Table des matières
Version - 2024.01
Dernière mise-à-jour : 2025/01/17 15:25
DOF307 - Troubleshooting K8s
Contenu du Module
- DOF307 - Troubleshooting K8s
- Contenu du Module
- LAB #1 - Le Serveur API
- 1.1 - Connexion Refusée
- 1.2 - Journaux des Pods Système
- LAB #2 - Les Noeuds
- 2.1 - Le Statut NotReady
- LAB #3 - Les Pods
- 3.1 - L'Erreur ImagePullBackOff
- 3.2 - L'Erreur CrashLoopBackOff
- LAB #4 - Les Conteneurs
- 4.1 - La Commande exec
- LAB #5 - Le Réseau
- 5.1 - kube-proxy et le DNS
- 5.2 - Le Conteneur netshoot
LAB #1 - Le Serveur API
1.1 - Connexion Refusée
Quand il n'est pas possible de se connecter au serveur API de K8s, on obtient une erreur telle que :
trainee@kubemaster:~$ kubectl get pods The connection to the server localhost:8080 was refused - did you specify the right host or port?
En règle générale, cette erreur est due à une des trois situations suivantes :
Le Service kubelet
Vérifiez que le service kubelet est activé et en cours d'exécution sur le contrôleur :
trainee@kubemaster:~$ su -
Mot de passe : fenestros
root@kubemaster:~# systemctl status kubelet
● kubelet.service - kubelet: The Kubernetes Node Agent
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/kubelet.service; enabled; vendor preset: enable
Drop-In: /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d
└─10-kubeadm.conf
Active: active (running) since Fri 2022-09-16 09:29:34 CEST; 1 weeks 4 days ago
Docs: https://kubernetes.io/docs/home/
Main PID: 550 (kubelet)
Tasks: 17 (limit: 4915)
Memory: 129.6M
CPU: 4h 16min 54.676s
CGroup: /system.slice/kubelet.service
└─550 /usr/bin/kubelet --bootstrap-kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/bootstrap-kub
Warning: Journal has been rotated since unit was started. Log output is incomplete or
lines 1-14/14 (END)
[q]
La Variable KUBECONFIG
Si vous utilisez le compte root pour interagir avec K8s, vérifiez que la variable KUBECONFIG est renseignée correctement :
root@kubemaster:~# echo $KUBECONFIG /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
Le Fichier $HOME/.kube/config
Si vous utilisez un compte d'un utilisateur normal pour interagir avec K8s, vérifiez que le fichier $HOME/.kube/config est renseigné correctement et qu'il possède les bonnes permissions :
root@kubemaster:~# exit
déconnexion
trainee@kubemaster:~$
trainee@kubemaster:~$ cat $HOME/.kube/config
apiVersion: v1
clusters:
- cluster:
certificate-authority-data: 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
server: https://192.168.56.2:6443
name: kubernetes
contexts:
- context:
cluster: kubernetes
user: kubernetes-admin
name: kubernetes-admin@kubernetes
current-context: kubernetes-admin@kubernetes
kind: Config
preferences: {}
users:
- name: kubernetes-admin
user:
client-certificate-data: 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
client-key-data: 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
trainee@kubemaster:~$ ls -l $HOME/.kube/config -rw------- 1 trainee sudo 5636 sept. 28 12:56 /home/trainee/.kube/config trainee@kubemaster:~$ su - Mot de passe : root@kubemaster:~#
1.2 - Journaux des Pods Système
Si, à ce stade, vous n'avez pas trouvé d'erreurs apparentes, il convient de regarder le journal du pod kube-system_kube-apiserver-xxxxxxxxxxxxx :
