In order to learn how to compile software, download the hello-2.1.1.tar.gz archive:
[root@centos ~]# wget http://www.linuxelearning.com/downloads/file/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz --2013-10-29 18:20:09-- http://www.linuxelearning.com/downloads/file/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz Resolving www.linuxelearning.com... 88.173.201.50, 88.173.201.50 Connecting to www.linuxelearning.com|88.173.201.50|:80... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 389363 (380K) [application/x-gzip] Saving to: “hello-2.1.1.tar.gz” 100%[======================================>] 389,363 36.9K/s in 10s 2013-10-29 18:20:19 (38.1 KB/s) - “hello-2.1.1.tar.gz” saved [389363/389363]
Extract the archive:
[root@centos ~]# tar xvf hello-2.1.1.tar.gz hello-2.1.1/ hello-2.1.1/intl/ hello-2.1.1/intl/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/intl/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/intl/config.charset hello-2.1.1/intl/locale.alias hello-2.1.1/intl/ref-add.sin hello-2.1.1/intl/ref-del.sin hello-2.1.1/intl/gmo.h hello-2.1.1/intl/gettextP.h hello-2.1.1/intl/hash-string.h hello-2.1.1/intl/plural-exp.h hello-2.1.1/intl/eval-plural.h hello-2.1.1/intl/os2compat.h hello-2.1.1/intl/libgnuintl.h hello-2.1.1/intl/loadinfo.h hello-2.1.1/intl/bindtextdom.c hello-2.1.1/intl/dcgettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/dgettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/gettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/finddomain.c hello-2.1.1/intl/loadmsgcat.c hello-2.1.1/intl/localealias.c hello-2.1.1/intl/textdomain.c hello-2.1.1/intl/l10nflist.c hello-2.1.1/intl/explodename.c hello-2.1.1/intl/dcigettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/dcngettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/dngettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/ngettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/plural.y hello-2.1.1/intl/plural-exp.c hello-2.1.1/intl/localcharset.c hello-2.1.1/intl/localename.c hello-2.1.1/intl/osdep.c hello-2.1.1/intl/os2compat.c hello-2.1.1/intl/intl-compat.c hello-2.1.1/intl/plural.c hello-2.1.1/intl/VERSION hello-2.1.1/po/ hello-2.1.1/po/Makefile.in.in hello-2.1.1/po/Makevars hello-2.1.1/po/remove-potcdate.sin hello-2.1.1/po/quot.sed hello-2.1.1/po/boldquot.sed hello-2.1.1/po/en@quot.header hello-2.1.1/po/en@boldquot.header hello-2.1.1/po/insert-header.sin hello-2.1.1/po/Rules-quot hello-2.1.1/po/POTFILES.in hello-2.1.1/po/hello.pot hello-2.1.1/po/ca.po hello-2.1.1/po/da.po hello-2.1.1/po/de.po hello-2.1.1/po/de_DE.po hello-2.1.1/po/el.po hello-2.1.1/po/eo.po hello-2.1.1/po/es.po hello-2.1.1/po/et.po hello-2.1.1/po/fi.po hello-2.1.1/po/fr.po hello-2.1.1/po/gl.po hello-2.1.1/po/he.po hello-2.1.1/po/hr.po hello-2.1.1/po/hu.po hello-2.1.1/po/id.po hello-2.1.1/po/it.po hello-2.1.1/po/ja.po hello-2.1.1/po/ko.po hello-2.1.1/po/lv.po hello-2.1.1/po/nb.po hello-2.1.1/po/nl.po hello-2.1.1/po/nn.po hello-2.1.1/po/pl.po hello-2.1.1/po/pt.po hello-2.1.1/po/pt_BR.po hello-2.1.1/po/ru.po hello-2.1.1/po/sk.po hello-2.1.1/po/sl.po hello-2.1.1/po/sv.po hello-2.1.1/po/tr.po hello-2.1.1/po/uk.po hello-2.1.1/po/ca.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/da.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/de.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/de_DE.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/el.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/eo.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/es.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/et.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/fi.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/fr.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/gl.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/he.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/hr.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/hu.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/id.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/it.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/ja.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/ko.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/lv.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/nb.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/nl.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/nn.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/pl.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/pt.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/pt_BR.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/ru.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/sk.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/sl.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/sv.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/tr.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/uk.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/po/LINGUAS hello-2.1.1/README hello-2.1.1/ABOUT-NLS hello-2.1.1/AUTHORS hello-2.1.1/COPYING hello-2.1.1/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/INSTALL hello-2.1.1/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/NEWS hello-2.1.1/THANKS hello-2.1.1/TODO hello-2.1.1/aclocal.m4 hello-2.1.1/config.guess hello-2.1.1/config.h.in hello-2.1.1/config.rpath hello-2.1.1/config.sub hello-2.1.1/configure hello-2.1.1/configure.ac hello-2.1.1/depcomp hello-2.1.1/install-sh hello-2.1.1/missing hello-2.1.1/mkinstalldirs hello-2.1.1/BUGS hello-2.1.1/ChangeLog.O hello-2.1.1/contrib/ hello-2.1.1/contrib/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/contrib/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/contrib/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/contrib/de_franconian_po.txt hello-2.1.1/contrib/evolution.txt hello-2.1.1/contrib/hello.1 hello-2.1.1/doc/ hello-2.1.1/doc/gpl.texi hello-2.1.1/doc/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/doc/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/doc/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/doc/mdate-sh hello-2.1.1/doc/stamp-vti hello-2.1.1/doc/texinfo.tex hello-2.1.1/doc/version.texi hello-2.1.1/doc/hello.texi hello-2.1.1/doc/hello.info hello-2.1.1/src/ hello-2.1.1/src/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/src/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/src/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/src/alloca.c hello-2.1.1/src/hello.c hello-2.1.1/src/version.c hello-2.1.1/src/getopt.c hello-2.1.1/src/getopt1.c hello-2.1.1/src/getopt.h hello-2.1.1/src/system.h hello-2.1.1/man/ hello-2.1.1/man/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/man/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/man/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/man/hello.1 hello-2.1.1/man/help2man hello-2.1.1/m4/ hello-2.1.1/m4/README hello-2.1.1/m4/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/m4/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/m4/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/m4/codeset.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/gettext.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/glibc21.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/iconv.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/isc-posix.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/lcmessage.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/lib-ld.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/lib-link.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/lib-prefix.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/progtest.m4 hello-2.1.1/tests/ hello-2.1.1/tests/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/tests/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/tests/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/tests/hello-1 hello-2.1.1/tests/world-1 hello-2.1.1/tests/nothing-1
Change directory:
[root@centos ~]# cd hello-2.1.1/
The first file we need to look at is the README file. This file tells us to look at the INSTALL file:
[root@centos hello-2.1.1]# more INSTALL Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is free documentation; the Free Software Foundation gives unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify it. Basic Installation ================== These are generic installation instructions. The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package. It may also create one or more `.h' files containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it creates a shell script `config.status' that you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, and a file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging `configure'). It can also use an optional file (typically called `config.cache' and enabled with `--cache-file=config.cache' or simply `-C') that saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring. (Caching is disabled by default to prevent problems with accidental use of stale cache files.) --Plus--(11%)
Reading this file tells us that we need to use four commands:
<note important> configure is a script that creates makefiles for a specific architecture. makefiles are read by the make command. </note>
[root@centos hello-2.1.1]# ./configure
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /usr/bin/install -c
checking whether build environment is sane... yes
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether make sets ${MAKE}... yes
checking for gcc... gcc
checking for C compiler default output... a.out
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of executables...
