display the lines since the specified time
-t, --until <time> display the lines until the specified time
-p, --present <time> display who were present at the specified time
-w, --fullnames display full user and domain names
-x, --system display system shutdown entries and run level changes
--time-format <format> show timestamps in the specified <format>:
notime|short|full|iso
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see last(1).
Sous RHEL 9 ce fichier contient la journalisation des opérations de gestion des authentifications :
[root@redhat9 ~]# tail -n 15 /var/log/secure Sep 27 14:08:31 redhat9 passwd[10515]: gkr-pam: couldn't update the login keyring password: no old password was entered Sep 27 14:21:40 redhat9 su[10537]: pam_unix(su:session): session opened for user fenestros2(uid=1001) by trainee(uid=0) Sep 27 14:21:50 redhat9 su[10537]: pam_unix(su:session): session closed for user fenestros2 Sep 27 14:22:01 redhat9 su[10561]: pam_unix(su-l:session): session opened for user fenestros2(uid=1001) by trainee(uid=0) Sep 27 14:23:49 redhat9 su[10561]: pam_unix(su-l:session): session closed for user fenestros2 Sep 27 17:23:32 redhat9 sshd[9392]: Received disconnect from 10.0.2.1 port 37560:11: disconnected by user Sep 27 17:23:32 redhat9 sshd[9392]: Disconnected from user trainee 10.0.2.1 port 37560 Sep 27 17:23:32 redhat9 sshd[9357]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session closed for user trainee Sep 27 17:23:32 redhat9 su[10062]: pam_unix(su-l:session): session closed for user root Sep 28 08:09:13 redhat9 sshd[11965]: Accepted password for trainee from 10.0.2.1 port 42238 ssh2 Sep 28 08:09:13 redhat9 systemd[11972]: pam_unix(systemd-user:session): session opened for user trainee(uid=1000) by trainee(uid=0) Sep 28 08:09:13 redhat9 sshd[11965]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user trainee(uid=1000) by trainee(uid=0) Sep 28 08:43:17 redhat9 sshd[12053]: Accepted password for trainee from 10.0.2.1 port 33994 ssh2 Sep 28 08:43:17 redhat9 sshd[12053]: pam_unix(sshd:session): session opened for user trainee(uid=1000) by trainee(uid=0) Sep 28 08:43:22 redhat9 su[12102]: pam_unix(su-l:session): session opened for user root(uid=0) by trainee(uid=1000)
Ce fichier contient les messages du système d'audit, appelés des événements. Le système audit est installé par défaut dans RHEL 9 par le paquet audit. Le système audit collectionne des informations telles :
Consultez maintenant le fichier /var/log/audit.log :
[root@redhat9 ~]# tail -n 15 /var/log/audit/audit.log type=CRYPTO_KEY_USER msg=audit(1727528067.947:1046): pid=12618 uid=0 auid=1000 ses=14 subj=system_u:system_r:sshd_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=destroy kind=server fp=SHA256:93:f7:28:a0:3a:d4:ca:78:e9:ac:1a:21:98:58:c9:77:6d:88:8b:6c:65:09:71:5d:4c:7b:7f:1c:05:e9:0c:4e direction=? spid=12618 suid=0 exe="/usr/sbin/sshd" hostname=? addr=? terminal=? res=success'UID="root" AUID="trainee" SUID="root" type=CRED_ACQ msg=audit(1727528067.948:1047): pid=12618 uid=0 auid=1000 ses=14 subj=system_u:system_r:sshd_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:setcred grantors=pam_localuser,pam_unix acct="trainee" exe="/usr/sbin/sshd" hostname=10.0.2.1 addr=10.0.2.1 terminal=ssh res=success'UID="root" AUID="trainee" type=USER_LOGIN msg=audit(1727528067.994:1048): pid=12613 uid=0 auid=1000 ses=14 subj=system_u:system_r:sshd_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=login id=1000 exe="/usr/sbin/sshd" hostname=? addr=10.0.2.1 terminal=/dev/pts/1 res=success'UID="root" AUID="trainee" ID="trainee" type=USER_START msg=audit(1727528067.994:1049): pid=12613 uid=0 auid=1000 ses=14 subj=system_u:system_r:sshd_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=login id=1000 exe="/usr/sbin/sshd" hostname=? addr=10.0.2.1 terminal=/dev/pts/1 res=success'UID="root" AUID="trainee" ID="trainee" type=CRYPTO_KEY_USER msg=audit(1727528067.996:1050): pid=12613 uid=0 auid=1000 ses=14 subj=system_u:system_r:sshd_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=destroy kind=server fp=SHA256:93:f7:28:a0:3a:d4:ca:78:e9:ac:1a:21:98:58:c9:77:6d:88:8b:6c:65:09:71:5d:4c:7b:7f:1c:05:e9:0c:4e direction=? spid=12628 suid=1000 exe="/usr/sbin/sshd" hostname=? addr=? terminal=? res=success'UID="root" AUID="trainee" SUID="trainee" type=BPF msg=audit(1727528068.011:1051): prog-id=189 op=LOAD type=BPF msg=audit(1727528068.011:1052): prog-id=190 op=LOAD type=SERVICE_START msg=audit(1727528068.076:1053): pid=1 uid=0 auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 subj=system_u:system_r:init_t:s0 msg='unit=systemd-hostnamed comm="systemd" exe="/usr/lib/systemd/systemd" hostname=? addr=? terminal=? res=success'UID="root" AUID="unset" type=USER_AUTH msg=audit(1727528075.273:1054): pid=12662 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=14 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:authentication grantors=pam_unix acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/su" hostname=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/1 res=success'UID="trainee" AUID="trainee" type=USER_ACCT msg=audit(1727528075.276:1055): pid=12662 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=14 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:accounting grantors=pam_unix,pam_localuser acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/su" hostname=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/1 res=success'UID="trainee" AUID="trainee" type=CRED_ACQ msg=audit(1727528075.277:1056): pid=12662 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=14 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:setcred grantors=pam_unix acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/su" hostname=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/1 res=success'UID="trainee" AUID="trainee" type=USER_START msg=audit(1727528075.281:1057): pid=12662 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=14 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:session_open grantors=pam_keyinit,pam_keyinit,pam_limits,pam_systemd,pam_unix,pam_umask,pam_xauth acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/su" hostname=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/1 res=success'UID="trainee" AUID="trainee" type=SERVICE_STOP msg=audit(1727528105.326:1058): pid=1 uid=0 auid=4294967295 ses=4294967295 subj=system_u:system_r:init_t:s0 msg='unit=systemd-hostnamed comm="systemd" exe="/usr/lib/systemd/systemd" hostname=? addr=? terminal=? res=success'UID="root" AUID="unset" type=BPF msg=audit(1727528105.369:1059): prog-id=190 op=UNLOAD type=BPF msg=audit(1727528105.369:1060): prog-id=189 op=UNLOAD
La gestion des événements audit se repose sur trois exécutables :
Cet exécutable est le daemon du système audit. Il est responsable de l’écriture des enregistrements audit sur disque. Son fichier de configuration est le /etc/audit/auditd.conf :
[root@redhat9 ~]# cat /etc/audit/auditd.conf # # This file controls the configuration of the audit daemon # local_events = yes write_logs = yes log_file = /var/log/audit/audit.log log_group = root log_format = ENRICHED flush = INCREMENTAL_ASYNC freq = 50 max_log_file = 8 num_logs = 5 priority_boost = 4 name_format = NONE ##name = mydomain max_log_file_action = ROTATE space_left = 75 space_left_action = SYSLOG verify_email = yes action_mail_acct = root admin_space_left = 50 admin_space_left_action = SUSPEND disk_full_action = SUSPEND disk_error_action = SUSPEND use_libwrap = yes ##tcp_listen_port = 60 tcp_listen_queue = 5 tcp_max_per_addr = 1 ##tcp_client_ports = 1024-65535 tcp_client_max_idle = 0 transport = TCP krb5_principal = auditd ##krb5_key_file = /etc/audit/audit.key distribute_network = no q_depth = 2000 overflow_action = SYSLOG max_restarts = 10 plugin_dir = /etc/audit/plugins.d end_of_event_timeout = 2
Les option de cette commande sont :
[root@redhat9 ~]# auditd --help auditd: unrecognized option '--help' Usage: auditd [-f] [-l] [-n] [-s disable|enable|nochange] [-c <config_file>]
Cet exécutable est utilisé pour configurer les règles du système audit. Au démarrage, auditctl lit et applique les règles contunues dans le fichier /etc/audit/audit.rules :
[root@redhat9 ~]# cat /etc/audit/audit.rules ## This file is automatically generated from /etc/audit/rules.d -D -b 8192 -f 1 --backlog_wait_time 60000 [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /etc/audit/rules.d total 4 -rw-------. 1 root root 244 Oct 19 2023 audit.rules [root@redhat9 ~]# cat /etc/audit/rules.d/audit.rules ## First rule - delete all -D ## Increase the buffers to survive stress events. ## Make this bigger for busy systems -b 8192 ## This determine how long to wait in burst of events --backlog_wait_time 60000 ## Set failure mode to syslog -f 1
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@redhat9 ~]# auditctl -h
usage: auditctl [options]
-a <l,a> Append rule to end of <l>ist with <a>ction
-A <l,a> Add rule at beginning of <l>ist with <a>ction
-b <backlog> Set max number of outstanding audit buffers
allowed Default=64
-c Continue through errors in rules
-C f=f Compare collected fields if available:
Field name, operator(=,!=), field name
-d <l,a> Delete rule from <l>ist with <a>ction
l=task,exit,user,exclude,filesystem
a=never,always
-D Delete all rules and watches
-e [0..2] Set enabled flag
-f [0..2] Set failure flag
0=silent 1=printk 2=panic
-F f=v Build rule: field name, operator(=,!=,<,>,<=,
>=,&,&=) value
-h Help
-i Ignore errors when reading rules from file
-k <key> Set filter key on audit rule
-l List rules
-m text Send a user-space message
-p [r|w|x|a] Set permissions filter on watch
r=read, w=write, x=execute, a=attribute
-q <mount,subtree> make subtree part of mount point's dir watches
-r <rate> Set limit in messages/sec (0=none)
-R <file> read rules from file
-s Report status
-S syscall Build rule: syscall name or number
--signal <signal> Send the specified signal to the daemon
-t Trim directory watches
-v Version
-w <path> Insert watch at <path>
-W <path> Remove watch at <path>
--loginuid-immutable Make loginuids unchangeable once set
--backlog_wait_time Set the kernel backlog_wait_time
--reset-lost Reset the lost record counter
--reset_backlog_wait_time_actual Reset the actual backlog wait time counter
There was an error while processing parameters
La consultation des événements audit se fait en utilisant les commandes ausearch et aureport :
Cette commande est utilisée pour générer des rapports :