root@kubemaster:~# ls -l /var/log/pods total 28 drwxr-xr-x 6 root root 4096 sept. 4 09:44 kube-system_calico-node-dc7hd_3fe340ed-6df4-4252-9e4e-8c244453176a drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 sept. 4 13:00 kube-system_coredns-565d847f94-tqd8z_d96f42ed-ebd4-4eb9-8c89-2d80b81ef9cf drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 sept. 4 12:36 kube-system_etcd-kubemaster.ittraining.loc_ddbb10499877103d862e5ce637b18ab1 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 sept. 4 12:36 kube-system_kube-apiserver-kubemaster.ittraining.loc_ec70600cac9ca8c8ea9545f1a42f82e5 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 sept. 4 12:36 kube-system_kube-controller-manager-kubemaster.ittraining.loc_0e3dcf54223b4398765d21e9e6aaebc6 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 sept. 4 12:31 kube-system_kube-proxy-x7fpc_80673937-ff21-4dba-a821-fb3b0b1541a4 drwxr-xr-x 3 root root 4096 sept. 4 12:36 kube-system_kube-scheduler-kubemaster.ittraining.loc_c3485d2a42b90757729a745cd8ee5f7d root@kubemaster:~# ls -l /var/log/pods/kube-system_kube-apiserver-kubemaster.ittraining.loc_ec70600cac9ca8c8ea9545f1a42f82e5 total 4 drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 sept. 16 09:31 kube-apiserver root@kubemaster:~# ls -l /var/log/pods/kube-system_kube-apiserver-kubemaster.ittraining.loc_ec70600cac9ca8c8ea9545f1a42f82e5/kube-apiserver total 2420 -rw-r----- 1 root root 1009731 sept. 16 08:19 0.log -rw-r----- 1 root root 1460156 sept. 28 12:22 1.log root@kubemaster:~# tail /var/log/pods/kube-system_kube-apiserver-kubemaster.ittraining.loc_ec70600cac9ca8c8ea9545f1a42f82e5/kube-apiserver/1.log 2022-09-28T11:22:18.406048353+02:00 stderr F Trace[1595276047]: [564.497826ms] [564.497826ms] END 2022-09-28T11:22:18.406064364+02:00 stderr F I0928 09:22:18.405784 1 trace.go:205] Trace[1267846829]: "Get" url:/apis/coordination.k8s.io/v1/namespaces/kube-system/leases/kube-scheduler,user-agent:kube-scheduler/v1.25.0 (linux/amd64) kubernetes/a866cbe/leader-election,audit-id:1b71bbbb-49ad-4f40-b859-f40b06416452,client:192.168.56.2,accept:application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf, */*,protocol:HTTP/2.0 (28-Sep-2022 09:22:17.899) (total time: 505ms): 2022-09-28T11:22:18.406072365+02:00 stderr F Trace[1267846829]: ---"About to write a response" 505ms (09:22:18.405) 2022-09-28T11:22:18.406079291+02:00 stderr F Trace[1267846829]: [505.988424ms] [505.988424ms] END 2022-09-28T12:17:17.854768983+02:00 stderr F I0928 10:17:17.854660 1 alloc.go:327] "allocated clusterIPs" service="default/service-netshoot" clusterIPs=map[IPv4:10.107.115.28] 2022-09-28T12:22:18.832566527+02:00 stderr F I0928 10:22:18.831876 1 trace.go:205] Trace[338168453]: "List(recursive=true) etcd3" audit-id:8acb508c-5121-4d18-8f8a-ed87d01f33b8,key:/pods/default,resourceVersion:,resourceVersionMatch:,limit:500,continue: (28-Sep-2022 10:22:18.063) (total time: 768ms): 2022-09-28T12:22:18.83263296+02:00 stderr F Trace[338168453]: [768.168206ms] [768.168206ms] END 2022-09-28T12:22:18.832893075+02:00 stderr F I0928 10:22:18.832842 1 trace.go:205] Trace[238339745]: "List" url:/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods,user-agent:kubectl/v1.25.0 (linux/amd64) kubernetes/a866cbe,audit-id:8acb508c-5121-4d18-8f8a-ed87d01f33b8,client:192.168.56.2,accept:application/json;as=Table;v=v1;g=meta.k8s.io,application/json;as=Table;v=v1beta1;g=meta.k8s.io,application/json,protocol:HTTP/2.0 (28-Sep-2022 10:22:18.063) (total time: 769ms): 2022-09-28T12:22:18.832902737+02:00 stderr F Trace[238339745]: ---"Listing from storage done" 768ms (10:22:18.831) 2022-09-28T12:22:18.832908995+02:00 stderr F Trace[238339745]: [769.149103ms] [769.149103ms] END
