Version : 2021.01
Updated : 2021/10/27 04:16
In order to learn how to compile software, download the hello-2.1.1.tar.gz archive:
[root@centos8 ~]# wget https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz --2021-04-20 16:56:18-- https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz Resolving ftp.gnu.org (ftp.gnu.org)... 209.51.188.20, 2001:470:142:3::b Connecting to ftp.gnu.org (ftp.gnu.org)|209.51.188.20|:443... connected. HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK Length: 389363 (380K) [application/x-gzip] Saving to: ‘hello-2.1.1.tar.gz’ hello-2.1.1.tar.gz 100%[=========================================================================================================================================>] 380.24K 941KB/s in 0.4s 2021-04-20 16:56:19 (941 KB/s) - ‘hello-2.1.1.tar.gz’ saved [389363/389363]
Extract the archive:
[root@centos8 ~]# tar xvf hello-2.1.1.tar.gz hello-2.1.1/ hello-2.1.1/intl/ hello-2.1.1/intl/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/intl/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/intl/config.charset hello-2.1.1/intl/locale.alias hello-2.1.1/intl/ref-add.sin hello-2.1.1/intl/ref-del.sin hello-2.1.1/intl/gmo.h hello-2.1.1/intl/gettextP.h hello-2.1.1/intl/hash-string.h hello-2.1.1/intl/plural-exp.h hello-2.1.1/intl/eval-plural.h hello-2.1.1/intl/os2compat.h hello-2.1.1/intl/libgnuintl.h hello-2.1.1/intl/loadinfo.h hello-2.1.1/intl/bindtextdom.c hello-2.1.1/intl/dcgettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/dgettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/gettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/finddomain.c hello-2.1.1/intl/loadmsgcat.c hello-2.1.1/intl/localealias.c hello-2.1.1/intl/textdomain.c hello-2.1.1/intl/l10nflist.c hello-2.1.1/intl/explodename.c hello-2.1.1/intl/dcigettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/dcngettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/dngettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/ngettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/plural.y hello-2.1.1/intl/plural-exp.c hello-2.1.1/intl/localcharset.c hello-2.1.1/intl/localename.c hello-2.1.1/intl/osdep.c hello-2.1.1/intl/os2compat.c hello-2.1.1/intl/intl-compat.c hello-2.1.1/intl/plural.c hello-2.1.1/intl/VERSION hello-2.1.1/po/ hello-2.1.1/po/Makefile.in.in hello-2.1.1/po/Makevars hello-2.1.1/po/remove-potcdate.sin hello-2.1.1/po/quot.sed hello-2.1.1/po/boldquot.sed hello-2.1.1/po/en@quot.header hello-2.1.1/po/en@boldquot.header hello-2.1.1/po/insert-header.sin hello-2.1.1/po/Rules-quot hello-2.1.1/po/POTFILES.in hello-2.1.1/po/hello.pot hello-2.1.1/po/ca.po hello-2.1.1/po/da.po hello-2.1.1/po/de.po hello-2.1.1/po/de_DE.po hello-2.1.1/po/el.po hello-2.1.1/po/eo.po hello-2.1.1/po/es.po hello-2.1.1/po/et.po hello-2.1.1/po/fi.po hello-2.1.1/po/fr.po hello-2.1.1/po/gl.po hello-2.1.1/po/he.po hello-2.1.1/po/hr.po hello-2.1.1/po/hu.po hello-2.1.1/po/id.po hello-2.1.1/po/it.po hello-2.1.1/po/ja.po hello-2.1.1/po/ko.po hello-2.1.1/po/lv.po hello-2.1.1/po/nb.po hello-2.1.1/po/nl.po hello-2.1.1/po/nn.po hello-2.1.1/po/pl.po hello-2.1.1/po/pt.po hello-2.1.1/po/pt_BR.po hello-2.1.1/po/ru.po hello-2.1.1/po/sk.po hello-2.1.1/po/sl.po hello-2.1.1/po/sv.po hello-2.1.1/po/tr.po hello-2.1.1/po/uk.po hello-2.1.1/po/ca.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/da.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/de.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/de_DE.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/el.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/eo.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/es.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/et.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/fi.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/fr.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/gl.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/he.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/hr.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/hu.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/id.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/it.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/ja.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/ko.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/lv.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/nb.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/nl.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/nn.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/pl.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/pt.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/pt_BR.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/ru.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/sk.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/sl.