[root@redhat9 ~]# aureport Summary Report ====================== Range of time in logs: 10/19/2023 18:27:19.140 - 09/28/2024 14:57:20.231 Selected time for report: 10/19/2023 18:27:19 - 09/28/2024 14:57:20.231 Number of changes in configuration: 72 Number of changes to accounts, groups, or roles: 30 Number of logins: 12 Number of failed logins: 0 Number of authentications: 43 Number of failed authentications: 11 Number of users: 4 Number of terminals: 9 Number of host names: 4 Number of executables: 21 Number of commands: 11 Number of files: 0 Number of AVC's: 0 Number of MAC events: 41 Number of failed syscalls: 0 Number of anomaly events: 0 Number of responses to anomaly events: 0 Number of crypto events: 104 Number of integrity events: 0 Number of virt events: 0 Number of keys: 0 Number of process IDs: 158 Number of events: 2567
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@redhat9 ~]# aureport --help
usage: aureport [options]
-a,--avc Avc report
-au,--auth Authentication report
--comm Commands run report
-c,--config Config change report
-cr,--crypto Crypto report
--debug Write malformed events that are skipped to stderr
--eoe-timeout secs End of Event Timeout
-e,--event Event report
--escape option Escape output
-f,--file File name report
--failed only failed events in report
-h,--host Remote Host name report
--help help
-i,--interpret Interpretive mode
-if,--input <Input File name> use this file as input
--input-logs Use the logs even if stdin is a pipe
--integrity Integrity event report
-k,--key Key report
-l,--login Login report
-m,--mods Modification to accounts report
-ma,--mac Mandatory Access Control (MAC) report
-n,--anomaly aNomaly report
-nc,--no-config Don't include config events
--node <node name> Only events from a specific node
-p,--pid Pid report
-r,--response Response to anomaly report
-s,--syscall Syscall report
--success only success events in report
--summary sorted totals for main object in report
-t,--log Log time range report
-te,--end [end date] [end time] ending date & time for reports
-tm,--terminal TerMinal name report
-ts,--start [start date] [start time] starting data & time for reports
--tty Report about tty keystrokes
-u,--user User name report
-v,--version Version
--virt Virtualization report
-x,--executable eXecutable name report
If no report is given, the summary report will be displayed
Cette commande est utilisée pour rechercher des événements. Par exemple, pour rechercher les événements liés à un utilisateur représenté par son UID :
[root@redhat9 ~]# ausearch -ui 1000 | more ---- time->Thu Oct 19 18:29:20 2023 type=USER_AUTH msg=audit(1697732960.285:140): pid=6261 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=3 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:authentication grantors=? acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/su" hos tname=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/0 res=failed' ---- time->Thu Oct 19 18:29:31 2023 type=USER_AUTH msg=audit(1697732971.707:144): pid=6294 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=3 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:authentication grantors=pam_unix acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/ su" hostname=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/0 res=success' ---- time->Thu Oct 19 18:29:31 2023 type=USER_ACCT msg=audit(1697732971.746:145): pid=6294 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=3 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:accounting grantors=pam_unix,pam_localuser acct="root" exe= "/usr/bin/su" hostname=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/0 res=success' ---- time->Thu Oct 19 18:29:31 2023 type=CRED_ACQ msg=audit(1697732971.747:146): pid=6294 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=3 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:setcred grantors=pam_unix acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/su" host name=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/0 res=success' ---- time->Thu Oct 19 18:29:31 2023 type=USER_START msg=audit(1697732971.835:147): pid=6294 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=3 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:session_open grantors=pam_keyinit,pam_keyinit,pam_limits,p am_systemd,pam_unix,pam_umask,pam_xauth acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/su" hostname=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/0 res=success' ---- time->Thu Oct 19 18:35:21 2023 type=USER_AUTH msg=audit(1697733321.865:218): pid=6500 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=6 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:authentication grantors=pam_unix acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/ su" hostname=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/1 res=success' ---- time->Thu Oct 19 18:35:21 2023 type=USER_ACCT msg=audit(1697733321.905:219): pid=6500 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=6 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:accounting grantors=pam_unix,pam_localuser acct="root" exe= "/usr/bin/su" hostname=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/1 res=success' ---- time->Thu Oct 19 18:35:21 2023 type=CRED_ACQ msg=audit(1697733321.905:220): pid=6500 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=6 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:setcred grantors=pam_unix acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/su" host name=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/1 res=success' ---- time->Thu Oct 19 18:35:21 2023 type=USER_START msg=audit(1697733321.909:221): pid=6500 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=6 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:session_open grantors=pam_keyinit,pam_keyinit,pam_limits,p am_systemd,pam_unix,pam_umask,pam_xauth acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/su" hostname=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/1 res=success' ---- time->Thu Oct 19 18:35:40 2023 type=USER_END msg=audit(1697733340.703:222): pid=6500 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=6 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:session_close grantors=pam_keyinit,pam_keyinit,pam_limits,pa m_systemd,pam_unix,pam_umask,pam_xauth acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/su" hostname=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/1 res=success' ---- time->Thu Oct 19 18:35:40 2023 type=CRED_DISP msg=audit(1697733340.704:223): pid=6500 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=6 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:setcred grantors=pam_unix acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/su" hos tname=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/1 res=success' ---- time->Wed Sep 25 10:15:06 2024 type=USER_AUTH msg=audit(1727252106.538:115): pid=1963 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=2 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:authentication grantors=pam_unix acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/ su" hostname=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/0 res=success' ---- time->Wed Sep 25 10:15:06 2024 type=USER_ACCT msg=audit(1727252106.579:116): pid=1963 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=2 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:accounting grantors=pam_unix,pam_localuser acct="root" exe= "/usr/bin/su" hostname=? addr=? terminal=/dev/pts/0 res=success' ---- time->Wed Sep 25 10:15:06 2024 type=CRED_ACQ msg=audit(1727252106.579:117): pid=1963 uid=1000 auid=1000 ses=2 subj=unconfined_u:unconfined_r:unconfined_t:s0-s0:c0.c1023 msg='op=PAM:setcred grantors=pam_unix acct="root" exe="/usr/bin/su" host --More-- [q]
Les options de cette commande sont :
[root@redhat9 ~]# ausearch --help
usage: ausearch [options]
-a,--event <Audit event id> search based on audit event id
--arch <CPU> search based on the CPU architecture
-c,--comm <Comm name> search based on command line name
--checkpoint <checkpoint file> search from last complete event
--debug Write malformed events that are skipped to stderr
-e,--exit <Exit code or errno> search based on syscall exit code
-escape <option> escape output
--eoe-timeout secs End of Event timeout
--extra-keys add a final column with key information
--extra-labels add columns of information about subject and object labels
--extra-obj2 add columns of information about a second object
--extra-time add columns of information about broken down time
-f,--file <File name> search based on file name
--format [raw|default|interpret|csv|text] results format options
-ga,--gid-all <all Group id> search based on All group ids
-ge,--gid-effective <effective Group id> search based on Effective
group id
-gi,--gid <Group Id> search based on group id
-h,--help help
-hn,--host <Host Name> search based on remote host name
-i,--interpret Interpret results to be human readable
-if,--input <Input File name> use this file instead of current logs
--input-logs Use the logs even if stdin is a pipe
--just-one Emit just one event
-k,--key <key string> search based on key field
-l, --line-buffered Flush output on every line
-m,--message <Message type> search based on message type
-n,--node <Node name> search based on machine's name
-o,--object <SE Linux Object context> search based on context of object
-p,--pid <Process id> search based on process id
-pp,--ppid <Parent Process id> search based on parent process id
-r,--raw output is completely unformatted
-sc,--syscall <SysCall name> search based on syscall name or number
-se,--context <SE Linux context> search based on either subject or
object
--session <login session id> search based on login session id
-su,--subject <SE Linux context> search based on context of the Subject
-sv,--success <Success Value> search based on syscall or event
success value
-te,--end [end date] [end time] ending date & time for search
-ts,--start [start date] [start time] starting date & time for search
-tm,--terminal <TerMinal> search based on terminal
-ua,--uid-all <all User id> search based on All user id's
-ue,--uid-effective <effective User id> search based on Effective
user id
-ui,--uid <User Id> search based on user id
-ul,--loginuid <login id> search based on the User's Login id
-uu,--uuid <guest UUID> search for events related to the virtual
machine with the given UUID.
-v,--version version
-vm,--vm-name <guest name> search for events related to the virtual
machine with the name.
-w,--word string matches are whole word
-x,--executable <executable name> search based on executable name
Important : Pour plus d'information concernant le système audit, consultez les manuels de auditd, auditctl, audispd, aureport et ausearch.