A noter que quand le serveur API redevient fonctionnel, il est possible de consulter le journal en utilisant la commande kubectl logs :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl get pods -n kube-system NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE calico-kube-controllers-6799f5f4b4-2tgpq 1/1 Running 0 42m calico-node-5htrc 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 24d calico-node-dc7hd 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 24d calico-node-qk5kt 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 24d coredns-565d847f94-kkpbp 1/1 Running 0 42m coredns-565d847f94-tqd8z 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 23d etcd-kubemaster.ittraining.loc 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 23d kube-apiserver-kubemaster.ittraining.loc 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 23d kube-controller-manager-kubemaster.ittraining.loc 1/1 Running 12 (5d3h ago) 23d kube-proxy-ggmt6 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 23d kube-proxy-x5j2r 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 23d kube-proxy-x7fpc 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 23d kube-scheduler-kubemaster.ittraining.loc 1/1 Running 14 (29h ago) 23d metrics-server-5dbb5ff5bd-vh5fz 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 23d
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl logs kube-apiserver-kubemaster.ittraining.loc -n kube-system | tail Trace[1595276047]: [564.497826ms] [564.497826ms] END I0928 09:22:18.405784 1 trace.go:205] Trace[1267846829]: "Get" url:/apis/coordination.k8s.io/v1/namespaces/kube-system/leases/kube-scheduler,user-agent:kube-scheduler/v1.25.0 (linux/amd64) kubernetes/a866cbe/leader-election,audit-id:1b71bbbb-49ad-4f40-b859-f40b06416452,client:192.168.56.2,accept:application/vnd.kubernetes.protobuf, */*,protocol:HTTP/2.0 (28-Sep-2022 09:22:17.899) (total time: 505ms): Trace[1267846829]: ---"About to write a response" 505ms (09:22:18.405) Trace[1267846829]: [505.988424ms] [505.988424ms] END I0928 10:17:17.854660 1 alloc.go:327] "allocated clusterIPs" service="default/service-netshoot" clusterIPs=map[IPv4:10.107.115.28] I0928 10:22:18.831876 1 trace.go:205] Trace[338168453]: "List(recursive=true) etcd3" audit-id:8acb508c-5121-4d18-8f8a-ed87d01f33b8,key:/pods/default,resourceVersion:,resourceVersionMatch:,limit:500,continue: (28-Sep-2022 10:22:18.063) (total time: 768ms): Trace[338168453]: [768.168206ms] [768.168206ms] END I0928 10:22:18.832842 1 trace.go:205] Trace[238339745]: "List" url:/api/v1/namespaces/default/pods,user-agent:kubectl/v1.25.0 (linux/amd64) kubernetes/a866cbe,audit-id:8acb508c-5121-4d18-8f8a-ed87d01f33b8,client:192.168.56.2,accept:application/json;as=Table;v=v1;g=meta.k8s.io,application/json;as=Table;v=v1beta1;g=meta.k8s.io,application/json,protocol:HTTP/2.0 (28-Sep-2022 10:22:18.063) (total time: 769ms): Trace[238339745]: ---"Listing from storage done" 768ms (10:22:18.831) Trace[238339745]: [769.149103ms] [769.149103ms] END
LAB #2 - Les Nœuds
2.1 - Le Statut NotReady
Quand un nœud du cluster démontre un problème, il convient de regarder la section Conditions dans la sortie de la commande kubectl describe node du nœud concerné :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl describe node kubenode1.ittraining.loc ... Conditions: Type Status LastHeartbeatTime LastTransitionTime Reason Message ---- ------ ----------------- ------------------ ------ ------- NetworkUnavailable False Fri, 16 Sep 2022 09:35:05 +0200 Fri, 16 Sep 2022 09:35:05 +0200 CalicoIsUp Calico is running on this node MemoryPressure False Wed, 28 Sep 2022 09:17:21 +0200 Sun, 04 Sep 2022 13:13:02 +0200 KubeletHasSufficientMemory kubelet has sufficient memory available DiskPressure False Wed, 28 Sep 2022 09:17:21 +0200 Sun, 04 Sep 2022 13:13:02 +0200 KubeletHasNoDiskPressure kubelet has no disk pressure PIDPressure False Wed, 28 Sep 2022 09:17:21 +0200 Sun, 04 Sep 2022 13:13:02 +0200 KubeletHasSufficientPID kubelet has sufficient PID available Ready True Wed, 28 Sep 2022 09:17:21 +0200 Thu, 15 Sep 2022 17:57:04 +0200 KubeletReady kubelet is posting ready status ...