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/sv.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/tr.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/uk.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/po/LINGUAS hello-2.1.1/README hello-2.1.1/ABOUT-NLS hello-2.1.1/AUTHORS hello-2.1.1/COPYING hello-2.1.1/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/INSTALL hello-2.1.1/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/NEWS hello-2.1.1/THANKS hello-2.1.1/TODO hello-2.1.1/aclocal.m4 hello-2.1.1/config.guess hello-2.1.1/config.h.in hello-2.1.1/config.rpath hello-2.1.1/config.sub hello-2.1.1/configure hello-2.1.1/configure.ac hello-2.1.1/depcomp hello-2.1.1/install-sh hello-2.1.1/missing hello-2.1.1/mkinstalldirs hello-2.1.1/BUGS hello-2.1.1/ChangeLog.O hello-2.1.1/contrib/ hello-2.1.1/contrib/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/contrib/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/contrib/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/contrib/de_franconian_po.txt hello-2.1.1/contrib/evolution.txt hello-2.1.1/contrib/hello.1 hello-2.1.1/doc/ hello-2.1.1/doc/gpl.texi hello-2.1.1/doc/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/doc/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/doc/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/doc/mdate-sh hello-2.1.1/doc/stamp-vti hello-2.1.1/doc/texinfo.tex hello-2.1.1/doc/version.texi hello-2.1.1/doc/hello.texi hello-2.1.1/doc/hello.info hello-2.1.1/src/ hello-2.1.1/src/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/src/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/src/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/src/alloca.c hello-2.1.1/src/hello.c hello-2.1.1/src/version.c hello-2.1.1/src/getopt.c hello-2.1.1/src/getopt1.c hello-2.1.1/src/getopt.h hello-2.1.1/src/system.h hello-2.1.1/man/ hello-2.1.1/man/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/man/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/man/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/man/hello.1 hello-2.1.1/man/help2man hello-2.1.1/m4/ hello-2.1.1/m4/README hello-2.1.1/m4/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/m4/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/m4/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/m4/codeset.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/gettext.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/glibc21.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/iconv.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/isc-posix.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/lcmessage.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/lib-ld.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/lib-link.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/lib-prefix.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/progtest.m4 hello-2.1.1/tests/ hello-2.1.1/tests/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/tests/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/tests/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/tests/hello-1 hello-2.1.1/tests/world-1 hello-2.1.1/tests/nothing-1
Change directory:
[root@centos8 ~]# cd hello-2.1.1/
The first file we need to look at is the README file. This file tells us to look at the INSTALL file:
[root@centos8 hello-2.1.1]# more INSTALL Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is free documentation; the Free Software Foundation gives unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify it. Basic Installation ================== These are generic installation instructions. The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package. It may also create one or more `.h' files containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it creates a shell script `config.status' that you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, and a file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging `configure'). It can also use an optional file (typically called `config.cache' and enabled with `--cache-file=config.cache' or simply `-C') that saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring. (Caching is disabled by default to prevent problems with accidental use of stale cache files.) --Plus--(11%)
Reading this file tells us that we need to use four commands:
Important : configure is a script that creates makefiles for a specific architecture. makefiles are read by the make command.
[root@centos8 hello-2.1.1]# ./configure
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /bin/install -c
checking whether build environment is sane... yes
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether make sets ${MAKE}... yes
checking for gcc... gcc
checking for C compiler default output... a.out
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of executables...