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for style of include used by make... GNU
checking dependency style of gcc... gcc3
checking for strerror in -lcposix... no
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
checking for ANSI C header files... yes
checking for sys/types.h... yes
checking for sys/stat.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... yes
checking for string.h... yes
checking for memory.h... yes
checking for strings.h... yes
checking for inttypes.h... yes
checking for stdint.h... yes
checking for unistd.h... yes
checking for string.h... (cached) yes
checking fcntl.h usability... yes
checking fcntl.h presence... yes
checking for fcntl.h... yes
checking sys/file.h usability... yes
checking sys/file.h presence... yes
checking for sys/file.h... yes
checking sys/param.h usability... yes
checking sys/param.h presence... yes
checking for sys/param.h... yes
checking for working alloca.h... yes
checking for alloca... yes
checking for struct stat.st_blksize... yes
checking for msgfmt... /usr/bin/msgfmt
checking for gmsgfmt... /usr/bin/msgfmt
checking for xgettext... /usr/bin/xgettext
checking for msgmerge... /usr/bin/msgmerge
checking build system type... i686-pc-linux
checking host system type... i686-pc-linux
checking for ranlib... ranlib
checking for gcc option to accept ANSI C... none needed
checking for an ANSI C-conforming const... yes
checking for inline... inline
checking for off_t... yes
checking for size_t... yes
checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes
checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes
checking for getpagesize... yes
checking for working mmap... yes
checking whether we are using the GNU C Library 2.1 or newer... yes
checking for ld used by GCC... /usr/bin/ld
checking if the linker (/usr/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes
checking for shared library run path origin... done
checking for iconv... yes
checking argz.h usability... yes
checking argz.h presence... yes
checking for argz.h... yes
checking limits.h usability... yes
checking limits.h presence... yes
checking for limits.h... yes
checking locale.h usability... yes
checking locale.h presence... yes
checking for locale.h... yes
checking nl_types.h usability... yes
checking nl_types.h presence... yes
checking for nl_types.h... yes
checking malloc.h usability... yes
checking malloc.h presence... yes
checking for malloc.h... yes
checking stddef.h usability... yes
checking stddef.h presence... yes
checking for stddef.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes
checking for string.h... (cached) yes
checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes
checking for sys/param.h... (cached) yes
checking for feof_unlocked... yes
checking for fgets_unlocked... yes
checking for getc_unlocked... yes
checking for getcwd... yes
checking for getegid... yes
checking for geteuid... yes
checking for getgid... yes
checking for getuid... yes
checking for mempcpy... yes
checking for munmap... yes
checking for putenv... yes
checking for setenv... yes
checking for setlocale... yes
checking for stpcpy... yes
checking for strcasecmp... yes
checking for strdup... yes
checking for strtoul... yes
checking for tsearch... yes
checking for __argz_count... yes
checking for __argz_stringify... yes
checking for __argz_next... yes
checking for iconv declaration...
extern size_t iconv (iconv_t cd, char * *inbuf, size_t *inbytesleft, char * *outbuf, size_t *outbytesleft);
checking for nl_langinfo and CODESET... yes
checking for LC_MESSAGES... yes
checking for bison... no
checking whether NLS is requested... yes
checking whether included gettext is requested... no
checking for GNU gettext in libc... yes
checking for perl... perl
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating Makefile
config.status: creating contrib/Makefile
config.status: creating doc/Makefile
config.status: creating intl/Makefile
config.status: creating man/Makefile
config.status: creating po/Makefile.in
config.status: creating m4/Makefile
config.status: creating src/Makefile
config.status: creating tests/Makefile
config.status: creating config.h
config.status: executing depfiles commands
config.status: executing default-1 commands
config.status: creating po/POTFILES
config.status: creating po/Makefile
config.status: executing default commands
<note important> make calls the different commands that are used to create all the necessary files needed to install hello. </note>
[root@centos hello-2.1.1]# make make all-recursive make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1 » Making all in contrib make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/contrib » make[2]: Rien à faire pour « all ». make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/contrib » Making all in doc make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/doc » make[2]: Rien à faire pour « all ». make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/doc » Making all in intl make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/intl » make[2]: Rien à faire pour « all ». make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/intl » Making all in po make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/po » make[2]: Rien à faire pour « all ». make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/po » Making all in src make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/src » source='hello.c' object='hello.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/hello.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/hello.TPo' \ depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \ gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'hello.c' || echo './'`hello.c source='version.c' object='version.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/version.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/version.TPo' \ depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \ gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'version.c' || echo './'`version.c source='getopt.c' object='getopt.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/getopt.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/getopt.TPo' \ depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \ gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'getopt.c' || echo './'`getopt.c source='getopt1.c' object='getopt1.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/getopt1.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/getopt1.TPo' \ depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \ gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'getopt1.c' || echo './'`getopt1.c gcc -g -O2 -o hello hello.o version.o getopt.o getopt1.o make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/src » Making all in man make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/man » perl help2man --name="Friendly Greeting Program" ../src/hello >hello.1 make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/man » Making all in m4 make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/m4 » make[2]: Rien à faire pour « all ». make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/m4 » Making all in tests make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/tests » make[2]: Rien à faire pour « all ». make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/tests » make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1 » make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1 » make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1 »
<note important> make check checks whether the previous command worked correctly. </note>
[root@centos hello-2.1.1]# make check Making check in contrib make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/contrib » make[1]: Rien à faire pour « check ». make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/contrib » Making check in doc make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/doc » make[1]: Rien à faire pour « check ». make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/doc » Making check in intl make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/intl » make[1]: Rien à faire pour « check ». make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/intl » Making check in po make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/po » make[1]: Rien à faire pour « check ». make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/po » Making check in src make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/src » make[1]: Rien à faire pour « check ». make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/src » Making check in man make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/man » make[1]: Rien à faire pour « check ». make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/man » Making check in m4 make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/m4 » make[1]: Rien à faire pour « check ». make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/m4 » Making check in tests make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/tests » make check-TESTS make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/tests » PASS: hello-1 PASS: world-1 PASS: nothing-1 ================== All 3 tests passed ================== make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/tests » make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/tests » make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1 » make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1 »
<note important> make install installs the software. </note>