En règle générale, le statut de NotReady est créé par la panne du service kubelet sur le nœud, comme démontre l'exemple suivant :
root@kubemaster:~# ssh -l trainee 192.168.56.3 trainee@192.168.56.3's password: trainee Linux kubenode1.ittraining.loc 4.9.0-19-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.9.320-2 (2022-06-30) x86_64 The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software; the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright. Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by applicable law. Last login: Fri Sep 16 18:07:39 2022 from 192.168.56.2 trainee@kubenode1:~$ su - Mot de passe : fenestros root@kubenode1:~# systemctl stop kubelet root@kubenode1:~# systemctl disable kubelet Removed /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/kubelet.service. root@kubenode1:~# exit déconnexion trainee@kubenode1:~$ exit déconnexion Connection to 192.168.56.3 closed. root@kubemaster:~# kubectl get nodes NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION kubemaster.ittraining.loc Ready control-plane 24d v1.25.0 kubenode1.ittraining.loc NotReady <none> 24d v1.25.0 kubenode2.ittraining.loc Ready <none> 24d v1.25.0
En activant et en démarrant le service, le nœud retrouve son statut de Ready :
root@kubemaster:~# ssh -l trainee 192.168.56.3
trainee@192.168.56.3's password: trainee
Linux kubenode1.ittraining.loc 4.9.0-19-amd64 #1 SMP Debian 4.9.320-2 (2022-06-30) x86_64
The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software;
the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the
individual files in /usr/share/doc/*/copyright.
Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent
permitted by applicable law.
Last login: Wed Sep 28 09:20:14 2022 from 192.168.56.2
trainee@kubenode1:~$ su -
Mot de passe : fenestros
root@kubenode1:~# systemctl enable kubelet
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/kubelet.service → /lib/systemd/system/kubelet.service.
root@kubenode1:~# systemctl start kubelet
root@kubenode1:~# systemctl status kubelet
● kubelet.service - kubelet: The Kubernetes Node Agent
Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/kubelet.service; enabled; vendor preset: enable
Drop-In: /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d
└─10-kubeadm.conf
Active: active (running) since Wed 2022-09-28 09:54:49 CEST; 7s ago
Docs: https://kubernetes.io/docs/home/
Main PID: 5996 (kubelet)
Tasks: 18 (limit: 4915)
Memory: 32.1M
CPU: 555ms
CGroup: /system.slice/kubelet.service
└─5996 /usr/bin/kubelet --bootstrap-kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/bootstrap-ku
sept. 28 09:54:51 kubenode1.ittraining.loc kubelet[5996]: I0928 09:54:51.572692 599
sept. 28 09:54:52 kubenode1.ittraining.loc kubelet[5996]: I0928 09:54:52.181515 599
sept. 28 09:54:52 kubenode1.ittraining.loc kubelet[5996]: I0928 09:54:52.239266 599
sept. 28 09:54:52 kubenode1.ittraining.loc kubelet[5996]: I0928 09:54:52.289189 599
sept. 28 09:54:52 kubenode1.ittraining.loc kubelet[5996]: E0928 09:54:52.289617 599
sept. 28 09:54:52 kubenode1.ittraining.loc kubelet[5996]: I0928 09:54:52.289652 599
sept. 28 09:54:54 kubenode1.ittraining.loc kubelet[5996]: I0928 09:54:54.139010 599
sept. 28 09:54:56 kubenode1.ittraining.loc kubelet[5996]: I0928 09:54:56.138812 599
sept. 28 09:54:56 kubenode1.ittraining.loc kubelet[5996]: I0928 09:54:56.241520 599
sept. 28 09:54:57 kubenode1.ittraining.loc kubelet[5996]: I0928 09:54:57.243967 599
root@kubenode1:~#
root@kubenode1:~# exit
déconnexion
trainee@kubenode1:~$ exit
déconnexion
Connection to 192.168.56.3 closed.
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
kubemaster.ittraining.loc Ready control-plane 24d v1.25.0
kubenode1.ittraining.loc Ready <none> 24d v1.25.0
kubenode2.ittraining.loc Ready <none> 24d v1.25.0
LAB #3 - Les Pods
Quand un pod du cluster démontre un problème, il convient de regarder la section Events dans la sortie de la commande kubectl describe pod du pod concerné.