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for style of include used by make... GNU
checking dependency style of gcc... gcc3
checking for strerror in -lcposix... no
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
checking for ANSI C header files... yes
checking for sys/types.h... yes
checking for sys/stat.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... yes
checking for string.h... yes
checking for memory.h... yes
checking for strings.h... yes
checking for inttypes.h... yes
checking for stdint.h... yes
checking for unistd.h... yes
checking for string.h... (cached) yes
checking fcntl.h usability... yes
checking fcntl.h presence... yes
checking for fcntl.h... yes
checking sys/file.h usability... yes
checking sys/file.h presence... yes
checking for sys/file.h... yes
checking sys/param.h usability... yes
checking sys/param.h presence... yes
checking for sys/param.h... yes
checking for working alloca.h... yes
checking for alloca... yes
checking for struct stat.st_blksize... yes
checking for msgfmt... /bin/msgfmt
checking for gmsgfmt... /bin/msgfmt
checking for xgettext... /bin/xgettext
checking for msgmerge... /bin/msgmerge
checking build system type... x86_64-unknown-linux
checking host system type... x86_64-unknown-linux
checking for ranlib... ranlib
checking for gcc option to accept ANSI C... none needed
checking for an ANSI C-conforming const... yes
checking for inline... inline
checking for off_t... yes
checking for size_t... yes
checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes
checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes
checking for getpagesize... yes
checking for working mmap... yes
checking whether we are using the GNU C Library 2.1 or newer... yes
checking for ld used by GCC... /bin/ld
checking if the linker (/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes
checking for shared library run path origin... done
checking for iconv... yes
checking argz.h usability... yes
checking argz.h presence... yes
checking for argz.h... yes
checking limits.h usability... yes
checking limits.h presence... yes
checking for limits.h... yes
checking locale.h usability... yes
checking locale.h presence... yes
checking for locale.h... yes
checking nl_types.h usability... yes
checking nl_types.h presence... yes
checking for nl_types.h... yes
checking malloc.h usability... yes
checking malloc.h presence... yes
checking for malloc.h... yes
checking stddef.h usability... yes
checking stddef.h presence... yes
checking for stddef.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes
checking for string.h... (cached) yes
checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes
checking for sys/param.h... (cached) yes
checking for feof_unlocked... yes
checking for fgets_unlocked... yes
checking for getc_unlocked... yes
checking for getcwd... yes
checking for getegid... yes
checking for geteuid... yes
checking for getgid... yes
checking for getuid... yes
checking for mempcpy... yes
checking for munmap... yes
checking for putenv... yes
checking for setenv... yes
checking for setlocale... yes
checking for stpcpy... yes
checking for strcasecmp... yes
checking for strdup... yes
checking for strtoul... yes
checking for tsearch... yes
checking for __argz_count... yes
checking for __argz_stringify... yes
checking for __argz_next... yes
checking for iconv declaration...
extern size_t iconv (iconv_t cd, char * *inbuf, size_t *inbytesleft, char * *outbuf, size_t *outbytesleft);
checking for nl_langinfo and CODESET... yes
checking for LC_MESSAGES... yes
checking for bison... no
checking whether NLS is requested... yes
checking whether included gettext is requested... no
checking for GNU gettext in libc... yes
checking for perl... perl
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating Makefile
config.status: creating contrib/Makefile
config.status: creating doc/Makefile
config.status: creating intl/Makefile
config.status: creating man/Makefile
config.status: creating po/Makefile.in
config.status: creating m4/Makefile
config.status: creating src/Makefile
config.status: creating tests/Makefile
config.status: creating config.h
config.status: executing depfiles commands
config.status: executing default-1 commands
config.status: creating po/POTFILES
config.status: creating po/Makefile
config.status: executing default commands
Important : make calls the different commands that are used to create all the necessary files needed to install hello.
[root@centos8 hello-2.1.1]# make make all-recursive make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1' Making all in contrib make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib' Making all in doc make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc' Making all in intl make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl' Making all in po make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po' Making all in src make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src' source='hello.c' object='hello.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/hello.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/hello.TPo' \ depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \ gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'hello.c' || echo './'`hello.c source='version.c' object='version.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/version.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/version.TPo' \ depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \ gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'version.c' || echo './'`version.c source='getopt.c' object='getopt.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/getopt.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/getopt.TPo' \ depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \ gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'getopt.c' || echo './'`getopt.c source='getopt1.c' object='getopt1.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/getopt1.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/getopt1.TPo' \ depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \ gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'getopt1.c' || echo './'`getopt1.c gcc -g -O2 -o hello hello.o version.o getopt.o getopt1.o make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src' Making all in man make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man' perl help2man --name="Friendly Greeting Program" ../src/hello >hello.1 make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man' Making all in m4 make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4' Making all in tests make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests' make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1' make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1' make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
Important : make check checks whether the previous command worked correctly..