Ce fichier contient la plupart des messages du système :
[root@redhat9 ~]# tail -n 15 /var/log/messages Sep 28 13:33:57 redhat9 systemd[1]: dnf-makecache.service: Consumed 1.476s CPU time. Sep 28 13:35:04 redhat9 cupsd[5736]: REQUEST localhost - - "POST / HTTP/1.1" 200 182 Renew-Subscription successful-ok Sep 28 14:33:24 redhat9 cupsd[5736]: REQUEST localhost - - "POST / HTTP/1.1" 200 182 Renew-Subscription successful-ok Sep 28 14:54:27 redhat9 systemd-logind[5671]: New session 14 of user trainee. Sep 28 14:54:27 redhat9 systemd[1]: Started Session 14 of User trainee. Sep 28 14:54:28 redhat9 systemd[1]: Starting Hostname Service... Sep 28 14:54:28 redhat9 systemd[1]: Started Hostname Service. Sep 28 14:54:35 redhat9 su[12662]: (to root) trainee on pts/1 Sep 28 14:55:05 redhat9 systemd[1]: systemd-hostnamed.service: Deactivated successfully. Sep 28 14:57:20 redhat9 systemd[1]: Starting Cleanup of Temporary Directories... Sep 28 14:57:20 redhat9 systemd[1]: systemd-tmpfiles-clean.service: Deactivated successfully. Sep 28 14:57:20 redhat9 systemd[1]: Finished Cleanup of Temporary Directories. Sep 28 14:57:20 redhat9 systemd[1]: run-credentials-systemd\x2dtmpfiles\x2dclean.service.mount: Deactivated successfully. Sep 28 15:02:37 redhat9 systemd[5851]: Starting Cleanup of User's Temporary Files and Directories... Sep 28 15:02:37 redhat9 systemd[5851]: Finished Cleanup of User's Temporary Files and Directories.
Certaines applications consignent leurs journaux dans des répertoires spécifiques. Par exemple :
[root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /var/log total 1952 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Oct 19 2023 anaconda drwx------. 2 root root 23 Nov 8 2023 audit -rw-------. 1 root root 0 Sep 26 00:00 boot.log -rw-------. 1 root root 68528 Sep 26 00:00 boot.log-20240926 -rw-rw----. 1 root utmp 768 Sep 25 11:41 btmp drwxr-x---. 2 chrony chrony 6 Jan 23 2024 chrony -rw-------. 1 root root 31832 Sep 28 15:01 cron drwxr-xr-x. 2 lp sys 57 Jun 19 11:00 cups -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 150441 Sep 28 13:33 dnf.librepo.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 672698 Sep 28 13:33 dnf.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 96613 Sep 28 13:33 dnf.rpm.log -rw-r-----. 1 root root 0 Oct 19 2023 firewalld drwx--x--x. 2 root gdm 6 Jan 18 2024 gdm -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4440 Sep 28 14:39 hawkey.log drwx------. 2 root root 41 Sep 26 15:01 httpd drwx------. 2 root root 6 Feb 15 2024 insights-client -rw-------. 1 root root 3942 Sep 26 14:55 kdump.log -rw-rw-r--. 1 root utmp 293168 Sep 28 14:54 lastlog -rw-------. 1 root root 0 Oct 19 2023 maillog -rw-------. 1 root root 875426 Sep 28 15:02 messages drwx------. 2 root root 6 Oct 19 2023 private drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 15 09:40 qemu-ga lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 39 Oct 19 2023 README -> ../../usr/share/doc/systemd/README.logs drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 43 Jan 18 2024 rhsm drwx------. 3 root root 17 May 1 21:13 samba -rw-------. 1 root root 28327 Sep 28 14:54 secure drwx------. 2 root root 6 Aug 11 2021 speech-dispatcher -rw-------. 1 root root 0 Oct 19 2023 spooler drwxr-x---. 2 sssd sssd 26 May 17 03:59 sssd -rw-------. 1 root root 0 Oct 19 2023 tallylog drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 23 Feb 22 2024 tuned -rw-rw-r--. 1 root utmp 12288 Sep 28 14:54 wtmp
rsyslog, le successeur de syslog, centralise les journaux du système grâce au daemon rsyslog.
rsyslog apporte des améliorations par rapport à syslogd :
Les messages de journalisation envoyés à rsyslog sont marqués avec un Sous-système applicatif et une Priorité. Le binôme Sous-système applicatif/Priorité s'appelle un Sélecteur.
rsyslog décide ensuite de l'action à entreprendre concernant les informations transmises :
Sous RHEL 9, le daemon rsyslog est configuré par l'édition du fichier /etc/sysconfig/rsyslog :
[root@redhat9 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/rsyslog # Options for rsyslogd # Syslogd options are deprecated since rsyslog v3. # If you want to use them, switch to compatibility mode 2 by "-c 2" # See rsyslogd(8) for more details SYSLOGD_OPTIONS=""
L'option -c de la directive SYSLOGD_OPTIONS spécifie le niveau de compatibilité avec les anciennes versions de rsyslog ainsi qu'avec son prédécesseur syslogd :
| Directive | Version |
|---|---|
| SYSLOGD_OPTIONS=“-c 4” | Mode natif - aucune compatibilité |
| SYSLOGD_OPTIONS=“-c 2” | rsyslog V2 - mode compatibilité |
| SYSLOGD_OPTIONS=“-c 0” | syslogd |
La Priorité permet d'indiquer à rsyslog l'importance des informations :
| Niveau | Priorité | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | emerg/panic | Système inutilisable |
| 1 | alert | Action immédiate requise |
| 2 | crit | Condition critique atteinte |
| 3 | err/error | Erreurs rencontrées |
| 4 | warning/warn | Avertissements présentés |
| 5 | notice | Condition normale - message important |
| 6 | info | Condition normale - message simple |
| 7 | debug | Condition normale - message de débogage |
Le Sous-système applicatif, aussi appelé facility, permet d'indiquer à rsyslog le type de programme qui envoie les informations :
| Fonction | Description |
|---|---|
| auth/auth-priv | Message de sécurité / autorisation |
| cron | Message de cron ou at |
| daemon | Message d'un daemon |
| kern | Message du noyau |
| lpr | Message du système d'impression |
| Message du système de mail | |
| news | Message du système de news |
| syslog | Message interne de rsyslogd |
| user | Message utilisateur |
| uucp | Message du système UUCP |
| local0 - local7 | Réservés pour des utilisations locales |
rsyslog est configuré par le fichier /etc/rsyslog.conf :
[root@redhat9 ~]# cat /etc/rsyslog.conf
# rsyslog configuration file
# For more information see /usr/share/doc/rsyslog-*/rsyslog_conf.html
# or latest version online at http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/rsyslog_conf.html
# If you experience problems, see http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/troubleshoot.html
#### GLOBAL DIRECTIVES ####
# Where to place auxiliary files
global(workDirectory="/var/lib/rsyslog")
# Use default timestamp format
module(load="builtin:omfile" Template="RSYSLOG_TraditionalFileFormat")
#### MODULES ####
module(load="imuxsock" # provides support for local system logging (e.g. via logger command)
SysSock.Use="off") # Turn off message reception via local log socket;
# local messages are retrieved through imjournal now.
module(load="imjournal" # provides access to the systemd journal
UsePid="system" # PID nummber is retrieved as the ID of the process the journal entry originates from
FileCreateMode="0644" # Set the access permissions for the state file
StateFile="imjournal.state") # File to store the position in the journal
#module(load="imklog") # reads kernel messages (the same are read from journald)
#module(load="immark") # provides --MARK-- message capability
# Include all config files in /etc/rsyslog.d/
include(file="/etc/rsyslog.d/*.conf" mode="optional")
# Provides UDP syslog reception
# for parameters see http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/imudp.html
#module(load="imudp") # needs to be done just once
#input(type="imudp" port="514")
# Provides TCP syslog reception
# for parameters see http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/imtcp.html
#module(load="imtcp") # needs to be done just once
#input(type="imtcp" port="514")
#### RULES ####
# Log all kernel messages to the console.
# Logging much else clutters up the screen.
#kern.* /dev/console
# Log anything (except mail) of level info or higher.
# Don't log private authentication messages!
*.info;mail.none;authpriv.none;cron.none /var/log/messages
# The authpriv file has restricted access.
authpriv.* /var/log/secure
# Log all the mail messages in one place.
mail.* -/var/log/maillog
# Log cron stuff
cron.* /var/log/cron
# Everybody gets emergency messages
*.emerg :omusrmsg:*
# Save news errors of level crit and higher in a special file.
uucp,news.crit /var/log/spooler
# Save boot messages also to boot.log
local7.* /var/log/boot.log
# ### sample forwarding rule ###
#action(type="omfwd"
# # An on-disk queue is created for this action. If the remote host is
# # down, messages are spooled to disk and sent when it is up again.
#queue.filename="fwdRule1" # unique name prefix for spool files
#queue.maxdiskspace="1g" # 1gb space limit (use as much as possible)
#queue.saveonshutdown="on" # save messages to disk on shutdown
#queue.type="LinkedList" # run asynchronously
#action.resumeRetryCount="-1" # infinite retries if host is down
# # Remote Logging (we use TCP for reliable delivery)
# # remote_host is: name/ip, e.g. 192.168.0.1, port optional e.g. 10514
#Target="remote_host" Port="XXX" Protocol="tcp")
Ce fichier est divisé en 3 parties :
Depuis la version 3 de rsyslog, la réception des données par ce dernier appelée les inputs est gérée par l'utilisation de modules. Parmi les modules les plus fréquemment utilisés, on trouve :
| Module | Fonction |
|---|---|
| module(load=“imuxsock” SysSock.Use=“off”) | Active la trace des messages locaux, per exemple de la commande logger |
| module(load=“imjournal” StateFile=“imjournal.state”) | Fournit un accès au journal systemd |
| module(load=“imklog”) | Active la trace de messages du noyau |
| module(load=“immark”) | Active la trace des messages de type mark |
| module(load=“imudp”) | Active la réception de messages en utilisant le protocole UDP |
| module(load=“imtcp”) | Active la réception de messages en utilisant le protocole TCP |
Dans le fichier /etc/rsyslog.conf nous pouvons constater que les inputs module(load=“imuxsock” et module(load=“imjournal” sont activés :
...