[root@centos hello-2.1.1]# make install Making install in contrib make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/contrib » make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/contrib » make[2]: Rien à faire pour « install-exec-am ». make[2]: Rien à faire pour « install-data-am ». make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/contrib » make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/contrib » Making install in doc make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/doc » make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/doc » make[2]: Rien à faire pour « install-exec-am ». /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /usr/local/info mkdir -p -- /usr/local/info /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./hello.info /usr/local/info/hello.info install-info --info-dir=/usr/local/info /usr/local/info/hello.info make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/doc » make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/doc » Making install in intl make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/intl » if test "hello" = "gettext" \ && test '' = 'intl-compat.o'; then \ /bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/lib /usr/local/include; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 libintl.h /usr/local/include/libintl.h; \ @LIBTOOL@ --mode=install \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 libintl.a /usr/local/lib/libintl.a; \ else \ : ; \ fi if test 'no' = yes; then \ test yes != no || /bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/lib; \ temp=/usr/local/lib/t-charset.alias; \ dest=/usr/local/lib/charset.alias; \ if test -f /usr/local/lib/charset.alias; then \ orig=/usr/local/lib/charset.alias; \ sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $temp $dest; \ rm -f $temp; \ else \ if test yes = no; then \ orig=charset.alias; \ sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $temp $dest; \ rm -f $temp; \ fi; \ fi; \ /bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share/locale; \ test -f /usr/local/share/locale/locale.alias \ && orig=/usr/local/share/locale/locale.alias \ || orig=./locale.alias; \ temp=/usr/local/share/locale/t-locale.alias; \ dest=/usr/local/share/locale/locale.alias; \ sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $temp $dest; \ rm -f $temp; \ else \ : ; \ fi if test "hello" = "gettext"; then \ /bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share/gettext/intl; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 VERSION /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/VERSION; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ChangeLog.inst /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/ChangeLog; \ dists="COPYING.LIB-2.0 COPYING.LIB-2.1 Makefile.in config.charset locale.alias ref-add.sin ref-del.sin gmo.h gettextP.h hash-string.h plural-exp.h eval-plural.h os2compat.h libgnuintl.h loadinfo.h bindtextdom.c dcgettext.c dgettext.c gettext.c finddomain.c loadmsgcat.c localealias.c textdomain.c l10nflist.c explodename.c dcigettext.c dcngettext.c dngettext.c ngettext.c plural.y plural-exp.c localcharset.c localename.c osdep.c os2compat.c intl-compat.c"; \ for file in $dists; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./$file \ /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/$file; \ done; \ chmod a+x /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/config.charset; \ dists="plural.c"; \ for file in $dists; do \ if test -f $file; then dir=.; else dir=.; fi; \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 $dir/$file \ /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/$file; \ done; \ dists="xopen-msg.sed linux-msg.sed po2tbl.sed.in cat-compat.c COPYING.LIB-2 gettext.h libgettext.h plural-eval.c"; \ for file in $dists; do \ rm -f /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/$file; \ done; \ else \ : ; \ fi make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/intl » Making install in po make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/po » /bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES installing ca.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES installing da.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES installing de.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/de_DE/LC_MESSAGES installing de_DE.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/de_DE/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES installing el.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/eo/LC_MESSAGES installing eo.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/eo/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES installing es.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES installing et.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES installing fi.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES installing fr.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES installing gl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES installing he.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES installing hr.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES installing hu.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES installing id.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES installing it.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES installing ja.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES installing ko.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/lv/LC_MESSAGES installing lv.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/lv/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES installing nb.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES installing nl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/nn/LC_MESSAGES installing nn.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/nn/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES installing pl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES installing pt.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES installing pt_BR.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES installing ru.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES installing sk.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES installing sl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES installing sv.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES installing tr.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES installing uk.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo if test "hello" = "gettext"; then \ /bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share/gettext/po; \ for file in Makefile.in.in Makevars remove-potcdate.sin quot.sed boldquot.sed en@quot.header en@boldquot.header insert-header.sin Rules-quot ; do \ /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./$file \ /usr/local/share/gettext/po/$file; \ done; \ else \ : ; \ fi make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/po » Making install in src make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/src » make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/src » /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /usr/local/bin /usr/bin/install -c hello /usr/local/bin/hello make[2]: Rien à faire pour « install-data-am ». make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/src » make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/src » Making install in man make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/man » make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/man » make[2]: Rien à faire pour « install-exec-am ». /bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /usr/local/man/man1 mkdir -p -- /usr/local/man/man1 /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./hello.1 /usr/local/man/man1/hello.1 make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/man » make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/man » Making install in m4 make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/m4 » make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/m4 » make[2]: Rien à faire pour « install-exec-am ». make[2]: Rien à faire pour « install-data-am ». make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/m4 » make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/m4 » Making install in tests make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/tests » make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/tests » make[2]: Rien à faire pour « install-exec-am ». make[2]: Rien à faire pour « install-data-am ». make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/tests » make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1/tests » make[1]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1 » make[2]: entrant dans le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1 » make[2]: Rien à faire pour « install-exec-am ». make[2]: Rien à faire pour « install-data-am ». make[2]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1 » make[1]: quittant le répertoire « /root/hello-2.1.1 »
Now we can test our newly install software:
[root@centos hello-2.1.1]# hello Hello, world!
All that work for just one line !
<note> Move to the /root directory by typing cd ~ in your terminal. </note>
In order to ease the burden of installing, uninstalling and managing software, called packages, CentOS and Red Hat use a special file format called rpm for Redhat Package Manager. The command used to manage packages is also called rpm.
The command line switches of the rpm command are as follows:
[root@centos ~]# rpm --help
Usage: rpm [OPTION...]
--quiet
Query/Verify package selection options:
-a, --all query/verify all packages
-f, --file query/verify package(s) owning file
-g, --group query/verify package(s) in group
-p, --package query/verify a package file
-W, --ftswalk query/verify package(s) from TOP file tree
walk
--pkgid query/verify package(s) with package
identifier
--hdrid query/verify package(s) with header
identifier
--fileid query/verify package(s) with file identifier
--specfile query a spec file
--triggeredby query the package(s) triggered by the
package
--whatrequires query/verify the package(s) which require a
dependency
--whatprovides query/verify the package(s) which provide a
dependency
--nomanifest do not process non-package files as
manifests
Query options (with -q or --query):
-c, --configfiles list all configuration files
-d, --docfiles list all documentation files
--dump dump basic file information
-l, --list list files in package
--queryformat=QUERYFORMAT use the following query format
-s, --state display the states of the listed files
Verify options (with -V or --verify):
--nofiledigest don't verify digest of files
--nomd5 don't verify digest of files
--nofiles don't verify files in package
--nodeps don't verify package dependencies
--noscript don't execute verify script(s)
File tree walk options (with --ftswalk):
--comfollow follow command line symlinks
--logical logical walk
--nochdir don't change directories
--nostat don't get stat info
--physical physical walk
--seedot return dot and dot-dot
--xdev don't cross devices
--whiteout return whiteout information
Signature options:
--addsign sign package(s) (identical to --resign)
-K, --checksig verify package signature(s)
--delsign delete package signatures
--import import an armored public key
--resign sign package(s) (identical to --addsign)
--nodigest don't verify package digest(s)
--nosignature don't verify package signature(s)
Database options:
--initdb initialize database
--rebuilddb rebuild database inverted lists from
installed package headers
Install/Upgrade/Erase options:
--aid add suggested packages to transaction
--allfiles install all files, even configurations
which might otherwise be skipped
--allmatches remove all packages which match <package>
(normally an error is generated if
<package> specified multiple packages)
--badreloc relocate files in non-relocatable package
-e, --erase=<package>+ erase (uninstall) package
--excludedocs do not install documentation
--excludepath=<path> skip files with leading component <path>
--fileconflicts detect file conflicts between packages
--force short hand for --replacepkgs --replacefiles
-F, --freshen=<packagefile>+ upgrade package(s) if already installed
-h, --hash print hash marks as package installs (good
with -v)
--ignorearch don't verify package architecture
--ignoreos don't verify package operating system
--ignoresize don't check disk space before installing
-i, --install install package(s)
--justdb update the database, but do not modify the
filesystem
--nodeps do not verify package dependencies
--nofiledigest don't verify digest of files
--nomd5 don't verify digest of files (obsolete)
--nocontexts don't install file security contexts
--noorder do not reorder package installation to
satisfy dependencies
--nosuggest do not suggest missing dependency
resolution(s)
--noscripts do not execute package scriptlet(s)
--notriggers do not execute any scriptlet(s) triggered
by this package
--oldpackage upgrade to an old version of the package
(--force on upgrades does this
automatically)
--percent print percentages as package installs
--prefix=<dir> relocate the package to <dir>, if
relocatable
--relocate=<old>=<new> relocate files from path <old> to <new>
--replacefiles ignore file conflicts between packages
--replacepkgs reinstall if the package is already present
--test don't install, but tell if it would work or
not
-U, --upgrade=<packagefile>+ upgrade package(s)
Common options for all rpm modes and executables:
-D, --define='MACRO EXPR' define MACRO with value EXPR
-E, --eval='EXPR' print macro expansion of EXPR
--macros=<FILE:...> read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
--nodigest don't verify package digest(s)
--nosignature don't verify package signature(s)
--rcfile=<FILE:...> read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
-r, --root=ROOT use ROOT as top level directory (default:
"/")
--querytags display known query tags
--showrc display final rpmrc and macro configuration
--quiet provide less detailed output
-v, --verbose provide more detailed output
--version print the version of rpm being used
Options implemented via popt alias/exec:
--scripts list install/erase scriptlets from
package(s)
--setperms set permissions of files in a package
--setugids set user/group ownership of files in a
package
--conflicts list capabilities this package conflicts
with
--obsoletes list other packages removed by installing
this package
--provides list capabilities that this package provides
--requires list capabilities required by package(s)
--info list descriptive information from package(s)
--changelog list change logs for this package
--xml list metadata in xml
--triggers list trigger scriptlets from package(s)
--last list package(s) by install time, most
recent first
--dupes list duplicated packages
--filesbypkg list all files from each package
--fileclass list file names with classes
--filecolor list file names with colors
--fscontext list file names with security context from
file system
--fileprovide list file names with provides
--filerequire list file names with requires
--filecaps list file names with POSIX1.e capabilities
Help options:
-?, --help Show this help message
--usage Display brief usage message
To view a list of the packages installed on the machine, use the following command:
[root@centos ~]# rpm -qa | more yum-plugin-security-1.1.30-14.el6.noarch m17n-contrib-bengali-1.1.10-4.el6_1.1.noarch libreport-plugin-logger-2.0.9-15.el6.centos.1.i686 device-mapper-libs-1.02.77-9.el6.i686 ca-certificates-2010.63-3.el6_1.5.noarch system-config-firewall-tui-1.2.27-5.el6.noarch m17n-contrib-kannada-1.1.10-4.el6_1.1.noarch sssd-client-1.9.2-82.10.el6_4.i686 dracut-004-303.el6.noarch iwl6050-firmware-41.28.5.1-2.el6.noarch m17n-contrib-malayalam-1.1.10-4.el6_1.1.noarch kpartx-0.4.9-64.el6_4.2.i686 foomatic-db-ppds-4.0-7.20091126.el6.noarch dmz-cursor-themes-0.4-4.el6.noarch man-pages-overrides-6.4.1-1.el6.noarch libavc1394-0.5.3-9.1.el6.i686 samba-winbind-3.6.9-151.el6_4.1.i686 zenity-2.28.0-1.el6.i686 centos-release-6-4.el6.centos.10.i686 m17n-contrib-urdu-1.1.10-4.el6_1.1.noarch gstreamer-tools-0.10.29-1.el6.i686 libsss_idmap-1.9.2-82.10.el6_4.i686 parted-2.1-19.el6.i686 --More--
You can also use the rpm command to find out how many packages are installed:
[root@centos ~]# rpm -qa | wc -l 964
To search for a specific package, you need to pipe the result into grep:
[root@centos ~]# rpm -qa | grep setup cryptsetup-luks-1.2.0-7.el6.i686 setuptool-1.19.9-3.el6.i686 cryptsetup-luks-libs-1.2.0-7.el6.i686 setup-2.8.14-20.el6_4.1.noarch system-setup-keyboard-0.7-4.el6.i686
You can find out the details of a specific package such as setup-2.8.14-20.el6_4.1.noarch by using the following command:
[root@centos ~]# rpm -qi setup Name : setup Relocations: (not relocatable) Version : 2.8.14 Vendor: CentOS Release : 20.el6_4.1 Build Date: Wed 02 Oct 2013 11:06:19 AM CEST Install Date: Fri 25 Oct 2013 10:29:56 AM CEST Build Host: c6b10.bsys.dev.centos.org Group : System Environment/Base Source RPM: setup-2.8.14-20.el6_4.1.src.rpm Size : 666477 License: Public Domain Signature : RSA/SHA1, Wed 02 Oct 2013 01:15:22 PM CEST, Key ID 0946fca2c105b9de Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org> URL : https://fedorahosted.org/setup/ Summary : A set of system configuration and setup files Description : The setup package contains a set of important system configuration and setup files, such as passwd, group, and profile.
Using the l switch with rpm gives a list of all the files installed by a specific package:
[root@centos ~]# rpm -ql setup /etc/aliases /etc/bashrc /etc/csh.cshrc /etc/csh.login /etc/environment /etc/exports /etc/filesystems /etc/fstab /etc/group /etc/gshadow /etc/host.conf /etc/hosts /etc/hosts.allow /etc/hosts.deny /etc/inputrc /etc/motd /etc/mtab /etc/passwd /etc/printcap /etc/profile /etc/profile.d /etc/protocols /etc/securetty /etc/services /etc/shadow /etc/shells /usr/share/doc/setup-2.8.14 /usr/share/doc/setup-2.8.14/COPYING /usr/share/doc/setup-2.8.14/uidgid /var/log/lastlog
whilst using the f switch shows the package that installed a specific file:
[root@centos ~]# rpm -qf /etc/exports setup-2.8.14-20.el6_4.1.noarch
Using the V switch you can check what has changed since a package was first installed:
[root@centos ~]# rpm -qV setup
In the case where the command returns nothing, nothing has changed. If something has changed you would see a line per file with the following keywords:
| Keyword | Description |
|---|---|
| 5 | MD5 Control |
| S | File size |
| L | Symbolic link |
| T | Modification date |
| D | Peripheral |
| U | Owner changed |
| G | Group changed |
| M | Permissions changed |
| ? | Unreadable file |
| Missing | File removed |
Yellow dog Updater, Modified (Yum) is the name of a package management utility, created by Yellow Dog Linux and used by, amongst others CentOS, Redhat and Fedora.
Yum is the equivalent of APT for Debian, urpmi for Mandriva and zypper for SLES/openSUSE.