[root@centos8 hello-2.1.1]# make check Making check in contrib make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib' make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'. make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib' Making check in doc make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc' make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'. make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc' Making check in intl make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl' make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'. make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl' Making check in po make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po' make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'. make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po' Making check in src make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src' make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'. make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src' Making check in man make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man' make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'. make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man' Making check in m4 make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4' make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'. make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4' Making check in tests make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests' make check-TESTS make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests' PASS: hello-1 PASS: world-1 PASS: nothing-1 ================== All 3 tests passed ================== make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests' make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests' make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1' make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
Important : make install installs the software.
[root@centos8 hello-2.1.1]# make install
Making install in contrib
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
Making install in doc
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
/bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /usr/local/info
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/info
/bin/install -c -m 644 ./hello.info /usr/local/info/hello.info
install-info --info-dir=/usr/local/info /usr/local/info/hello.info
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
Making install in intl
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
if test "hello" = "gettext" \
&& test '' = 'intl-compat.o'; then \
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/lib /usr/local/include; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 libintl.h /usr/local/include/libintl.h; \
@LIBTOOL@ --mode=install \
/bin/install -c -m 644 libintl.a /usr/local/lib/libintl.a; \
else \
: ; \
fi
if test 'no' = yes; then \
test yes != no || /bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/lib; \
temp=/usr/local/lib/t-charset.alias; \
dest=/usr/local/lib/charset.alias; \
if test -f /usr/local/lib/charset.alias; then \
orig=/usr/local/lib/charset.alias; \
sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 $temp $dest; \
rm -f $temp; \
else \
if test yes = no; then \
orig=charset.alias; \
sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 $temp $dest; \
rm -f $temp; \
fi; \
fi; \
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share/locale; \
test -f /usr/local/share/locale/locale.alias \
&& orig=/usr/local/share/locale/locale.alias \
|| orig=./locale.alias; \
temp=/usr/local/share/locale/t-locale.alias; \
dest=/usr/local/share/locale/locale.alias; \
sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 $temp $dest; \
rm -f $temp; \
else \
: ; \
fi
if test "hello" = "gettext"; then \
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share/gettext/intl; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 VERSION /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/VERSION; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 ChangeLog.inst /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/ChangeLog; \
dists="COPYING.LIB-2.0 COPYING.LIB-2.1 Makefile.in config.charset locale.alias ref-add.sin ref-del.sin gmo.h gettextP.h hash-string.h plural-exp.h eval-plural.h os2compat.h libgnuintl.h loadinfo.h bindtextdom.c dcgettext.c dgettext.c gettext.c finddomain.c loadmsgcat.c localealias.c textdomain.c l10nflist.c explodename.c dcigettext.c dcngettext.c dngettext.c ngettext.c plural.y plural-exp.c localcharset.c localename.c osdep.c os2compat.c intl-compat.c"; \
for file in $dists; do \
/bin/install -c -m 644 ./$file \
/usr/local/share/gettext/intl/$file; \
done; \
chmod a+x /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/config.charset; \
dists="plural.c"; \
for file in $dists; do \
if test -f $file; then dir=.; else dir=.; fi; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 $dir/$file \
/usr/local/share/gettext/intl/$file; \
done; \
dists="xopen-msg.sed linux-msg.sed po2tbl.sed.in cat-compat.c COPYING.LIB-2 gettext.h libgettext.h plural-eval.c"; \
for file in $dists; do \
rm -f /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/$file; \
done; \
else \
: ; \
fi
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
Making install in po
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES
installing ca.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES
installing da.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES
installing de.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/de_DE/LC_MESSAGES
installing de_DE.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/de_DE/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES
installing el.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/eo/LC_MESSAGES
installing eo.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/eo/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES
installing es.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES
installing et.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES
installing fi.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES
installing fr.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES
installing gl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES
installing he.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES
installing hr.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES
installing hu.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES
installing id.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES
installing it.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES
installing ja.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES
installing ko.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/lv/LC_MESSAGES
installing lv.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/lv/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES
installing nb.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES
installing nl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/nn/LC_MESSAGES
installing nn.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/nn/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES
installing pl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES
installing pt.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES
installing pt_BR.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES
installing ru.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES
installing sk.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES
installing sl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES
installing sv.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES
installing tr.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES
installing uk.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
if test "hello" = "gettext"; then \
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share/gettext/po; \
for file in Makefile.in.in Makevars remove-potcdate.sin quot.sed boldquot.sed en@quot.header en@boldquot.header insert-header.sin Rules-quot ; do \
/bin/install -c -m 644 ./$file \
/usr/local/share/gettext/po/$file; \
done; \
else \
: ; \
fi
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
Making install in src
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
/bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /usr/local/bin
/bin/install -c hello /usr/local/bin/hello
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
Making install in man
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
/bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /usr/local/man/man1
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/man/man1
/bin/install -c -m 644 ./hello.1 /usr/local/man/man1/hello.1
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
Making install in m4
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
Making install in tests
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
Now we can test our newly install software:
[root@centos8 hello-2.1.1]# hello Hello, world!