3.1 - L'Erreur ImagePullBackOff
Commencez par créer le fichier deployment-postgresql.yaml :
root@kubemaster:~# vi deployment-postgresql.yaml
root@kubemaster:~# cat deployment-postgresql.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: postgresql
labels:
app: postgresql
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: postgresql
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: postgresql
spec:
containers:
- image: bitnami/postgresql:10.12.10
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
name: postgresql
Déployez ensuite l'application :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl apply -f deployment-postgresql.yaml deployment.apps/postgresql created
En consultant le pod créé, vous verrez qu'il y a une erreur de type ImagePullBackOff :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl get pods NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE postgresql-6778f6569c-x84xd 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 25s sharedvolume 2/2 Running 0 8d volumepod 0/1 Completed 0 8d
Consultez la section Events de la sortie de la commande describe pour voir ce que se passe :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl describe pod postgresql-6778f6569c-x84xd | tail
node.kubernetes.io/unreachable:NoExecute op=Exists for 300s
Events:
Type Reason Age From Message
---- ------ ---- ---- -------
Normal Scheduled 74s default-scheduler Successfully assigned default/postgresql-6778f6569c-x84xd to kubenode1.ittraining.loc
Normal Pulling 28s (x3 over 74s) kubelet Pulling image "bitnami/postgresql:10.12.10"
Warning Failed 27s (x3 over 72s) kubelet Failed to pull image "bitnami/postgresql:10.12.10": rpc error: code = NotFound desc = failed to pull and unpack image "docker.io/bitnami/postgresql:10.12.10": failed to resolve reference "docker.io/bitnami/postgresql:10.12.10": docker.io/bitnami/postgresql:10.12.10: not found
Warning Failed 27s (x3 over 72s) kubelet Error: ErrImagePull
Normal BackOff 12s (x3 over 72s) kubelet Back-off pulling image "bitnami/postgresql:10.12.10"
Warning Failed 12s (x3 over 72s) kubelet Error: ImagePullBackOff
Comme vous pouvez constater, il existe trois avertissements
Warning Failed 27s (x3 over 72s) kubelet Failed to pull image "bitnami/postgresql:10.12.10": rpc error: code = NotFound desc = failed to pull and unpack image "docker.io/bitnami/postgresql:10.12.10": failed to resolve reference "docker.io/bitnami/postgresql:10.12.10": docker.io/bitnami/postgresql:10.12.10: not found Warning Failed 27s (x3 over 72s) kubelet Error: ErrImagePull Warning Failed 12s (x3 over 72s) kubelet Error: ImagePullBackOff
Le premier des trois avertissements nous dit clairement qu'il y a un problème au niveau du tag de l'image spécifié dans le fichier deployment-postgresql.yaml : docker.io/bitnami/postgresql:10.12.10: not found.
Modifiez donc le tag dans ce fichier à 10.13.0 :
root@kubemaster:~# vi deployment-postgresql.yaml
root@kubemaster:~# cat deployment-postgresql.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: postgresql
labels:
app: postgresql
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: postgresql
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: postgresql
spec:
containers:
- image: bitnami/postgresql:10.13.0
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
name: postgresql
Appliquez maintenant le fichier :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl apply -f deployment-postgresql.yaml deployment.apps/postgresql configured
3.2 - L'Erreur CrashLoopBackOff
En consultant le deuxième Pod créé, vous verrez qu'il y a une erreur de type CrashLoopBackOff :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl get pods NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE postgresql-6668d5d6b5-swr9g 0/1 CrashLoopBackOff 1 (3s ago) 46s postgresql-6778f6569c-x84xd 0/1 ImagePullBackOff 0 5m55s sharedvolume 2/2 Running 0 8d volumepod 0/1 Completed 0 8d
Consultez la section Events de la sortie de la commande describe pour voir ce que se passe avec le deuxième pod :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl describe pod postgresql-6668d5d6b5-swr9g | tail Events: Type Reason Age From Message ---- ------ ---- ---- ------- Normal Scheduled 4m3s default-scheduler Successfully assigned default/postgresql-6668d5d6b5-swr9g to kubenode1.ittraining.loc Normal Pulling 4m2s kubelet Pulling image "bitnami/postgresql:10.13.0" Normal Pulled 3m22s kubelet Successfully pulled image "bitnami/postgresql:10.13.0" in 40.581665048s Normal Created 90s (x5 over 3m21s) kubelet Created container postgresql Normal Started 90s (x5 over 3m21s) kubelet Started container postgresql Normal Pulled 90s (x4 over 3m20s) kubelet Container image "bitnami/postgresql:10.13.0" already present on machine Warning BackOff 68s (x9 over 3m19s) kubelet Back-off restarting failed container
Cette fois-ci, la section Events nous donne aucune indication concernant le problème !