#### MODULES ####
module(load="imuxsock" # provides support for local system logging (e.g. via logger command)
SysSock.Use="off") # Turn off message reception via local log socket;
# local messages are retrieved through imjournal now.
module(load="imjournal" # provides access to the systemd journal
UsePid="system" # PID nummber is retrieved as the ID of the process the journal entry originates from
FileCreateMode="0644" # Set the access permissions for the state file
StateFile="imjournal.state") # File to store the position in the journal
#module(load="imklog") # reads kernel messages (the same are read from journald)
#module(load="immark") # provides --MARK-- message capability
...
Pour activer la réception de messages à partir de serveurs rsyslog distants en utilisant le protocole UDP, il convient de décommenter les directives de chargement de modules dans le fichier /etc/rsyslog.conf et de re-démarrer le service :
... # Provides UDP syslog reception # for parameters see http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/imudp.html #module(load="imudp") # needs to be done just once #input(type="imudp" port="514") # Provides TCP syslog reception # for parameters see http://www.rsyslog.com/doc/imtcp.html #module(load="imtcp") # needs to be done just once #input(type="imtcp" port="514") ...
Important : Les deux directives module(load=“imudp”) et input(type=“imudp” port=“514”) crée un Écouteur sur le port UDP/514 tandis que les deux directives module(load=“imtcp”) et input(type=“imtcp” port=“514”) crée un Écouteur sur le port TCP/514. Le port 514 est le port standard pour les Écouteurs de rsyslog. Cependant il est possible de modifier le numéro du port.
Pour envoyer l'ensemble des traces de journalisation vers un serveur rsyslog distant, il convient de décommenter et modifier la ligne Target dans la section suivante du fichier /etc/rsyslog.conf :
... # ### sample forwarding rule ### #action(type="omfwd" # # An on-disk queue is created for this action. If the remote host is # # down, messages are spooled to disk and sent when it is up again. #queue.filename="fwdRule1" # unique name prefix for spool files #queue.maxdiskspace="1g" # 1gb space limit (use as much as possible) #queue.saveonshutdown="on" # save messages to disk on shutdown #queue.type="LinkedList" # run asynchronously #action.resumeRetryCount="-1" # infinite retries if host is down # # Remote Logging (we use TCP for reliable delivery) # # remote_host is: name/ip, e.g. 192.168.0.1, port optional e.g. 10514 #Target="remote_host" Port="XXX" Protocol="tcp") ...
Important : Ces directives utilisent le protocole TCP. Le serveur distant doit donc être configuré pour ce mode de communication. La directive Target=“remote_host” Port=“514” Protocol=“tcp”) doit être modifiée pour indiquer l'adresse IP du serveur rsyslog distant.
Les directives dans cette section servent à configurer le comportement de rsyslog. Par exemple, nous pouvons constater la présence de la directive suivante :
module(load="builtin:omfile" Template="RSYSLOG_TraditionalFileFormat")
Cette directive stipule que le format des entrées dans les fichiers de journalisation ne doit pas être au format d'horodatage étendu de rsyslog qui offre plus de précision que le format de syslog classique.
Chaque règle prend la forme suivante :
Sélecteur[; ...] [-] Action
Un Sélecteur est défini d'une des façons suivantes :
Dans ce cas on ne tient compte que des messages de priorité égale ou supérieure à la Priorité indiquée.
Dans ce cas on ne tient compte que des messages de priorité inférieure à la Priorité indiquée.
Dans ce cas on ne tient compte que des messages de priorité égale à la Priorité indiquée.
La valeur du Sous-système applicatif et/ou de la Priorité peut également être *. Dans ce cas, toutes les valeurs possibles du Sous-système applicatif et/ou de la Priorité sont concernées, par exemple : cron.*.
Plusieurs Sous-systèmes applicatifs peuvent être stipulés pour la même Priorité en les séparant avec un virgule. Par exemple : uucp,news.crit.
Une Action peut s'appliquer à plusieurs Sélecteurs en les séparant par le caractère ;, par exemple : *.info;mail.none;authpriv.none;cron.none.
Important : Une Action précédée par le signe - est entreprise d'une manière asynchrone. Dans le cas ou l'action est entreprise d'une manière synchrone, la pertinence des journaux est garantie mais au prix d'un ralentissement du système.
La commande /usr/bin/logger permet d'intégrer des informations dans rsyslog. Ceci peut s'avérer utile dans des scripts bash.
La syntaxe de la commande est :
logger -p Sous-système applicatif.Priorité message
Par exemple saisissez la commande suivante :
[root@redhat9 ~]# logger -p user.info Linux est super
Consultez la fin de votre syslog :
[root@redhat9 ~]# tail /var/log/messages Sep 28 15:05:26 redhat9 dnf[12735]: Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 9 openh264 6.9 kB/s | 993 B 00:00 Sep 28 15:05:26 redhat9 dnf[12735]: Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 9 - Next - 199 kB/s | 26 kB 00:00 Sep 28 15:05:27 redhat9 dnf[12735]: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - AppStre 12 kB/s | 4.5 kB 00:00 Sep 28 15:05:27 redhat9 dnf[12735]: Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 for x86_64 - BaseOS 7.4 kB/s | 4.1 kB 00:00 Sep 28 15:05:28 redhat9 dnf[12735]: Red Hat CodeReady Linux Builder for RHEL 9 x86_ 34 kB/s | 4.5 kB 00:00 Sep 28 15:05:28 redhat9 dnf[12735]: Metadata cache created. Sep 28 15:05:28 redhat9 systemd[1]: dnf-makecache.service: Deactivated successfully. Sep 28 15:05:28 redhat9 systemd[1]: Finished dnf makecache. Sep 28 15:05:28 redhat9 systemd[1]: dnf-makecache.service: Consumed 2.948s CPU time. Sep 28 15:15:29 redhat9 root[12751]: Linux est super
Les options de la commande logger sont :
[root@redhat9 ~]# logger --help
Usage:
logger [options] [<message>]
Enter messages into the system log.
Options:
-i log the logger command's PID
--id[=<id>] log the given <id>, or otherwise the PID
-f, --file <file> log the contents of this file
-e, --skip-empty do not log empty lines when processing files
--no-act do everything except the write the log
-p, --priority <prio> mark given message with this priority
--octet-count use rfc6587 octet counting
--prio-prefix look for a prefix on every line read from stdin
-s, --stderr output message to standard error as well
-S, --size <size> maximum size for a single message
-t, --tag <tag> mark every line with this tag
-n, --server <name> write to this remote syslog server
-P, --port <port> use this port for UDP or TCP connection
-T, --tcp use TCP only
-d, --udp use UDP only
--rfc3164 use the obsolete BSD syslog protocol
--rfc5424[=<snip>] use the syslog protocol (the default for remote);
<snip> can be notime, or notq, and/or nohost
--sd-id <id> rfc5424 structured data ID
--sd-param <data> rfc5424 structured data name=value
--msgid <msgid> set rfc5424 message id field
-u, --socket <socket> write to this Unix socket
--socket-errors[=<on|off|auto>]
print connection errors when using Unix sockets
--journald[=<file>] write journald entry
-h, --help display this help
-V, --version display version
For more details see logger(1).
Les fichiers journaux grossissent régulièrement. Le programme /usr/sbin/logrotate est utilisé pour effectuer des rotations de ces fichiers selon la configuration contenue dans le fichier /etc/logrotate.conf.
Visualisez le fichier /etc/logrotate.conf :
[root@redhat9 ~]# cat /etc/logrotate.conf # see "man logrotate" for details # global options do not affect preceding include directives # rotate log files weekly weekly # keep 4 weeks worth of backlogs rotate 4 # create new (empty) log files after rotating old ones create # use date as a suffix of the rotated file dateext # uncomment this if you want your log files compressed #compress # packages drop log rotation information into this directory include /etc/logrotate.d # system-specific logs may be also be configured here.
Dans la première partie de ce fichier on trouve des directives pour :
La directive include /etc/logrotate.d indique que les configurations incluent dans le répertoire cité doivent être incorporées dans le fichier de configuration de logrotate.
La deuxième partie du fichier concerne des configurations spécifiques pour certains fichiers journaux.
Important : Notez que la compression des fichiers de journalisation n'est pas activée par défaut.
Les options de la commande logrotate sont :
[root@redhat9 ~]# logrotate --help
Usage: logrotate [OPTION...] <configfile>
-d, --debug Don't do anything, just test and print debug messages
-f, --force Force file rotation
-m, --mail=command Command to send mail (instead of `/bin/mail')
-s, --state=statefile Path of state file
--skip-state-lock Do not lock the state file
-v, --verbose Display messages during rotation
-l, --log=logfile Log file or 'syslog' to log to syslog
--version Display version information
Help options:
-?, --help Show this help message
--usage Display brief usage message
Sous RHEL 9, les fichiers de Syslog sont gardés pour une question de compatibilité. Cependant, tous les journaux sont d'abord collectés par Journald pour ensuite être redistribués vers les fichiers classiques se trouvant dans le répertoire /var/log. Les journaux de journald sont stockés dans un seul et unique fichier dynamique dans le répertoire /run/log/journal :
[root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /run/log/journal/ total 0 drwxr-s---+ 2 root systemd-journal 60 Sep 25 12:44 5a35a3eb625c45cea1d33535723e791f
A l'extinction de la machine les journaux sont effacés.