All that work for just one line!
In order to ease the burden of installing, uninstalling and managing software, called packages, CentOS and Red Hat use a special file format called rpm for Redhat Package Manager. The command used to manage packages is also called rpm.
The command line switches of the rpm command are as follows:
[root@centos8 hello-2.1.1]# cd ~
[root@centos8 ~]# rpm --help
Usage: rpm [OPTION...]
Query/Verify package selection options:
-a, --all query/verify all packages
-f, --file query/verify package(s) owning file
-g, --group query/verify package(s) in group
-p, --package query/verify a package file
--pkgid query/verify package(s) with package identifier
--hdrid query/verify package(s) with header identifier
--triggeredby query the package(s) triggered by the package
--whatconflicts query/verify the package(s) which require a dependency
--whatrequires query/verify the package(s) which require a dependency
--whatobsoletes query/verify the package(s) which obsolete a dependency
--whatprovides query/verify the package(s) which provide a dependency
--whatrecommends query/verify the package(s) which recommends a dependency
--whatsuggests query/verify the package(s) which suggests a dependency
--whatsupplements query/verify the package(s) which supplements a dependency
--whatenhances query/verify the package(s) which enhances a dependency
--nomanifest do not process non-package files as manifests
Query options (with -q or --query):
-c, --configfiles list all configuration files
-d, --docfiles list all documentation files
-L, --licensefiles list all license files
-A, --artifactfiles list all artifact files
--dump dump basic file information
-l, --list list files in package
--queryformat=QUERYFORMAT use the following query format
-s, --state display the states of the listed files
Verify options (with -V or --verify):
--nofiledigest don't verify digest of files
--nofiles don't verify files in package
--nodeps don't verify package dependencies
--noscript don't execute verify script(s)
Install/Upgrade/Erase options:
--allfiles install all files, even configurations which might otherwise be skipped
--allmatches remove all packages which match <package> (normally an error is generated if <package> specified multiple packages)
--badreloc relocate files in non-relocatable package
-e, --erase=<package>+ erase (uninstall) package
--excludedocs do not install documentation
--excludepath=<path> skip files with leading component <path>
--force short hand for --replacepkgs --replacefiles
-F, --freshen=<packagefile>+ upgrade package(s) if already installed
-h, --hash print hash marks as package installs (good with -v)
--ignorearch don't verify package architecture
--ignoreos don't verify package operating system
--ignoresize don't check disk space before installing
--noverify short hand for --ignorepayload --ignoresignature
-i, --install install package(s)
--justdb update the database, but do not modify the filesystem
--nodeps do not verify package dependencies
--nofiledigest don't verify digest of files
--nocontexts don't install file security contexts
--nocaps don't install file capabilities
--noorder do not reorder package installation to satisfy dependencies
--noscripts do not execute package scriptlet(s)
--notriggers do not execute any scriptlet(s) triggered by this package
--oldpackage upgrade to an old version of the package (--force on upgrades does this automatically)
--percent print percentages as package installs
--prefix=<dir> relocate the package to <dir>, if relocatable
--relocate=<old>=<new> relocate files from path <old> to <new>
--replacefiles ignore file conflicts between packages
--replacepkgs reinstall if the package is already present
--test don't install, but tell if it would work or not
-U, --upgrade=<packagefile>+ upgrade package(s)
--reinstall=<packagefile>+ reinstall package(s)
Common options for all rpm modes and executables:
-D, --define='MACRO EXPR' define MACRO with value EXPR
--undefine=MACRO undefine MACRO
-E, --eval='EXPR' print macro expansion of EXPR
--target=CPU-VENDOR-OS Specify target platform
--macros=<FILE:...> read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
--noplugins don't enable any plugins
--nodigest don't verify package digest(s)
--nosignature don't verify package signature(s)
--rcfile=<FILE:...> read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