The command takes the following form :
# yum <switches> <command> <package(s)> [Enter]
The switches and commands specific to yum are shown below:
[root@centos ~]# yum --help
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security
Usage: yum [options] COMMAND
List of Commands:
check Check for problems in the rpmdb
check-update Check for available package updates
clean Remove cached data
deplist List a package's dependencies
distribution-synchronization Synchronize installed packages to the latest available versions
downgrade downgrade a package
erase Remove a package or packages from your system
groupinfo Display details about a package group
groupinstall Install the packages in a group on your system
grouplist List available package groups
groupremove Remove the packages in a group from your system
help Display a helpful usage message
history Display, or use, the transaction history
info Display details about a package or group of packages
install Install a package or packages on your system
list List a package or groups of packages
load-transaction load a saved transaction from filename
makecache Generate the metadata cache
provides Find what package provides the given value
reinstall reinstall a package
repolist Display the configured software repositories
resolvedep Determine which package provides the given dependency
search Search package details for the given string
shell Run an interactive yum shell
update Update a package or packages on your system
update-minimal Works like update, but goes to the 'newest' package match which fixes a problem that affects your system
updateinfo Acts on repository update information
upgrade Update packages taking obsoletes into account
version Display a version for the machine and/or available repos.
Options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-t, --tolerant be tolerant of errors
-C, --cacheonly run entirely from system cache, don't update cache
-c [config file], --config=[config file]
config file location
-R [minutes], --randomwait=[minutes]
maximum command wait time
-d [debug level], --debuglevel=[debug level]
debugging output level
--showduplicates show duplicates, in repos, in list/search commands
-e [error level], --errorlevel=[error level]
error output level
--rpmverbosity=[debug level name]
debugging output level for rpm
-q, --quiet quiet operation
-v, --verbose verbose operation
-y, --assumeyes answer yes for all questions
--version show Yum version and exit
--installroot=[path] set install root
--enablerepo=[repo] enable one or more repositories (wildcards allowed)
--disablerepo=[repo] disable one or more repositories (wildcards allowed)
-x [package], --exclude=[package]
exclude package(s) by name or glob
--disableexcludes=[repo]
disable exclude from main, for a repo or for
everything
--obsoletes enable obsoletes processing during updates
--noplugins disable Yum plugins
--nogpgcheck disable gpg signature checking
--disableplugin=[plugin]
disable plugins by name
--enableplugin=[plugin]
enable plugins by name
--skip-broken skip packages with depsolving problems
--color=COLOR control whether color is used
--releasever=RELEASEVER
set value of $releasever in yum config and repo files
--setopt=SETOPTS set arbitrary config and repo options
Plugin Options:
--security Include security relevant packages
--bugfixes Include bugfix relevant packages
--cve=CVE Include packages needed to fix the given CVE
--bz=BZ Include packages needed to fix the given BZ
--sec-severity=SEVERITY
Include security relevant packages, of this severity
--advisory=ADVISORY
Include packages needed to fix the given advisory
Yum's principal configuration file is /etc/yum.conf :
[root@centos ~]# cat /etc/yum.conf [main] cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever keepcache=0 debuglevel=2 logfile=/var/log/yum.log exactarch=1 obsoletes=1 gpgcheck=1 plugins=1 installonly_limit=5 bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=16&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum distroverpkg=centos-release # This is the default, if you make this bigger yum won't see if the metadata # is newer on the remote and so you'll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to # download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct # information. # It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like # Fedora which don't keep old packages around. If you don't like this checking # interupting your command line usage, it's much better to have something # manually check the metadata once an hour (yum-updatesd will do this). # metadata_expire=90m # PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo # in /etc/yum.repos.d
<note important> A repository is generally an Internet based data base containing pre-compiled, installable packages. </note>
Repositories are listed in the yum.conf file, or in repository specific files in /etc/yum.repos.d:
[root@centos ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/ atomic.repo chromium-el6.repo mirrors-rpmforge-extras CentOS-Base.repo epel.repo mirrors-rpmforge-testing CentOS-Debuginfo.repo epel-testing.repo rpmforge.repo CentOS-Media.repo google-chrome.repo CentOS-Vault.repo mirrors-rpmforge
For example:
[root@centos ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo # CentOS-Base.repo # # The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the # update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and # geographically close to the client. You should use this for CentOS updates # unless you are manually picking other mirrors. # # If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the # remarked out baseurl= line instead. # # [base] name=CentOS-$releasever - Base mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/ gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 #released updates [updates] name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/ gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 #additional packages that may be useful [extras] name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/ gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 #additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages [centosplus] name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/ gpgcheck=1 enabled=0 gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6 #contrib - packages by Centos Users [contrib] name=CentOS-$releasever - Contrib mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=contrib #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/contrib/$basearch/ gpgcheck=1 enabled=0 gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-6
The most frequently used switches are as follows:
| Switch | Description |
|---|---|
| -y | Automatically replies yes to any question asked by yum. |
| -t | Makes yum tolerant. In other words if two packages are being installed and the first fails, yum will continue with the second installation. |
| - -exclude=<package> | Exclude the package from the current transaction |
The most frequently used commands are as follows:
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| install | Install one or several packages. |
| update | Update one, several or all packages. |
| check-update | Show a list of available updates. |
| remove | Removes a package. |
| provides | Show a list of packages that provide a particular file or characteristic. |
| search | Find a package that has a specific string in it's description. |
| list | Find a package that has a specific string in it's name. |
| localinstall | Install one or several locally stored packages. |
Start by installing the mc package:
[root@centos ~]# yum install mc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * atomic: www7.atomicorp.com * base: ftp.ciril.fr * epel: mirror.ibcp.fr * extras: ftp.ciril.fr * rpmforge: ftp.fi.muni.cz * updates: mirror.in2p3.fr Setting up Install Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package mc.i686 1:4.7.0.2-3.el6 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved =============================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size =============================================================================== Installing: mc i686 1:4.7.0.2-3.el6 base 1.6 M Transaction Summary =============================================================================== Install 1 Package(s) Total download size: 1.6 M Installed size: 5.4 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: mc-4.7.0.2-3.el6.i686.rpm | 1.6 MB 00:01 Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Installing : 1:mc-4.7.0.2-3.el6.i686 1/1 Verifying : 1:mc-4.7.0.2-3.el6.i686 1/1 Installed: mc.i686 1:4.7.0.2-3.el6 Complete!
<note important> mc is a terminal file manager. Type the command mc and spend 15 minutes experimenting with the graphical interface. </note>
Now uninstall it:
[root@centos ~]# yum remove mc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Setting up Remove Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package mc.i686 1:4.7.0.2-3.el6 will be erased --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved =============================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size =============================================================================== Removing: mc i686 1:4.7.0.2-3.el6 @base 5.4 M Transaction Summary =============================================================================== Remove 1 Package(s) Installed size: 5.4 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction Erasing : 1:mc-4.7.0.2-3.el6.i686 1/1 Verifying : 1:mc-4.7.0.2-3.el6.i686 1/1 Removed: mc.i686 1:4.7.0.2-3.el6 Complete!