La configuration de ce comportement se trouve dans le fichier /etc/systemd/journald.conf et est défini par la valeur de la variable Storage :
[root@redhat9 ~]# cat /etc/systemd/journald.conf # This file is part of systemd. # # systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the # terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free # Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) # any later version. # # Entries in this file show the compile time defaults. Local configuration # should be created by either modifying this file, or by creating "drop-ins" in # the journald.conf.d/ subdirectory. The latter is generally recommended. # Defaults can be restored by simply deleting this file and all drop-ins. # # Use 'systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/journald.conf' to display the full config. # # See journald.conf(5) for details. [Journal] #Storage=auto #Compress=yes #Seal=yes #SplitMode=uid #SyncIntervalSec=5m #RateLimitIntervalSec=30s #RateLimitBurst=10000 #SystemMaxUse= #SystemKeepFree= #SystemMaxFileSize= #SystemMaxFiles=100 #RuntimeMaxUse= #RuntimeKeepFree= #RuntimeMaxFileSize= #RuntimeMaxFiles=100 #MaxRetentionSec= #MaxFileSec=1month #ForwardToSyslog=no #ForwardToKMsg=no #ForwardToConsole=no #ForwardToWall=yes #TTYPath=/dev/console #MaxLevelStore=debug #MaxLevelSyslog=debug #MaxLevelKMsg=notice #MaxLevelConsole=info #MaxLevelWall=emerg #LineMax=48K #ReadKMsg=yes Audit=
La valeur de la variable peut être :
Pour rendre le journal permenant, modifiez le fichier /etc/systemd/journald.conf et décommentez la directive Storage :
[root@redhat9 ~]# vi /etc/systemd/journald.conf [root@redhat9 ~]# cat /etc/systemd/journald.conf # This file is part of systemd. # # systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the # terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free # Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) # any later version. # # Entries in this file show the compile time defaults. Local configuration # should be created by either modifying this file, or by creating "drop-ins" in # the journald.conf.d/ subdirectory. The latter is generally recommended. # Defaults can be restored by simply deleting this file and all drop-ins. # # Use 'systemd-analyze cat-config systemd/journald.conf' to display the full config. # # See journald.conf(5) for details. [Journal] Storage=auto #Compress=yes #Seal=yes #SplitMode=uid #SyncIntervalSec=5m #RateLimitIntervalSec=30s #RateLimitBurst=10000 #SystemMaxUse= #SystemKeepFree= #SystemMaxFileSize= #SystemMaxFiles=100 #RuntimeMaxUse= #RuntimeKeepFree= #RuntimeMaxFileSize= #RuntimeMaxFiles=100 #MaxRetentionSec= #MaxFileSec=1month #ForwardToSyslog=no #ForwardToKMsg=no #ForwardToConsole=no #ForwardToWall=yes #TTYPath=/dev/console #MaxLevelStore=debug #MaxLevelSyslog=debug #MaxLevelKMsg=notice #MaxLevelConsole=info #MaxLevelWall=emerg #LineMax=48K #ReadKMsg=yes Audit=
Créez le répertoire /var/log/journal :
[root@redhat9 ~]# mkdir /var/log/journal [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /var/log/journal/ total 0
Redémarrez votre VM :
[root@redhat9 ~]# reboot [root@redhat9 ~]# Connection to 10.0.2.101 closed by remote host. Connection to 10.0.2.101 closed.
Reconnectez-vous à votre VM :
[trainee@redhat9 ~]$ su - Password: fenestros [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /run/log/journal/ total 0 [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /var/log/journal/ total 0 drwxr-sr-x+ 2 root systemd-journal 53 Sep 28 15:39 5a35a3eb625c45cea1d33535723e791f
Journald ne peut pas envoyer de traces à un autre ordinateur. Pour utiliser un serveur de journalisation distant il faut donc ajouter la directive ForwardToSyslog=yes au fichier de configuration de journald, /etc/systemd/journald.conf, puis configurer Rsyslog à envoyer les traces au serveur distant.
L'utilisation de la commande journalctl permet la consultation des journaux :
[root@redhat9 ~]# journalctl Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: Linux version 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (mockbuild@x86-64-02.build.eng.rdu2.redhat.com) (gcc (GCC) 11.4.1 20231218 (Red Hat 11.4.1-3), GNU ld version 2.35.2-43> Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: The list of certified hardware and cloud instances for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 can be viewed at the Red Hat Ecosystem Catalog, https://catalog.redhat.com. Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=(hd0,msdos1)/vmlinuz-5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/rhel-root ro crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M resume=/dev/> Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x001: 'x87 floating point registers' Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x002: 'SSE registers' Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x004: 'AVX registers' Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]: 576, xstate_sizes[2]: 256 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/fpu: Enabled xstate features 0x7, context size is 832 bytes, using 'standard' format. Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: signal: max sigframe size: 1776 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009fc00-0x000000000009ffff] reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x00000000bffd9fff] usable Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000bffda000-0x00000000bfffffff] reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000feffc000-0x00000000feffffff] reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fffc0000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000100000000-0x000000023fffffff] usable Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: NX (Execute Disable) protection: active Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: SMBIOS 2.8 present. Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: DMI: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.1-0-g3208b098f51a-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: Hypervisor detected: KVM Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: kvm-clock: Using msrs 4b564d01 and 4b564d00 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: kvm-clock: using sched offset of 269552729537899 cycles Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: clocksource: kvm-clock: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x1cd42e4dffb, max_idle_ns: 881590591483 ns Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: tsc: Detected 2099.998 MHz processor Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: e820: update [mem 0x00000000-0x00000fff] usable ==> reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: e820: remove [mem 0x000a0000-0x000fffff] usable Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: last_pfn = 0x240000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: MTRR map: 4 entries (3 fixed + 1 variable; max 19), built from 8 variable MTRRs Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/PAT: Configuration [0-7]: WB WC UC- UC WB WP UC- WT Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: last_pfn = 0xbffda max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: found SMP MP-table at [mem 0x000f5bc0-0x000f5bcf] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: Using GB pages for direct mapping Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: RAMDISK: [mem 0x3149c000-0x34a45fff] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Early table checksum verification disabled Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: RSDP 0x00000000000F5980 000014 (v00 BOCHS ) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: RSDT 0x00000000BFFE300C 000038 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: FACP 0x00000000BFFE2DDE 000074 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: DSDT 0x00000000BFFDF040 003D9E (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: FACS 0x00000000BFFDF000 000040 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: APIC 0x00000000BFFE2E52 000090 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: SSDT 0x00000000BFFE2EE2 0000CA (v01 BOCHS VMGENID 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: HPET 0x00000000BFFE2FAC 000038 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: WAET 0x00000000BFFE2FE4 000028 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving FACP table memory at [mem 0xbffe2dde-0xbffe2e51] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving DSDT table memory at [mem 0xbffdf040-0xbffe2ddd] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving FACS table memory at [mem 0xbffdf000-0xbffdf03f] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving APIC table memory at [mem 0xbffe2e52-0xbffe2ee1] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving SSDT table memory at [mem 0xbffe2ee2-0xbffe2fab] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving HPET table memory at [mem 0xbffe2fac-0xbffe2fe3] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving WAET table memory at [mem 0xbffe2fe4-0xbffe300b] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: No NUMA configuration found Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: Faking a node at [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000023fffffff] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: NODE_DATA(0) allocated [mem 0x23ffd5000-0x23fffffff] lines 1-55
Important : Notez que les messages importants sont en gras, par exemple les messages de niveaux notice ou warning et que les messages graves sont en rouge.
Pour consulter les entrées concernant une application spécifique, il suffit de passer l'exécutable, y compris son chemin complet, en argument à la commande journalctl :
[root@redhat9 ~]# journalctl /sbin/crond Sep 28 15:37:18 redhat9.ittraining.loc crond[1138]: (CRON) STARTUP (1.5.7) Sep 28 15:37:18 redhat9.ittraining.loc crond[1138]: (CRON) INFO (Syslog will be used instead of sendmail.) Sep 28 15:37:18 redhat9.ittraining.loc crond[1138]: (CRON) INFO (RANDOM_DELAY will be scaled with factor 65% if used.) Sep 28 15:37:18 redhat9.ittraining.loc crond[1138]: (CRON) INFO (running with inotify support)
Important : Rappelez-vous que sous RHEL9 le répertoire /sbin est un lien symbolique vers /usr/sbin.
Pour consulter les entrées depuis le dernier démarrage, il suffit d'utiliser l'option -b de la commande journalctl :
[root@redhat9 ~]# journalctl -b | more Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: Linux version 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (mockbuild@x86-64-02.build.eng.rdu2.redhat.com) (gcc (GCC) 11.4.1 20231218 (Red Hat 11.4.1-3), GNU ld version 2.35.2-43. el9) #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Fri Sep 13 12:41:50 EDT 2024 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: The list of certified hardware and cloud instances for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 can be viewed at the Red Hat Ecosystem Catalog, https://catalog.redhat.com. Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=(hd0,msdos1)/vmlinuz-5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/rhel-root ro crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M resume=/dev/m apper/rhel-swap rd.lvm.lv=rhel/root rd.lvm.lv=rhel/swap rhgb quiet Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x001: 'x87 floating point registers' Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x002: 'SSE registers' Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x004: 'AVX registers' Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]: 576, xstate_sizes[2]: 256 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/fpu: Enabled xstate features 0x7, context size is 832 bytes, using 'standard' format. Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: signal: max sigframe size: 1776 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009fc00-0x000000000009ffff] reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x00000000bffd9fff] usable Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000bffda000-0x00000000bfffffff] reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000feffc000-0x00000000feffffff] reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fffc0000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000100000000-0x000000023fffffff] usable Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: NX (Execute Disable) protection: active Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: SMBIOS 2.8 present. Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: DMI: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.1-0-g3208b098f51a-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: Hypervisor detected: KVM Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: kvm-clock: Using msrs 4b564d01 and 4b564d00 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: kvm-clock: using sched offset of 269552729537899 cycles Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: clocksource: kvm-clock: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x1cd42e4dffb, max_idle_ns: 881590591483 ns Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: tsc: Detected 2099.998 MHz processor Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: e820: update [mem 0x00000000-0x00000fff] usable ==> reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: e820: remove [mem 0x000a0000-0x000fffff] usable Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: last_pfn = 0x240000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: MTRR map: 4 entries (3 fixed + 1 variable; max 19), built from 8 variable MTRRs Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/PAT: Configuration [0-7]: WB WC UC- UC WB WP UC- WT Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: last_pfn = 0xbffda max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: found SMP MP-table at [mem 0x000f5bc0-0x000f5bcf] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: Using GB pages for direct mapping Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: RAMDISK: [mem 0x3149c000-0x34a45fff] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Early table checksum verification disabled Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: RSDP 0x00000000000F5980 000014 (v00 BOCHS ) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: RSDT 0x00000000BFFE300C 000038 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: FACP 0x00000000BFFE2DDE 000074 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: DSDT 0x00000000BFFDF040 003D9E (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: FACS 0x00000000BFFDF000 000040 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: APIC 0x00000000BFFE2E52 000090 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: SSDT 0x00000000BFFE2EE2 0000CA (v01 BOCHS VMGENID 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: HPET 0x00000000BFFE2FAC 000038 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: WAET 0x00000000BFFE2FE4 000028 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving FACP table memory at [mem 0xbffe2dde-0xbffe2e51] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving DSDT table memory at [mem 0xbffdf040-0xbffe2ddd] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving FACS table memory at [mem 0xbffdf000-0xbffdf03f] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving APIC table memory at [mem 0xbffe2e52-0xbffe2ee1] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving SSDT table memory at [mem 0xbffe2ee2-0xbffe2fab] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving HPET table memory at [mem 0xbffe2fac-0xbffe2fe3] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving WAET table memory at [mem 0xbffe2fe4-0xbffe300b] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: No NUMA configuration found --More-- [q]
Important : Notez que vous pouvez consulter les messages des démarrages précédents, il est possible d'utiliser les options -b 1, -b 2 etc.