Pour obtenir plus d'information concernant le problème, on peut utiliser la commande logs :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl logs postgresql-6668d5d6b5-swr9g | tail postgresql 08:43:48.60 postgresql 08:43:48.60 Welcome to the Bitnami postgresql container postgresql 08:43:48.60 Subscribe to project updates by watching https://github.com/bitnami/bitnami-docker-postgresql postgresql 08:43:48.60 Submit issues and feature requests at https://github.com/bitnami/bitnami-docker-postgresql/issues postgresql 08:43:48.60 postgresql 08:43:48.62 INFO ==> ** Starting PostgreSQL setup ** postgresql 08:43:48.63 INFO ==> Validating settings in POSTGRESQL_* env vars.. postgresql 08:43:48.63 ERROR ==> The POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD environment variable is empty or not set. Set the environment variable ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes to allow the container to be started with blank passwords. This is recommended only for development. postgresql 08:43:48.63 ERROR ==> The POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD environment variable is empty or not set. Set the environment variable ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes to allow the container to be started with blank passwords. This is recommended only for development.
La sortie de la commande logs nous indique clairement que le problème est lié au contenu de la variable POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD qui est vide. Elle nous indique aussi que nous pourrions fixer la valeur de la variable ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD à yes pour contourner ce problème :
... postgresql 08:43:48.63 ERROR ==> The POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD environment variable is empty or not set. Set the environment variable ALLOW_EMPTY_PASSWORD=yes to allow the container to be started with blank passwords. This is recommended only for development.
Mettez à jour donc le fichier deployment-postgresql.yaml :
root@kubemaster:~# vi deployment-postgresql.yaml
root@kubemaster:~# cat deployment-postgresql.yaml
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: postgresql
labels:
app: postgresql
spec:
replicas: 1
selector:
matchLabels:
app: postgresql
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: postgresql
spec:
containers:
- image: bitnami/postgresql:10.13.0
imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
name: postgresql
env:
- name: POSTGRESQL_PASSWORD
value: "VerySecurePassword:-)"
Appliquez la configuration :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl apply -f deployment-postgresql.yaml deployment.apps/postgresql configured
Constatez l'état du Pod ainsi que le deployment :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl get pods NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE postgresql-6f885d8957-tnlbb 1/1 Running 0 29s sharedvolume 2/2 Running 0 8d volumepod 0/1 Completed 0 8d root@kubemaster:~# kubectl get deployments NAME READY UP-TO-DATE AVAILABLE AGE postgresql 1/1 1 1 14m
Utilisez maintenant l'option -f de la commande logs pour voir les traces en continu :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl logs postgresql-6f885d8957-tnlbb -f postgresql 08:48:35.14 postgresql 08:48:35.14 Welcome to the Bitnami postgresql container postgresql 08:48:35.14 Subscribe to project updates by watching https://github.com/bitnami/bitnami-docker-postgresql postgresql 08:48:35.14 Submit issues and feature requests at https://github.com/bitnami/bitnami-docker-postgresql/issues postgresql 08:48:35.15 postgresql 08:48:35.16 INFO ==> ** Starting PostgreSQL setup ** postgresql 08:48:35.17 INFO ==> Validating settings in POSTGRESQL_* env vars.. postgresql 08:48:35.18 INFO ==> Loading custom pre-init scripts... postgresql 08:48:35.18 INFO ==> Initializing PostgreSQL database... postgresql 08:48:35.20 INFO ==> pg_hba.conf file not detected. Generating it... postgresql 08:48:35.20 INFO ==> Generating local authentication configuration postgresql 08:48:47.94 INFO ==> Starting PostgreSQL in background... postgresql 08:48:48.36 INFO ==> Changing password of postgres postgresql 08:48:48.39 INFO ==> Configuring replication parameters postgresql 08:48:48.46 INFO ==> Configuring fsync postgresql 08:48:48.47 INFO ==> Loading custom scripts... postgresql 08:48:48.47 INFO ==> Enabling remote connections postgresql 08:48:48.48 INFO ==> Stopping PostgreSQL... postgresql 08:48:49.49 INFO ==> ** PostgreSQL setup finished! ** postgresql 08:48:49.50 INFO ==> ** Starting PostgreSQL ** 2022-09-28 08:48:49.633 GMT [1] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "0.0.0.0", port 5432 2022-09-28 08:48:49.633 GMT [1] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::", port 5432 2022-09-28 08:48:49.699 GMT [1] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432" 2022-09-28 08:48:49.817 GMT [106] LOG: database system was shut down at 2022-09-28 08:48:48 GMT 2022-09-28 08:48:49.852 GMT [1] LOG: database system is ready to accept connections ^C
Important : Notez l'utilisation de ^C pour arrêter la commande kubectl logs postgresql-6f885d8957-tnlbb -f.