-r, --root=ROOT use ROOT as top level directory (default: "/")
--dbpath=DIRECTORY use database in DIRECTORY
--querytags display known query tags
--showrc display final rpmrc and macro configuration
--quiet provide less detailed output
-v, --verbose provide more detailed output
--version print the version of rpm being used
Options implemented via popt alias/exec:
--scripts list install/erase scriptlets from package(s)
--setperms set permissions of files in a package
--setugids set user/group ownership of files in a package
--setcaps set capabilities of files in a package
--restore restore file/directory permissions
--conflicts list capabilities this package conflicts with
--obsoletes list other packages removed by installing this package
--provides list capabilities that this package provides
--requires list capabilities required by package(s)
--recommends list capabilities recommended by package(s)
--suggests list capabilities suggested by package(s)
--supplements list capabilities supplemented by package(s)
--enhances list capabilities enhanced by package(s)
--info list descriptive information from package(s)
--changelog list change logs for this package
--changes list changes for this package with full time stamps
--xml list metadata in xml
--triggers list trigger scriptlets from package(s)
--filetriggers list filetrigger scriptlets from package(s)
--last list package(s) by install time, most recent first
--dupes list duplicated packages
--filesbypkg list all files from each package
--fileclass list file names with their classes
--filecolor list file names with their colors
--fileprovide list file names with their provides
--filerequire list file names with requires
--filecaps list file names with their POSIX1.e capabilities
Help options:
-?, --help Show this help message
--usage Display brief usage message
The file used to configure the construction of an rpm is /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc :
[root@centos8 ~]# more /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc #/*! \page config_rpmrc Default configuration: /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc # \verbatim # # This is a global RPM configuration file. All changes made here will # be lost when the rpm package is upgraded. Any per-system configuration # should be added to /etc/rpmrc, while per-user configuration should # be added to ~/.rpmrc. # ############################################################# # Values for RPM_OPT_FLAGS for various platforms # "fat" binary with both archs, for Darwin optflags: fat -O2 -g -arch i386 -arch ppc optflags: i386 -O2 -g -march=i386 -mtune=i686 optflags: i486 -O2 -g -march=i486 optflags: i586 -O2 -g -march=i586 optflags: i686 -O2 -g -march=i686 optflags: pentium3 -O2 -g -march=pentium3 optflags: pentium4 -O2 -g -march=pentium4 optflags: athlon -O2 -g -march=athlon optflags: geode -Os -g -m32 -march=geode optflags: ia64 -O2 -g optflags: x86_64 -O2 -g optflags: amd64 -O2 -g optflags: ia32e -O2 -g optflags: alpha -O2 -g -mieee optflags: alphaev5 -O2 -g -mieee -mtune=ev5 optflags: alphaev56 -O2 -g -mieee -mtune=ev56 optflags: alphapca56 -O2 -g -mieee -mtune=pca56 optflags: alphaev6 -O2 -g -mieee -mtune=ev6 optflags: alphaev67 -O2 -g -mieee -mtune=ev67 optflags: sparc -O2 -g -m32 -mtune=ultrasparc optflags: sparcv8 -O2 -g -m32 -mtune=ultrasparc -mv8 optflags: sparcv9 -O2 -g -m32 -mtune=ultrasparc optflags: sparcv9v -O2 -g -m32 -mtune=niagara optflags: sparc64 -O2 -g -m64 -mtune=ultrasparc optflags: sparc64v -O2 -g -m64 -mtune=niagara optflags: m68k -O2 -g -fomit-frame-pointer optflags: ppc -O2 -g optflags: ppc8260 -O2 -g optflags: ppc8560 -O2 -g optflags: ppc32dy4 -O2 -g optflags: ppciseries -O2 -g optflags: ppcpseries -O2 -g optflags: ppc64 -O2 -g optflags: ppc64le -O2 -g optflags: ppc64p7 -O3 -mtune=power7 -mcpu=power7 -g optflags: parisc -O2 -g -mpa-risc-1-0 optflags: hppa1.0 -O2 -g -mpa-risc-1-0 optflags: hppa1.1 -O2 -g -mpa-risc-1-0 optflags: hppa1.2 -O2 -g -mpa-risc-1-0 --More--(11%)
These directives indicate how to optimise the construction of an rpm based upon the architecture of the processor as returned by the uname -p command. For example, buildarchtranslate: athlon: i386 means that the processus should use the i386 optimisations when building a src.rpm for the athlon architecture. Any changes made to the configuration should be put into the /etc/rpmrc or ~/.rpmrc files.