Pour consulter les entrées à partir d'une priorité spécifique et supérieur, il suffit d'utiliser l'option -p de la commande journalctl en spécifiant la priorité concernée :
[root@redhat9 ~]# journalctl -p warning Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: #3 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: acpi PNP0A03:00: fail to add MMCONFIG information, can't access extended configuration space under this bridge Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: device-mapper: core: CONFIG_IMA_DISABLE_HTABLE is disabled. Duplicate IMA measurements will not be recorded in the IMA log. Sep 28 15:37:00 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sys-module-fuse.device: Failed to enqueue SYSTEMD_WANTS= job, ignoring: Unit sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount not found. Sep 28 15:37:00 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: sd 0:0:0:0: Power-on or device reset occurred Sep 28 15:37:10 redhat9.ittraining.loc lvm[696]: PV /dev/sda2 online, VG rhel is complete. Sep 28 15:37:12 redhat9.ittraining.loc avahi-daemon[752]: WARNING: No NSS support for mDNS detected, consider installing nss-mdns! Sep 28 15:37:16 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: Warning: Unmaintained driver is detected: ip_set Sep 28 15:37:20 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: block dm-0: the capability attribute has been deprecated. Sep 28 15:37:23 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/sbin/irqbalance[754]: Cannot change IRQ 28 affinity: Input/output error Sep 28 15:37:23 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/sbin/irqbalance[754]: IRQ 28 affinity is now unmanaged Sep 28 15:37:23 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/sbin/irqbalance[754]: Cannot change IRQ 30 affinity: Input/output error Sep 28 15:37:23 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/sbin/irqbalance[754]: IRQ 30 affinity is now unmanaged Sep 28 15:37:23 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/sbin/irqbalance[754]: Cannot change IRQ 29 affinity: Input/output error Sep 28 15:37:23 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/sbin/irqbalance[754]: IRQ 29 affinity is now unmanaged Sep 28 15:37:23 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/sbin/irqbalance[754]: Cannot change IRQ 0 affinity: Input/output error Sep 28 15:37:23 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/sbin/irqbalance[754]: IRQ 0 affinity is now unmanaged Sep 28 15:37:23 redhat9.ittraining.loc org.gnome.Shell.desktop[1802]: pci id for fd 13: 1234:1111, driver (null) Sep 28 15:37:23 redhat9.ittraining.loc org.gnome.Shell.desktop[1802]: MESA-LOADER: failed to open bochs-drm: /usr/lib64/dri/bochs-drm_dri.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory (search p> Sep 28 15:37:25 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Activating service name='org.a11y.Bus' requested by ':1.4' (uid=42 pid=1802 comm="/us> Sep 28 15:37:25 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Successfully activated service 'org.a11y.Bus' Sep 28 15:37:27 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Activating service name='org.freedesktop.portal.IBus' requested by ':1.6' (uid=42 pid> Sep 28 15:37:27 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.portal.IBus' Sep 28 15:37:27 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Activating service name='org.freedesktop.impl.portal.PermissionStore' requested by ':> Sep 28 15:37:27 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.impl.portal.PermissionStore' Sep 28 15:37:28 redhat9.ittraining.loc wireplumber[1859]: Failed to set scheduler settings: Operation not permitted Sep 28 15:37:28 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Activating service name='org.gnome.Shell.Notifications' requested by ':1.3' (uid=42 p> Sep 28 15:37:28 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1825]: dbus-daemon[1825]: Activating service name='org.a11y.atspi.Registry' requested by ':1.0' (uid=42 pid=1802 comm="/usr/bin/gnome-she> Sep 28 15:37:28 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1825]: dbus-daemon[1825]: Successfully activated service 'org.a11y.atspi.Registry' Sep 28 15:37:28 redhat9.ittraining.loc wireplumber[1859]: GetManagedObjects() failed: org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.NameHasNoOwner Sep 28 15:37:28 redhat9.ittraining.loc gnome-shell[1802]: Realizing HW cursor failed: drmModeAddFB does not support format 'AR24' (0x34325241) Sep 28 15:37:28 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Activating service name='org.freedesktop.systemd1' requested by ':1.16' (uid=42 pid=1> Sep 28 15:37:28 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Successfully activated service 'org.gnome.Shell.Notifications' Sep 28 15:37:28 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Activated service 'org.freedesktop.systemd1' failed: Process org.freedesktop.systemd1> Sep 28 15:37:28 redhat9.ittraining.loc gsd-sharing[1908]: Failed to StopUnit service: GDBus.Error:org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.Spawn.ChildExited: Process org.freedesktop.systemd1 exited with status 1 Sep 28 15:37:28 redhat9.ittraining.loc gsd-sharing[1908]: Failed to StopUnit service: GDBus.Error:org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.Spawn.ChildExited: Process org.freedesktop.systemd1 exited with status 1 Sep 28 15:37:28 redhat9.ittraining.loc gsd-sharing[1908]: Failed to StopUnit service: GDBus.Error:org.freedesktop.DBus.Error.Spawn.ChildExited: Process org.freedesktop.systemd1 exited with status 1 Sep 28 15:37:28 redhat9.ittraining.loc org.gnome.Shell.desktop[1831]: Failed to initialize glamor, falling back to sw Sep 28 15:37:28 redhat9.ittraining.loc gnome-shell[1802]: Realizing HW cursor failed: drmModeAddFB does not support format 'AR24' (0x34325241) Sep 28 15:37:29 redhat9.ittraining.loc dbus-broker[751]: A security policy denied :1.25 to send method call /org/freedesktop/PackageKit:org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.GetAll to :1.33. Sep 28 15:37:29 redhat9.ittraining.loc dbus-broker[751]: A security policy denied :1.25 to send method call /org/freedesktop/PackageKit:org.freedesktop.DBus.Properties.GetAll to :1.33. Sep 28 15:37:29 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Activating service name='org.gnome.Shell.Screencast' requested by ':1.23' (uid=42 pid> Sep 28 15:37:30 redhat9.ittraining.loc gnome-shell[1802]: ATK Bridge is disabled but a11y has already been enabled. Sep 28 15:37:30 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Activating service name='org.freedesktop.portal.IBus' requested by ':1.33' (uid=42 pi> Sep 28 15:37:30 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Successfully activated service 'org.freedesktop.portal.IBus' Sep 28 15:37:30 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Activating service name='org.gnome.ScreenSaver' requested by ':1.25' (uid=42 pid=1928> Sep 28 15:37:30 redhat9.ittraining.loc gsd-media-keys[1923]: Failed to grab accelerator for keybinding settings:hibernate Sep 28 15:37:30 redhat9.ittraining.loc gsd-media-keys[1923]: Failed to grab accelerator for keybinding settings:playback-repeat Sep 28 15:37:30 redhat9.ittraining.loc org.gnome.Shell.desktop[2153]: The XKEYBOARD keymap compiler (xkbcomp) reports: Sep 28 15:37:30 redhat9.ittraining.loc org.gnome.Shell.desktop[2153]: > Warning: Unsupported maximum keycode 708, clipping. Sep 28 15:37:30 redhat9.ittraining.loc org.gnome.Shell.desktop[2153]: > X11 cannot support keycodes above 255. Sep 28 15:37:30 redhat9.ittraining.loc org.gnome.Shell.desktop[2153]: Errors from xkbcomp are not fatal to the X server Sep 28 15:37:30 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Successfully activated service 'org.gnome.ScreenSaver' Sep 28 15:37:30 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/libexec/gdm-wayland-session[1793]: dbus-daemon[1793]: [session uid=42 pid=1793] Successfully activated service 'org.gnome.Shell.Screencast' Sep 28 15:39:43 redhat9.ittraining.loc /usr/sbin/irqbalance[754]: Cannot change IRQ 27 affinity: Input/output error lines 1-55
Les priorités reconnues par Journald sont :
| Niveau | Priorité | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 0 | emerg | Système inutilisable |
| 1 | alert | Action immédiate requise |
| 2 | crit | Condition critique atteinte |
| 3 | err | Erreurs rencontrées |
| 4 | warning | Avertissements présentés |
| 5 | notice | Condition normale - message important |
| 6 | info | Condition normale - message simple |
| 7 | debug | Condition normale - message de débogage |
Pour consulter les entrées d'une plage de dates ou d'heures, il suffit de passer cette plage en argument à la commande journalctl :