LAB #4 - Les Conteneurs
4.1 - La Commande exec
La commande exec peut être utilisée pour exécuter une commande à l'intérieur d'un conteneur dans un pod. Imaginons que vous souhaitez vérifier le contenu du fichier de configuration de PostgreSQL, postgresql.conf :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl exec postgresql-6f885d8957-tnlbb -- cat /opt/bitnami/postgresql/conf/postgresql.conf | more
# -----------------------------
# PostgreSQL configuration file
# -----------------------------
#
# This file consists of lines of the form:
#
# name = value
#
# (The "=" is optional.) Whitespace may be used. Comments are introduced with
# "#" anywhere on a line. The complete list of parameter names and allowed
# values can be found in the PostgreSQL documentation.
#
# The commented-out settings shown in this file represent the default values.
# Re-commenting a setting is NOT sufficient to revert it to the default value;
# you need to reload the server.
#
# This file is read on server startup and when the server receives a SIGHUP
# signal. If you edit the file on a running system, you have to SIGHUP the
# server for the changes to take effect, run "pg_ctl reload", or execute
# "SELECT pg_reload_conf()". Some parameters, which are marked below,
# require a server shutdown and restart to take effect.
#
# Any parameter can also be given as a command-line option to the server, e.g.,
# "postgres -c log_connections=on". Some parameters can be changed at run time
# with the "SET" SQL command.
#
# Memory units: kB = kilobytes Time units: ms = milliseconds
# MB = megabytes s = seconds
# GB = gigabytes min = minutes
# TB = terabytes h = hours
# d = days
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# FILE LOCATIONS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# The default values of these variables are driven from the -D command-line
# option or PGDATA environment variable, represented here as ConfigDir.
#data_directory = 'ConfigDir' # use data in another directory
# (change requires restart)
#hba_file = 'ConfigDir/pg_hba.conf' # host-based authentication file
# (change requires restart)
#ident_file = 'ConfigDir/pg_ident.conf' # ident configuration file
# (change requires restart)
# If external_pid_file is not explicitly set, no extra PID file is written.
#external_pid_file = '' # write an extra PID file
# (change requires restart)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CONNECTIONS AND AUTHENTICATION
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--More--
Dernièrement, Il est évidement possible de rentrer dans le conteneur lui-même afin de procéder à des recherches de problèmes éventuels :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl exec postgresql-6f885d8957-tnlbb --stdin --tty -- /bin/bash I have no name!@postgresql-6f885d8957-tnlbb:/$ exit exit root@kubemaster:~#
LAB #5 - Le Réseau
5.1 - kube-proxy et le DNS
Utilisez la commande kubectl get pods pour obtenir les noms des pods kube-proxy et coredns :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl get pods -n kube-system NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE calico-kube-controllers-6799f5f4b4-2tgpq 1/1 Running 0 160m calico-node-5htrc 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 24d calico-node-dc7hd 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 24d calico-node-qk5kt 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 24d coredns-565d847f94-kkpbp 1/1 Running 0 160m coredns-565d847f94-tqd8z 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 23d etcd-kubemaster.ittraining.loc 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 23d kube-apiserver-kubemaster.ittraining.loc 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 23d kube-controller-manager-kubemaster.ittraining.loc 1/1 Running 12 (5d4h ago) 23d kube-proxy-ggmt6 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 23d kube-proxy-x5j2r 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 23d kube-proxy-x7fpc 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 23d kube-scheduler-kubemaster.ittraining.loc 1/1 Running 14 (31h ago) 23d metrics-server-5dbb5ff5bd-vh5fz 1/1 Running 1 (12d ago) 23d