To view a list of the packages installed on the machine, use the following command:
[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -qa | more dracut-squash-049-95.git20200804.el8_3.4.x86_64 gnutls-dane-3.6.14-8.el8_3.x86_64 mtr-0.92-3.el8.x86_64 fontpackages-filesystem-1.44-22.el8.noarch dhcp-libs-4.3.6-41.el8.x86_64 alsa-lib-1.2.3.2-1.el8.x86_64 geolite2-city-20180605-1.el8.noarch cockpit-ws-224.2-1.el8.x86_64 python3-dbus-1.2.4-15.el8.x86_64 libvirt-daemon-config-network-6.0.0-28.1.module_el8.3.0+755+88436ea4.x86_64 samba-client-libs-4.12.3-12.el8.3.x86_64 libICE-1.0.9-15.el8.x86_64 bind-license-9.11.20-5.el8_3.1.noarch dnf-4.2.23-4.el8.noarch at-spi2-core-2.28.0-1.el8.x86_64 libssh-config-0.9.4-2.el8.noarch bzip2-libs-1.0.6-26.el8.x86_64 python3-syspurpose-1.27.16-1.el8.x86_64 perl-Unicode-Normalize-1.25-396.el8.x86_64 centos-linux-release-8.3-1.2011.el8.noarch sssd-krb5-2.3.0-9.el8.x86_64 perl-MIME-Base64-3.15-396.el8.x86_64 glibc-langpack-en-2.28-127.el8.x86_64 libcollection-0.7.0-39.el8.x86_64 vim-filesystem-8.0.1763-15.el8.noarch perl-Sys-Virt-6.0.0-1.module_el8.3.0+555+a55c8938.x86_64 elfutils-libelf-0.180-1.el8.x86_64 vim-enhanced-8.0.1763-15.el8.x86_64 kernel-modules-4.18.0-147.8.1.el8_1.x86_64 perl-Encode-2.97-3.el8.x86_64 audit-libs-3.0-0.17.20191104git1c2f876.el8.x86_64 grub2-pc-2.02-90.el8_3.1.x86_64 perl-libnet-3.11-3.el8.noarch --More--
You can also use the rpm command to find out how many packages are installed:
[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -qa | wc -l 802
To search for a specific package, you need to pipe the result into grep:
[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -qa | grep setup platform-python-setuptools-39.2.0-6.el8.noarch python3-setuptools-wheel-39.2.0-6.el8.noarch setup-2.12.2-6.el8.noarch cryptsetup-libs-2.3.3-2.el8.x86_64 cryptsetup-2.3.3-2.el8.x86_64
You can find out the details of a specific package such as setup-2.8.71-4.el7.noarch by using the following command:
[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -qi setup Name : setup Version : 2.12.2 Release : 6.el8 Architecture: noarch Install Date: Mon 19 Apr 2021 11:50:02 AM EDT Group : System Environment/Base Size : 724837 License : Public Domain Signature : RSA/SHA256, Fri 15 May 2020 01:23:16 AM EDT, Key ID 05b555b38483c65d Source RPM : setup-2.12.2-6.el8.src.rpm Build Date : Fri 15 May 2020 01:20:15 AM EDT Build Host : aarch64-02.mbox.centos.org Relocations : (not relocatable) Packager : CentOS Buildsys <bugs@centos.org> Vendor : CentOS URL : https://pagure.io/setup/ Summary : A set of system configuration and setup files Description : The setup package contains a set of important system configuration and setup files, such as passwd, group, and profile.