[root@redhat9 ~]# journalctl --since 03:45 --until now Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: Linux version 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (mockbuild@x86-64-02.build.eng.rdu2.redhat.com) (gcc (GCC) 11.4.1 20231218 (Red Hat 11.4.1-3), GNU ld version 2.35.2-43> Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: The list of certified hardware and cloud instances for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 can be viewed at the Red Hat Ecosystem Catalog, https://catalog.redhat.com. Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: Command line: BOOT_IMAGE=(hd0,msdos1)/vmlinuz-5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 root=/dev/mapper/rhel-root ro crashkernel=1G-4G:192M,4G-64G:256M,64G-:512M resume=/dev/> Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x001: 'x87 floating point registers' Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x002: 'SSE registers' Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x004: 'AVX registers' Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]: 576, xstate_sizes[2]: 256 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/fpu: Enabled xstate features 0x7, context size is 832 bytes, using 'standard' format. Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: signal: max sigframe size: 1776 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-provided physical RAM map: Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x000000000009fc00-0x000000000009ffff] reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000000f0000-0x00000000000fffff] reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x00000000bffd9fff] usable Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000bffda000-0x00000000bfffffff] reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000feffc000-0x00000000feffffff] reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x00000000fffc0000-0x00000000ffffffff] reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000100000000-0x000000023fffffff] usable Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: NX (Execute Disable) protection: active Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: SMBIOS 2.8 present. Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: DMI: QEMU Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996), BIOS rel-1.16.1-0-g3208b098f51a-prebuilt.qemu.org 04/01/2014 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: Hypervisor detected: KVM Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: kvm-clock: Using msrs 4b564d01 and 4b564d00 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: kvm-clock: using sched offset of 269552729537899 cycles Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: clocksource: kvm-clock: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x1cd42e4dffb, max_idle_ns: 881590591483 ns Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: tsc: Detected 2099.998 MHz processor Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: e820: update [mem 0x00000000-0x00000fff] usable ==> reserved Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: e820: remove [mem 0x000a0000-0x000fffff] usable Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: last_pfn = 0x240000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: MTRR map: 4 entries (3 fixed + 1 variable; max 19), built from 8 variable MTRRs Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: x86/PAT: Configuration [0-7]: WB WC UC- UC WB WP UC- WT Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: last_pfn = 0xbffda max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: found SMP MP-table at [mem 0x000f5bc0-0x000f5bcf] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: Using GB pages for direct mapping Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: RAMDISK: [mem 0x3149c000-0x34a45fff] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Early table checksum verification disabled Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: RSDP 0x00000000000F5980 000014 (v00 BOCHS ) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: RSDT 0x00000000BFFE300C 000038 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: FACP 0x00000000BFFE2DDE 000074 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: DSDT 0x00000000BFFDF040 003D9E (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: FACS 0x00000000BFFDF000 000040 Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: APIC 0x00000000BFFE2E52 000090 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: SSDT 0x00000000BFFE2EE2 0000CA (v01 BOCHS VMGENID 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: HPET 0x00000000BFFE2FAC 000038 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: WAET 0x00000000BFFE2FE4 000028 (v01 BOCHS BXPC 00000001 BXPC 00000001) Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving FACP table memory at [mem 0xbffe2dde-0xbffe2e51] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving DSDT table memory at [mem 0xbffdf040-0xbffe2ddd] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving FACS table memory at [mem 0xbffdf000-0xbffdf03f] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving APIC table memory at [mem 0xbffe2e52-0xbffe2ee1] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving SSDT table memory at [mem 0xbffe2ee2-0xbffe2fab] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving HPET table memory at [mem 0xbffe2fac-0xbffe2fe3] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: ACPI: Reserving WAET table memory at [mem 0xbffe2fe4-0xbffe300b] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: No NUMA configuration found Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: Faking a node at [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000023fffffff] Sep 28 15:36:59 redhat9.ittraining.loc kernel: NODE_DATA(0) allocated [mem 0x23ffd5000-0x23fffffff] lines 1-55
Important : Il est possible d'utiliser des mots clefs : yesterday, today, tomorrow, now.
Pour consulter les journaux en live, il suffit d'utiliser l'option -f de la commande journalctl :
[root@redhat9 ~]# journalctl -f Sep 28 15:41:02 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[2200]: Starting Mark boot as successful... Sep 28 15:41:03 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[2200]: Finished Mark boot as successful. Sep 28 15:42:29 redhat9.ittraining.loc PackageKit[1886]: daemon quit Sep 28 15:42:29 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: packagekit.service: Deactivated successfully. Sep 28 15:43:02 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1340]: Created slice User Background Tasks Slice. Sep 28 15:43:02 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1340]: Starting Cleanup of User's Temporary Files and Directories... Sep 28 15:43:02 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1340]: Finished Cleanup of User's Temporary Files and Directories. Sep 28 15:44:02 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[2200]: Created slice User Background Tasks Slice. Sep 28 15:44:02 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[2200]: Starting Cleanup of User's Temporary Files and Directories... Sep 28 15:44:02 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[2200]: Finished Cleanup of User's Temporary Files and Directories. ^C
Pour consulter les mots clefs compris par Journald, tapez la commande journalctl puis appuyer deux fois sur la touche Tab ⇆ :
[root@redhat9 ~]# journalctl _AUDIT_LOGINUID= DBUS_BROKER_MESSAGE_TYPE= INVOCATION_ID= _PID= _SYSTEMD_UNIT= _AUDIT_SESSION= DBUS_BROKER_MESSAGE_UNIX_FDS= JOB_ID= PRIORITY= _SYSTEMD_USER_SLICE= AVAILABLE= DBUS_BROKER_POLICY_TYPE= JOB_RESULT= REALMD_OPERATION= _SYSTEMD_USER_UNIT= AVAILABLE_PRETTY= DBUS_BROKER_RECEIVER_SECURITY_LABEL= JOB_TYPE= _RUNTIME_SCOPE= THREAD_ID= _BOOT_ID= DBUS_BROKER_RECEIVER_UNIQUE_NAME= JOURNAL_NAME= SEAT_ID= TID= _CAP_EFFECTIVE= DBUS_BROKER_RECEIVER_WELL_KNOWN_NAME_0= JOURNAL_PATH= _SELINUX_CONTEXT= TIMESTAMP_BOOTTIME= _CMDLINE= DBUS_BROKER_SENDER_SECURITY_LABEL= _KERNEL_DEVICE= SESSION_ID= TIMESTAMP_MONOTONIC= CODE_FILE= DBUS_BROKER_SENDER_UNIQUE_NAME= _KERNEL_SUBSYSTEM= _SOURCE_MONOTONIC_TIMESTAMP= _TRANSPORT= CODE_FUNC= DBUS_BROKER_TRANSMIT_ACTION= KERNEL_USEC= _SOURCE_REALTIME_TIMESTAMP= _UDEV_DEVLINK= CODE_LINE= DISK_AVAILABLE= LEADER= _STREAM_ID= _UDEV_DEVNODE= _COMM= DISK_AVAILABLE_PRETTY= LIMIT= SYSLOG_FACILITY= _UDEV_SYSNAME= CURRENT_USE= DISK_KEEP_FREE= LIMIT_PRETTY= SYSLOG_IDENTIFIER= _UID= CURRENT_USE_PRETTY= DISK_KEEP_FREE_PRETTY= _MACHINE_ID= SYSLOG_PID= UNIT= DBUS_BROKER_LOG_DROPPED= ERRNO= MAX_USE= SYSLOG_RAW= USER_ID= DBUS_BROKER_MESSAGE_DESTINATION= _EXE= MAX_USE_PRETTY= SYSLOG_TIMESTAMP= USER_INVOCATION_ID= DBUS_BROKER_MESSAGE_INTERFACE= _GID= MESSAGE= _SYSTEMD_CGROUP= USERSPACE_USEC= DBUS_BROKER_MESSAGE_MEMBER= GLIB_DOMAIN= MESSAGE_ID= _SYSTEMD_INVOCATION_ID= USER_UNIT= DBUS_BROKER_MESSAGE_PATH= GLIB_OLD_LOG_API= NM_DEVICE= _SYSTEMD_OWNER_UID= DBUS_BROKER_MESSAGE_SERIAL= _HOSTNAME= NM_LOG_DOMAINS= _SYSTEMD_SESSION= DBUS_BROKER_MESSAGE_SIGNATURE= INITRD_USEC= NM_LOG_LEVEL= _SYSTEMD_SLICE=
Pour voir la liste des processus dont les traces sont inclus dans les journaux du mots clefs, tapez la commande journalctl suivi par le nom d'un mot clef puis appuyer deux fois sur la touche Tab ⇆ :
[root@redhat9 ~]# journalctl _UID= 0 1000 172 42 70 81 994 998 [root@redhat9 ~]# journalctl _COMM= accounts-daemon avahi-daemon dbus-broker-lau geoclue httpd lvm_scan polkitd sshd systemd-journal udisksd at-spi2-registr bootctl dbus-daemon gnome-session-b irqbalance ModemManager realmd su systemd-logind wireplumber auditctl crond dracut-cmdline gnome-shell iscsiadm mtp-probe rsyslogd (systemd) systemd-modules wpa_supplicant auditd cupsd fsck.xfs gsd-media-keys kdumpctl NetworkManager rtkit-daemon systemd systemd-udevd xkbcomp augenrules dbus-broker gdm-session-wor gsd-sharing lvm packagekitd spice-vdagent systemd-hiberna udevadm Xwayland
Dans le cas d'un serveur de réseau, il est souvent important de maintenir l'heure de la machine à l'heure exacte pour des raisons de simplification de synchronisation avec des portables ou bien des systèmes de fichiers externes. Pour accomplir cette tâche, nous utilisons les services de serveurs de temps publics disponibles sur Internet sur lesquels nous synchronisons l'horloge de notre serveur. De même, les machines de notre réseau peuvent se synchroniser ensuite avec l'heure de notre serveur.
Le protocole utilisé s'appelle NTP ( Network Time Protocol ) qui utilise le port 123. Celui-ci, permet la synchronisation avec plusieurs serveurs publics. Les serveurs de temps de racine s'appellent des serveurs de Strate 1. En dessous se trouvent des serveurs de Strate 2, Strate 3 etc..