Recherchez des erreurs éventuelles dans les journaux de chaque pod :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl logs -n kube-system kube-proxy-ggmt6 | tail I0916 07:32:34.968850 1 shared_informer.go:255] Waiting for caches to sync for service config I0916 07:32:34.968975 1 config.go:226] "Starting endpoint slice config controller" I0916 07:32:34.968988 1 shared_informer.go:255] Waiting for caches to sync for endpoint slice config I0916 07:32:34.968995 1 config.go:444] "Starting node config controller" I0916 07:32:34.969002 1 shared_informer.go:255] Waiting for caches to sync for node config I0916 07:32:35.069078 1 shared_informer.go:262] Caches are synced for service config I0916 07:32:35.069147 1 shared_informer.go:262] Caches are synced for node config I0916 07:32:35.069169 1 shared_informer.go:262] Caches are synced for endpoint slice config I0916 07:33:06.103911 1 trace.go:205] Trace[210170851]: "iptables restore" (16-Sep-2022 07:33:03.886) (total time: 2216ms): Trace[210170851]: [2.216953699s] [2.216953699s] END
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl logs -n kube-system coredns-565d847f94-kkpbp | tail [INFO] plugin/kubernetes: waiting for Kubernetes API before starting server [INFO] plugin/kubernetes: waiting for Kubernetes API before starting server .:53 [INFO] plugin/reload: Running configuration SHA512 = 591cf328cccc12bc490481273e738df59329c62c0b729d94e8b61db9961c2fa5f046dd37f1cf888b953814040d180f52594972691cd6ff41be96639138a43908 CoreDNS-1.9.3 linux/amd64, go1.18.2, 45b0a11
5.2 - Le Conteneur netshoot
Si, à ce stade, vous n'avez pas trouvé d'erreurs apparentes, il convient de créer un pod qui contiendra un conteneur généré de l'image nicolaka/netshoot. Cette image contient un grand nombre d'outils de dépannage pré-installés :
Créez le fichier nginx-netshoot.yaml :
root@kubemaster:~# vi nginx-netshoot.yaml
root@kubemaster:~# cat nginx-netshoot.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: nginx-netshoot
labels:
app: nginx-netshoot
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: nginx:1.19.1
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: service-netshoot
spec:
type: ClusterIP
selector:
app: nginx-netshoot
ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 80
targetPort: 80
Créez le pod et le service :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl create -f nginx-netshoot.yaml pod/nginx-netshoot created service/service-netshoot created
Vérifiez que le service est en cours d'exécution :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl get services NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 24d service-netshoot ClusterIP 10.107.115.28 <none> 80/TCP 5m18s
Créez maintenant le fichier netshoot.yaml :
root@kubemaster:~# vi netshoot.yaml
root@kubemaster:~# cat netshoot.yaml
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
name: netshoot
spec:
containers:
- name: netshoot
image: nicolaka/netshoot
command: ['sh', '-c', 'while true; do sleep 5; done']
Créez le pod :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl create -f netshoot.yaml pod/netshoot created
Vérifiez que le status du pod est READY :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl get pods NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE netshoot 1/1 Running 0 6m7s nginx-netshoot 1/1 Running 0 9m32s postgresql-6f885d8957-tnlbb 1/1 Running 0 98m sharedvolume 2/2 Running 0 8d troubleshooting 1/1 Running 0 125m volumepod 0/1 Completed 0 8d
Entrez dans le conteneur netshoot :
root@kubemaster:~# kubectl exec --stdin --tty netshoot -- /bin/bash bash-5.1#
Testez le bon fonctionnement du service service-netshoot :
bash-5.1# curl service-netshoot
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Welcome to nginx!</title>
<style>
body {
width: 35em;
margin: 0 auto;
font-family: Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, sans-serif;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Welcome to nginx!</h1>
<p>If you see this page, the nginx web server is successfully installed and
working. Further configuration is required.</p>
<p>For online documentation and support please refer to
<a href="http://nginx.org/">nginx.org</a>.<br/>
Commercial support is available at
<a href="http://nginx.com/">nginx.com</a>.</p>
<p><em>Thank you for using nginx.</em></p>
</body>
</html>
Dernièrement, utilisez la commande nslookup pour obtenir l'adresse IP du service :
bash-5.1# nslookup service-netshoot Server: 10.96.0.10 Address: 10.96.0.10#53 Name: service-netshoot.default.svc.cluster.local Address: 10.107.115.28
Important : Pour plus d'information concernant les outils inclus dans le conteneur netshoot, consultez la page de netshoot sur GitHub.
Copyright © 2024 Hugh Norris