Now search for a package called mc :
[root@centos ~]# yum list mc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * atomic: www7.atomicorp.com * base: ftp.ciril.fr * epel: mirror.ibcp.fr * extras: ftp.ciril.fr * rpmforge: repository.vsb.cz * updates: mirror.in2p3.fr Available Packages mc.i686 1:4.7.0.2-3.el6 base
You can also search using wildcards such as:
[root@centos ~]# yum list kerne\* Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * atomic: www7.atomicorp.com * base: ftp.ciril.fr * epel: mirror.ibcp.fr * extras: ftp.ciril.fr * rpmforge: be.mirror.eurid.eu * updates: distrib-coffee.ipsl.jussieu.fr Installed Packages kernel.i686 2.6.32-358.el6 @anaconda-CentOS-201303020136.i386/6.4 kernel.i686 2.6.32-358.23.2.el6 @updates kernel-devel.i686 2.6.32-358.23.2.el6 @updates kernel-firmware.noarch 2.6.32-358.23.2.el6 @updates kernel-headers.i686 2.6.32-358.23.2.el6 @updates Available Packages kernel-debug.i686 2.6.32-358.23.2.el6 updates kernel-debug-devel.i686 2.6.32-358.23.2.el6 updates kernel-doc.noarch 2.6.32-358.23.2.el6 updates kerneloops.i686 0.11-1.el6.rf rpmforge
Searching can also be accomplished by using a string, in our case mc:
[root@centos ~]# yum search mc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * atomic: www7.atomicorp.com * base: ftp.ciril.fr * epel: mirror.ibcp.fr * extras: ftp.ciril.fr * rpmforge: be.mirror.eurid.eu * updates: mirror.in2p3.fr epel/pkgtags | 648 kB 00:00 =========================================================================== N/S Matched: mc ============================================================================ php-pecl-memcached.i686 : Extension to work with the Memcached caching daemon php-pecl-memcache.i686 : Extension to work with the Memcached caching daemon phpMemcachedAdmin.noarch : Graphic stand-alone administration for memcached to monitor and debug purpose python-django-tinymce.noarch : A Django application that contains a widget to render a form field as a TinyMCE editor. abrt-addon-vmcore.i686 : abrt's vmcore addon apache-tomcat-apis.noarch : Tomcat Servlet and JSP APIs atomic-php54-php-mcrypt.i686 : Standard PHP module provides mcrypt library support atomic-php55-php-mcrypt.i686 : Standard PHP module provides mcrypt library support compat-libtermcap.i686 : A basic system library for accessing the termcap database dmlite-plugins-memcache.i686 : Memcached plugin for dmlite emacs-systemc-mode.i686 : Elisp source files for systemc-mode under GNU Emacs freeipmi-bmc-watchdog.i686 : IPMI BMC watchdog hamcrest-demo.i686 : Demos for hamcrest hamcrest-javadoc.noarch : Javadoc for hamcrest jakarta-commons-collections-tomcat5.noarch : Jakarta Commons Collection dependency for Tomcat5 jakarta-commons-dbcp-tomcat5.noarch : DBCP dependency for Tomcat5 jakarta-commons-pool-tomcat5.i686 : Pool dependency for Tomcat5 jglobus-ssl-proxies-tomcat.noarch : Globus Java - SSL and proxy certificate support for Tomcat libXdmcp-devel.i686 : Development files for libXdmcp libXvMC.i686 : X.Org X11 libXvMC runtime library libXvMC-devel.i686 : X.Org X11 libXvMC development package libmcrypt-devel.i686 : Header files, libraries and development documentation for libmcrypt. libmcrypto-devel.i686 : Development files for the libmcrypto library libmcs-devel.i686 : Header files, libraries and development documentation for libmcs. libmemcache.i686 : A client library for memcached libmemcache-devel.i686 : Header files, libraries and development documentation for libmemcache libmemcached.i686 : Client library and command line tools for memcached server libmemcached-devel.i686 : Header files and development libraries for libmemcached libtomcrypt-devel.i686 : Development files for libtomcrypt libtomcrypt-doc.noarch : Documentation files for libtomcrypt mcollective-client.noarch : Client tools for the mcollective application server mcollective-common.noarch : Common libraries for the mcollective clients and servers mcu8051ide.noarch : IDE for MCS-51 based microcontrollers memcached-devel.i686 : Files needed for development using memcached protocol pcmciautils.i686 : PCMCIA utilities and initialization programs perl-Apache-Session-Memcached.noarch : Perl module to store persistent data using memcached perl-Cache-Memcached.noarch : Perl client for memcached perl-Memcached-libmemcached.i686 : Thin fast full interface to the libmemcached client API php-ZendFramework-Cache-Backend-Libmemcached.noarch : Zend Framework libmemcache cache backend php-ZendFramework-Cache-Backend-Memcached.noarch : Zend Framework memcache cache backend php-horde-Horde-Memcache.noarch : Horde Memcache API php-mcrypt.i686 : Standard PHP module provides mcrypt library support php-symfony2-DomCrawler.noarch : Symfony2 DomCrawler Component pythia8-hepmcinterface.i686 : Pythia 8 HepMC Interface pythia8-hepmcinterface-devel.i686 : Pythia 8 HepMC Interface Development Files python-memcached.noarch : A Python memcached client library remctl-devel.i686 : Development files needed to compile C programs against remctl remctl-perl.i686 : Perl interface to remctl remctl-php.i686 : PHP interface to remctl remctl-python.i686 : Python interface to remctl remctl-ruby.i686 : Ruby interface to remctl simcrs-devel.i686 : Header files, libraries and development helper tools for simcrs simcrs-doc.noarch : HTML documentation for the simcrs library smc-fonts-common.noarch : Common files for smc-fonts strongswan-tnc-imcvs.i686 : Trusted network connect (TNC)'s IMC/IMV functionality tinymce-spellchecker.noarch : TinyMCE spellchecker plugin tomcat-native.i686 : Tomcat native library tomcat6-admin-webapps.noarch : The host-manager and manager web applications for Apache Tomcat tomcat6-docs-webapp.noarch : The docs web application for Apache Tomcat tomcat6-javadoc.noarch : Javadoc generated documentation for Apache Tomcat tomcat6-jsp-2.1-api.noarch : Apache Tomcat JSP API implementation classes tomcat6-lib.noarch : Libraries needed to run the Tomcat Web container tomcat6-log4j.noarch : Log4J support for Apache Tomcat tomcat6-servlet-2.5-api.noarch : Apache Tomcat Servlet API implementation classes tomcat6-webapps.noarch : The ROOT and examples web applications for Apache Tomcat tomcatjss.noarch : JSSE implementation using JSS for Tomcat HepMC.i686 : C++ Event Record for Monte Carlo Generators HepMC-devel.i686 : C++ Event Record for Monte Carlo Generators - development files HepMC-doc.noarch : C++ Event Record for Monte Carlo Generators - documentation emacs-vregs-mode.noarch : Elisp source files for systemc-vregs under GNU Emacs fence-virtd-serial.i686 : Serial VMChannel listener for fence-virtd geda-gsymcheck.i686 : Symbol checker for electronics schematics editor glite-security-trustmanager-tomcat6.noarch : Java trustmanager interface supporting a GSI grid name space hamcrest.i686 : Library of matchers for building test expressions imcom.i686 : Command line Jabber client written in Python libXdmcp.i686 : X Display Manager Control Protocol library libmcpp.i686 : Alternative C/C++ preprocessor (library build) libmcpp-devel.i686 : Alternative C/C++ preprocessor (development package for library build) libmcrypt.i686 : Data encryption library libmcrypto.i686 : A C++ library providing various cryptography related utilities libmcs.i686 : Configuration file abstraction library libtomcrypt.i686 : A comprehensive, portable cryptographic toolkit mc.i686 : User-friendly text console file manager and visual shell mcabber.i686 : Console jabber client mcollective.noarch : A framework to build server orchestration or parallel job execution systems mcpp.i686 : Alternative C/C++ preprocessor mcpp-doc.i686 : Alternative C/C++ preprocessor (manual for library build) mcrypt.i686 : Replacement for crypt() mcstrans.i686 : SELinux Translation Daemon memcached.i686 : High Performance, Distributed Memory Object Cache nodejs-npmconf.noarch : npm configuration module perl-Acme-CramCode.noarch : Perl module to compress your code perl-Class-DBI-FromCGI.noarch : Perl module to update Class::DBI data using CGI::Untaint perl-Sys-AlarmCall.noarch : Perl module to handle the logic in timing out calls with alarm() perl-SystemC-Vregs.noarch : Utility routines used by vregs python-quantumclient.noarch : Python API and CLI for OpenStack Quantum remctl.i686 : Client/server for Kerberos-authenticated command execution root-montecarlo-vmc.i686 : Virtual Monte-Carlo (simulation) library for ROOT rpmconf.noarch : Tool to handle rpmnew and rpmsave files sblim-wbemcli.i686 : SBLIM WBEM Command Line Interface simcrs.i686 : C++ Simulated Travel-Oriented Distribution System library smc-anjalioldlipi-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script smc-dyuthi-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script smc-kalyani-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script smc-meera-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script smc-rachana-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script smc-raghumalayalam-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script smc-suruma-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script tinymce.noarch : Web based Javascript HTML WYSIWYG editor control tomcat6.noarch : Apache Servlet/JSP Engine, RI for Servlet 2.5/JSP 2.1 API tomcat6-el-2.1-api.noarch : Expression Language v1.0 API wmctrl.i686 : Command line tool to interact with an X Window Manager xorg-x11-drv-intel-devel.i686 : Xorg X11 Intel video driver XvMC development package xorg-x11-drv-openchrome-devel.i686 : Xorg X11 openchrome video driver XvMC development package Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
Yum also allows you to search for a specific binary:
[root@centos ~]# yum provides mc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * atomic: www7.atomicorp.com * base: ftp.ciril.fr * epel: mirror.ibcp.fr * extras: ftp.ciril.fr * rpmforge: be.mirror.eurid.eu * updates: mirror.in2p3.fr 1:mc-4.7.0.2-3.el6.i686 : User-friendly text console file manager and visual shell Repo : base Matched from:
Now list the repositories known to Yum on your machine:
[root@centos ~]# yum repolist Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * atomic: www7.atomicorp.com * base: ftp.ciril.fr * epel: mirror.ibcp.fr * extras: ftp.ciril.fr * rpmforge: nl.mirror.eurid.eu * updates: mirror.in2p3.fr repo id repo name status atomic CentOS / Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 - atomicrocketturtle.com 762 base CentOS-6 - Base 4,802 chromium-el6 CentOS-6 - Chromium EL6 4 epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 6 - i386 8,176 extras CentOS-6 - Extras 12 google-chrome google-chrome - 32-bit 3 rpmforge RHEL 6 - RPMforge.net - dag 4,711 updates CentOS-6 - Updates 1,091 repolist: 19,561
Check for existing updates to the installed packages:
[root@centos ~]# yum check-update Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * atomic: www7.atomicorp.com * base: ftp.ciril.fr * epel: mirror.ibcp.fr * extras: ftp.ciril.fr * rpmforge: ftp.heanet.ie * updates: mirror.in2p3.fr device-mapper.i686 1.02.77-9.el6_4.2 updates device-mapper-event.i686 1.02.77-9.el6_4.2 updates device-mapper-event-libs.i686 1.02.77-9.el6_4.2 updates device-mapper-libs.i686 1.02.77-9.el6_4.2 updates firefox.i686 17.0.10-1.el6.centos updates gnupg2.i686 2.0.14-6.el6_4 updates libgcrypt.i686 1.4.5-11.el6_4 updates lvm2.i686 2.02.98-9.el6_4.2 updates lvm2-libs.i686 2.02.98-9.el6_4.2 updates rsync.i686 3.0.6-9.el6_4.1 updates selinux-policy.noarch 3.7.19-195.el6_4.18 updates selinux-policy-targeted.noarch 3.7.19-195.el6_4.18 updates xulrunner.i686 17.0.10-1.el6.centos updates
Update your system:
[root@centos ~]# yum update Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, refresh-packagekit, security Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * atomic: www7.atomicorp.com * base: ftp.ciril.fr * epel: mirror.ibcp.fr * extras: ftp.ciril.fr * rpmforge: be.mirror.eurid.eu * updates: mirror.in2p3.fr Setting up Update Process Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package device-mapper.i686 0:1.02.77-9.el6 will be updated ---> Package device-mapper.i686 0:1.02.77-9.el6_4.2 will be an update ---> Package device-mapper-event.i686 0:1.02.77-9.el6 will be updated ---> Package device-mapper-event.i686 0:1.02.77-9.el6_4.2 will be an update ---> Package device-mapper-event-libs.i686 0:1.02.77-9.el6 will be updated ---> Package device-mapper-event-libs.i686 0:1.02.77-9.el6_4.2 will be an update ---> Package device-mapper-libs.i686 0:1.02.77-9.el6 will be updated ---> Package device-mapper-libs.i686 0:1.02.77-9.el6_4.2 will be an update ---> Package firefox.i686 0:17.0.9-1.el6.centos will be updated ---> Package firefox.i686 0:17.0.10-1.el6.centos will be an update ---> Package gnupg2.i686 0:2.0.14-4.el6 will be updated ---> Package gnupg2.i686 0:2.0.14-6.el6_4 will be an update ---> Package libgcrypt.i686 0:1.4.5-9.el6_2.2 will be updated ---> Package libgcrypt.i686 0:1.4.5-11.el6_4 will be an update ---> Package lvm2.i686 0:2.02.98-9.el6 will be updated ---> Package lvm2.i686 0:2.02.98-9.el6_4.2 will be an update ---> Package lvm2-libs.i686 0:2.02.98-9.el6 will be updated ---> Package lvm2-libs.i686 0:2.02.98-9.el6_4.2 will be an update ---> Package rsync.i686 0:3.0.6-9.el6 will be updated ---> Package rsync.i686 0:3.0.6-9.el6_4.1 will be an update ---> Package selinux-policy.noarch 0:3.7.19-195.el6_4.12 will be updated ---> Package selinux-policy.noarch 0:3.7.19-195.el6_4.18 will be an update ---> Package selinux-policy-targeted.noarch 0:3.7.19-195.el6_4.12 will be updated ---> Package selinux-policy-targeted.noarch 0:3.7.19-195.el6_4.18 will be an update ---> Package xulrunner.i686 0:17.0.9-1.el6.centos will be updated ---> Package xulrunner.i686 0:17.0.10-1.el6.centos will be an update --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ======================================================================================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size ======================================================================================================================================================================== Updating: device-mapper i686 1.02.77-9.el6_4.2 updates 144 k device-mapper-event i686 1.02.77-9.el6_4.2 updates 97 k device-mapper-event-libs i686 1.02.77-9.el6_4.2 updates 91 k device-mapper-libs i686 1.02.77-9.el6_4.2 updates 170 k firefox i686 17.0.10-1.el6.centos updates 25 M gnupg2 i686 2.0.14-6.el6_4 updates 1.6 M libgcrypt i686 1.4.5-11.el6_4 updates 228 k lvm2 i686 2.02.98-9.el6_4.2 updates 667 k lvm2-libs i686 2.02.98-9.el6_4.2 updates 730 k rsync i686 3.0.6-9.el6_4.1 updates 329 k selinux-policy noarch 3.7.19-195.el6_4.18 updates 1.8 M selinux-policy-targeted noarch 3.7.19-195.el6_4.18 updates 2.8 M xulrunner i686 17.0.10-1.el6.centos updates 14 M Transaction Summary ======================================================================================================================================================================== Upgrade 13 Package(s) Total download size: 48 M Is this ok [y/N]: y
<note> Whilst the system updates, take 15 minutes to review the Yum manual. </note>
Shared Libraries are bits of common code used by several programs in the same domain ( sound, databases, video e.t.c. ). The functions porposed by one or several shared libraries are refered to as an API (Application Programming Interface). Under Linux, shared libraries are refered to as Shared Objects and have a .so suffix.