Important - La commande ntpdate, utilisée pour synchroniser l'horloge sans utiliser le démon ntpd est maintenant remplacée par l'option -q de la commande ntp. Lors de l'utilisation de ntpdate, le démon ntpd doit être arrêté. Si ntpdate constatait que l'erreur de l'horloge local était supérieur à 0,5 secondes, celle-ci appelait la routine settimeofday() tandis que si l'erreur était inférieur à 0,5 secondes, elle appelait la routine adjtime().
Linux utilise le fuseau d'horaire UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) en interne. Linux doit donc être capable de traduire entre l'UTC et l'heure locale et vice versa. Linux utilise le fichier /etc/localtime pour connaître l'heure locale :
[root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /etc/localtime lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 34 Oct 19 2023 /etc/localtime -> ../usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Paris
Ce fichier peut être un fichier ordinaire ou bien un lien symbolique pointant vers un de sfichiers dans le répertoire /usr/share/zoneinfo :
[root@redhat9 ~]# ls /usr/share/zoneinfo/ Africa Asia Canada Cuba EST Factory GMT+0 Hongkong Iran Japan Libya MST7MDT Pacific posixrules ROC tzdata.zi UTC zone.tab America Atlantic CET EET EST5EDT GB GMT-0 HST iso3166.tab Kwajalein MET Navajo Poland PRC ROK UCT WET Zulu Antarctica Australia Chile Egypt Etc GB-Eire GMT0 Iceland Israel leapseconds Mexico NZ Portugal PST8PDT Singapore Universal W-SU Arctic Brazil CST6CDT Eire Europe GMT Greenwich Indian Jamaica leap-seconds.list MST NZ-CHAT posix right Turkey US zone1970.tab
Pour connaître le fuseau d'horaire local, utilisez la commande date :
[root@redhat9 ~]# date Sat Sep 28 03:55:32 PM CEST 2024
Important - Vous pouvez consulter la liste des codes des zones à l'adresse http://www.timeanddate.com/library/abbreviations/timezones/.
Le fuseau d'horaire peut être consulté en usilisant la commande timedatectl :
[root@redhat9 ~]# timedatectl
Local time: Sat 2024-09-28 15:57:01 CEST
Universal time: Sat 2024-09-28 13:57:01 UTC
RTC time: Sat 2024-09-28 13:57:01
Time zone: Europe/Paris (CEST, +0200)
System clock synchronized: no
NTP service: inactive
RTC in local TZ: no
La commande timedatectl peut être utilisée pour modifier le fuseau d'horaire en utilisant l'option set-timezone :
[root@redhat9 ~]# timedatectl set-timezone America/Phoenix
[root@redhat9 ~]# timedatectl
Local time: Sat 2024-09-28 07:05:43 MST
Universal time: Sat 2024-09-28 14:05:43 UTC
RTC time: Sat 2024-09-28 14:05:43
Time zone: America/Phoenix (MST, -0700)
System clock synchronized: no
NTP service: inactive
RTC in local TZ: no
[root@redhat9 ~]# timedatectl set-timezone Europe/Paris
[root@redhat9 ~]# timedatectl
Local time: Sat 2024-09-28 16:06:35 CEST
Universal time: Sat 2024-09-28 14:06:35 UTC
RTC time: Sat 2024-09-28 14:06:35
Time zone: Europe/Paris (CEST, +0200)
System clock synchronized: no
NTP service: inactive
RTC in local TZ: no
L'option set-time de la commande timedatectl permet de modifier l'heure du système. Le format doit être AAAA-MM-JJ hh:mm:ss.
Vous pouvez aussi modifier le fuseau d'horaire à l'aide de la commande tzselect :
[root@redhat9 ~]# tzselect Please identify a location so that time zone rules can be set correctly. Please select a continent, ocean, "coord", or "TZ". 1) Africa 5) Atlantic Ocean 9) Pacific Ocean 2) Americas 6) Australia 10) coord - I want to use geographical coordinates. 3) Antarctica 7) Europe 11) TZ - I want to specify the timezone using the Posix TZ format. 4) Asia 8) Indian Ocean #? ^C
Il est est possible de modifier le fuseau d'horaire uniquement pour la session en cours et dans le shell courant :
[root@redhat9 ~]# date Sat Sep 28 03:59:46 PM CEST 2024 [root@redhat9 ~]# export TZ=:/usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/London [root@redhat9 ~]# date Sat Sep 28 02:59:54 PM BST 2024 [root@redhat9 ~]# export TZ=:/usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Paris [root@redhat9 ~]# date Sat Sep 28 04:00:06 PM CEST 2024
Sous RHEL 9, le serveur d'horloge n'est pas activé par défaut :
[root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl status chronyd
○ chronyd.service - NTP client/server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; disabled; preset: enabled)
Active: inactive (dead)
Docs: man:chronyd(8)
man:chrony.conf(5)
Pour activer ce serveur, utilisez l'option set-ntp yes de la commande timedatectl :
[root@redhat9 ~]# timedatectl set-ntp yes
[root@redhat9 ~]# timedatectl
Local time: Sat 2024-09-28 16:53:46 CEST
Universal time: Sat 2024-09-28 14:53:46 UTC
RTC time: Sat 2024-09-28 14:53:46
Time zone: Europe/Paris (CEST, +0200)
System clock synchronized: yes
NTP service: active
RTC in local TZ: no
Vérifiez ensuite que le service chronyd est démarré :
[root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl status chronyd
● chronyd.service - NTP client/server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/chronyd.service; enabled; preset: enabled)
Active: active (running) since Sat 2024-09-28 16:53:41 CEST; 16s ago
Docs: man:chronyd(8)
man:chrony.conf(5)
Process: 2673 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/chronyd $OPTIONS (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 2675 (chronyd)
Tasks: 1 (limit: 48800)
Memory: 1.3M
CPU: 45ms
CGroup: /system.slice/chronyd.service
└─2675 /usr/sbin/chronyd -F 2
Sep 28 16:53:41 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Starting NTP client/server...
Sep 28 16:53:41 redhat9.ittraining.loc chronyd[2675]: chronyd version 4.5 starting (+CMDMON +NTP +REFCLOCK +RTC +PRIVDROP +SCFILTER +SIGND +ASYNCDNS +NTS +SECHASH +IPV6 +DEBUG)
Sep 28 16:53:41 redhat9.ittraining.loc chronyd[2675]: Loaded 0 symmetric keys
Sep 28 16:53:41 redhat9.ittraining.loc chronyd[2675]: Using right/UTC timezone to obtain leap second data
Sep 28 16:53:41 redhat9.ittraining.loc chronyd[2675]: Loaded seccomp filter (level 2)
Sep 28 16:53:41 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Started NTP client/server.
Sep 28 16:53:46 redhat9.ittraining.loc chronyd[2675]: Selected source 54.39.23.64 (2.rhel.pool.ntp.org)
Sep 28 16:53:46 redhat9.ittraining.loc chronyd[2675]: System clock TAI offset set to 37 seconds
La commande chronyc permet de voir le statut de la synchronisation :
[root@redhat9 ~]# chronyc sources -v .-- Source mode '^' = server, '=' = peer, '#' = local clock. / .- Source state '*' = current best, '+' = combined, '-' = not combined, | / 'x' = may be in error, '~' = too variable, '?' = unusable. || .- xxxx [ yyyy ] +/- zzzz || Reachability register (octal) -. | xxxx = adjusted offset, || Log2(Polling interval) --. | | yyyy = measured offset, || \ | | zzzz = estimated error. || | | \ MS Name/IP address Stratum Poll Reach LastRx Last sample =============================================================================== ^* 64.ip-54-39-23.net 3 7 377 54 +24us[ +35us] +/- 2831us ^- rikku.vrillusions.com 4 7 377 55 -197us[ -186us] +/- 17ms ^- rwhois.dargalsolutions.c> 2 7 377 59 -5891us[-5880us] +/- 68ms ^- ntp.pawdesigns.ca 3 6 377 55 +38us[ +49us] +/- 74ms
Le service chronyd maintient l'horloge matérielle locale (RTC), généralement inexacte, à la bonne heure en le synchronisant avec les serveurs NTP configurés. Si aucune connectivité réseau n'est disponible, chronyd calcule la dérive de l'horloge RTC, qui est enregistrée dans le fichier de dérive spécifié dans le fichier /etc/chrony.conf.
Les serveurs NTP configurés sont : pool 2.rhel.pool.ntp.org iburst. L'option iburst implique qu'après le démarrage initial du service 4 requêtes sont formulées pour une synchronisation initiale plus exacte.
Le protocole NTP utilise le port 123. Les serveurs de temps de racine s'appellent des serveurs de Stratum 0. En dessous se trouvent des serveurs de Stratum 1, Stratum 2, Stratum 3 etc..
[root@redhat9 ~]# cat /etc/chrony.conf # Use public servers from the pool.ntp.org project. # Please consider joining the pool (https://www.pool.ntp.org/join.html). pool 2.rhel.pool.ntp.org iburst # Use NTP servers from DHCP. sourcedir /run/chrony-dhcp # Record the rate at which the system clock gains/losses time. driftfile /var/lib/chrony/drift # Allow the system clock to be stepped in the first three updates # if its offset is larger than 1 second. makestep 1.0 3 # Enable kernel synchronization of the real-time clock (RTC). rtcsync # Enable hardware timestamping on all interfaces that support it. #hwtimestamp * # Increase the minimum number of selectable sources required to adjust # the system clock. #minsources 2 # Allow NTP client access from local network. #allow 192.168.0.0/16 # Serve time even if not synchronized to a time source. #local stratum 10 # Require authentication (nts or key option) for all NTP sources. #authselectmode require # Specify file containing keys for NTP authentication. keyfile /etc/chrony.keys # Save NTS keys and cookies. ntsdumpdir /var/lib/chrony # Insert/delete leap seconds by slewing instead of stepping. #leapsecmode slew # Get TAI-UTC offset and leap seconds from the system tz database. leapsectz right/UTC # Specify directory for log files. logdir /var/log/chrony # Select which information is logged. #log measurements statistics tracking
Copyright © 2024 Hugh Norris.