Shared Objects are stored in lib directories, for example:
| Directory | Contents |
|---|---|
| /lib | System Shared Objects |
| /usr/lib | User Shared Objects |
| /usr/local/lib | Local Shared Objects |
| /usr/X11R6/lib | Graphical System Shared Objects |
| /opt/kde4/lib | Shared Objects for KDE |
<note important> The most important Shared Object is libc. Without libc, Linux will not function. </note>
The Shared Object ld-linux.so.2 is used to create a link between a Shared Object and an executable when the latter starts. For this reason, ld-linux.so.2 is often refered to as the Link Loader. ld-linux.so.2 looks for Shared Objects in the following places and in the order shown:
The contents of the cache file are built from the information contained within the /etc/ld.so.conf file.
In order to study the impact of a missing Shared Object, re-install mc.
To determine which Shared Objects are linked to a binary, use the ldd command:
[root@centos ~]# ldd /usr/bin/mc linux-gate.so.1 => (0x002fd000) libgpm.so.2 => /usr/lib/libgpm.so.2 (0x00d75000) libslang.so.2 => /usr/lib/libslang.so.2 (0x00148000) libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x002fe000) libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x00bb8000) libdl.so.2 => /lib/libdl.so.2 (0x00d51000) libm.so.6 => /lib/libm.so.6 (0x00d80000) /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00b92000)
Now let us see what happens when a Shared Object is missing. Rename the /usr/lib/libslang.so.2 to /usr/lib/libslang.so.2.old:
[root@centos ~]# mv /usr/lib/libslang.so.2 /usr/lib/libslang.so.2.old
Run the ldd command again:
[root@centos ~]# ldd /usr/bin/mc linux-gate.so.1 => (0x00843000) libgpm.so.2 => /usr/lib/libgpm.so.2 (0x00d75000) libslang.so.2 => not found libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00101000) libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x00bb8000) /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x00b92000)
Note the presence of the line libslang.so.2 ⇒ not found. In such a scenario mc will not launch:
[root@centos ~]# mc mc: error while loading shared libraries: libslang.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
Correct the previous error and check that all is OK:
[root@centos ~]# mv /usr/lib/libslang.so.2.old /usr/lib/libslang.so.2 [root@centos ~]# ldd /usr/bin/mc linux-gate.so.1 => (0x00aee000) libgpm.so.2 => /usr/lib/libgpm.so.2 (0x00b9e000) libslang.so.2 => /usr/lib/libslang.so.2 (0x00110000) libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00ba9000) libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0x00225000) libdl.so.2 => /lib/libdl.so.2 (0x00b4e000) libm.so.6 => /lib/libm.so.6 (0x00b72000) /lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0x0099e000)
The /etc/ld.so.conf file is used to configure the cache: /etc/ld.so.cache :
[root@centos ~]# cat /etc/ld.so.conf include ld.so.conf.d/*.conf
As you can see, this file contains just one include directive that points to the /etc/ld.so.conf.d/ directory:
[root@centos ~]# ls -l /etc/ld.so.conf.d/ total 24 -r--r--r--. 1 root root 324 Oct 16 19:43 kernel-2.6.32-358.23.2.el6.i686.conf -r--r--r--. 1 root root 324 Feb 21 2013 kernel-2.6.32-358.el6.i686.conf -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 15 Feb 26 2012 mysqlclient16-i386.conf -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 15 Aug 2 23:08 mysql-i386.conf -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 20 Sep 23 2011 qt-i386.conf -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 19 Oct 29 22:25 xulrunner-32.conf
The contents of the three files that concern applications are as follows:
[root@centos ~]# cat /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql-i386.conf /usr/lib/mysql
[root@centos ~]# cat /etc/ld.so.conf.d/qt-i386.conf /usr/lib/qt-3.3/lib
[root@centos ~]# cat /etc/ld.so.conf.d/xulrunner-32.conf /usr/lib/xulrunner-1.9.2
The ldconfig command is used to:
When used with the -p switch, the ldconfig command shows the cntents of the cache:
[root@centos ~]# ldconfig -p | more 654 libs found in cache `/etc/ld.so.cache' libz.so.1 (libc6) => /lib/libz.so.1 libxul.so (libc6) => /usr/lib/xulrunner/libxul.so libxtables.so.4 (libc6) => /lib/libxtables.so.4 libxslt.so.1 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxslt.so.1 libxpcom.so (libc6) => /usr/lib/xulrunner/libxpcom.so libxml2.so.2 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxml2.so.2 libxmlrpc_util.so.3 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxmlrpc_util.so.3 libxmlrpc_server_cgi.so.3 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxmlrpc_server_cgi.so.3 libxmlrpc_server_abyss.so.3 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxmlrpc_server_abyss.so.3 libxmlrpc_server.so.3 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxmlrpc_server.so.3 libxmlrpc_client.so.3 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxmlrpc_client.so.3 libxmlrpc_abyss.so.3 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxmlrpc_abyss.so.3 libxmlrpc.so.3 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxmlrpc.so.3 libxklavier.so.15 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxklavier.so.15 libxkbfile.so.1 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxkbfile.so.1 libxcb.so.1 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb.so.1 libxcb-xvmc.so.0 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb-xvmc.so.0 libxcb-xv.so.0 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb-xv.so.0 libxcb-xtest.so.0 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb-xtest.so.0 libxcb-xselinux.so.0 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb-xselinux.so.0 libxcb-xinerama.so.0 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb-xinerama.so.0 libxcb-xf86dri.so.0 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb-xf86dri.so.0 libxcb-xfixes.so.0 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb-xfixes.so.0 libxcb-xevie.so.0 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb-xevie.so.0 libxcb-sync.so.0 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb-sync.so.0 libxcb-shm.so.0 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb-shm.so.0 libxcb-shape.so.0 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb-shape.so.0 libxcb-screensaver.so.0 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb-screensaver.so.0 libxcb-res.so.0 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb-res.so.0 libxcb-reply.so.1 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb-reply.so.1 libxcb-render.so.0 (libc6) => /usr/lib/libxcb-render.so.0 --More--
To add your own Shared Objects to the system:
~~DISCUSSION:off~~
<html> <center> Copyright © 2011-2014 Hugh Norris.<br><br> <a rel=“license” href=“http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/”><img alt=“Creative Commons License” style=“border-width:0” src=“https://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/3.0/88x31.png” /></a><br />This work is licensed under a <a rel=“license” href=“http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/”>Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License</a> </center> </html>