Using the l switch with rpm gives a list of all the files installed by a specific package:
[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -ql setup /etc/aliases /etc/bashrc /etc/csh.cshrc /etc/csh.login /etc/dnf/protected.d/setup.conf /etc/environment /etc/ethertypes /etc/exports /etc/filesystems /etc/fstab /etc/group /etc/gshadow /etc/host.conf /etc/hosts /etc/inputrc /etc/motd /etc/networks /etc/passwd /etc/printcap /etc/profile /etc/profile.d /etc/profile.d/csh.local /etc/profile.d/lang.csh /etc/profile.d/lang.sh /etc/profile.d/sh.local /etc/protocols /etc/services /etc/shadow /etc/shells /etc/subgid /etc/subuid /usr/share/doc/setup /usr/share/doc/setup/uidgid /usr/share/licenses/setup /usr/share/licenses/setup/COPYING /var/log/lastlog
whilst using the f switch shows the package that installed a specific file:
[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -qf /etc/exports setup-2.12.2-6.el8.noarch
Using the V switch you can check what has changed since a package was first installed:
[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -qV setup .M....G.. g /var/log/lastlog
In the case where the command returns nothing, nothing has changed. If something has changed you would see a line per file with the following keywords:
| Keyword | Description |
|---|---|
| 5 | MD5 Control |
| S | File size |
| L | Symbolic link |
| T | Modification date |
| D | Peripheral |
| U | Owner changed |
| G | Group changed |
| M | Permissions changed |
| ? | Unreadable file |
| Missing | File removed |
Important : An rpm package is a modified cpio file. To extract the contents, use the following command rpm2cpio package.src.rpm | cpio -i –make-directories
dnf is an abbreviation of Dandified YUM. Previously, both RHEL and CentOS used Yellow dog Updater, Modified (Yum) for package management. In RHEL/CentOS 8, the yum command has been replaced by dnf-3 :
[root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /usr/bin/dnf-3 -rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1954 Aug 4 2020 /usr/bin/dnf-3 [root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /usr/bin/yum lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 5 Aug 4 2020 /usr/bin/yum -> dnf-3 [root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /usr/bin/dnf lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 5 Aug 4 2020 /usr/bin/dnf -> dnf-3
The dnf command improves the yum command by adding:
Note that :
The command takes the following form:
# dnf <options> <command> <package(s)> [Enter]
The switches and commands specific to dnf are shown below:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf --help
usage: dnf [options] COMMAND
List of Main Commands:
alias List or create command aliases
autoremove remove all unneeded packages that were originally installed as dependencies
check check for problems in the packagedb
check-update check for available package upgrades
clean remove cached data
deplist List package's dependencies and what packages provide them
distro-sync synchronize installed packages to the latest available versions
downgrade Downgrade a package
group display, or use, the groups information
help display a helpful usage message
history display, or use, the transaction history
info display details about a package or group of packages
install install a package or packages on your system
list list a package or groups of packages
makecache generate the metadata cache
mark mark or unmark installed packages as installed by user.
module Interact with Modules.
provides find what package provides the given value
reinstall reinstall a package
remove remove a package or packages from your system
repolist display the configured software repositories
repoquery search for packages matching keyword
repository-packages run commands on top of all packages in given repository
search search package details for the given string
shell run an interactive DNF shell
swap run an interactive DNF mod for remove and install one spec
updateinfo display advisories about packages
upgrade upgrade a package or packages on your system
upgrade-minimal upgrade, but only 'newest' package match which fixes a problem that affects your system
List of Plugin Commands:
builddep Install build dependencies for package or spec file
changelog Show changelog data of packages
config-manager manage dnf configuration options and repositories
copr Interact with Copr repositories.
debug-dump dump information about installed rpm packages to file
debug-restore restore packages recorded in debug-dump file
debuginfo-install install debuginfo packages
download Download package to current directory
needs-restarting determine updated binaries that need restarting
playground Interact with Playground repository.
repoclosure Display a list of unresolved dependencies for repositories
repodiff List differences between two sets of repositories
repograph Output a full package dependency graph in dot format
repomanage Manage a directory of rpm packages
reposync download all packages from remote repo
General DNF options:
-c [config file], --config [config file]
config file location
-q, --quiet quiet operation
-v, --verbose verbose operation
--version show DNF version and exit
--installroot [path] set install root
--nodocs do not install documentations
--noplugins disable all plugins
--enableplugin [plugin]
enable plugins by name
--disableplugin [plugin]
disable plugins by name
--releasever RELEASEVER
override the value of $releasever in config and repo
files
--setopt SETOPTS set arbitrary config and repo options
--skip-broken resolve depsolve problems by skipping packages
-h, --help, --help-cmd
show command help
--allowerasing allow erasing of installed packages to resolve
dependencies
-b, --best try the best available package versions in
transactions.
--nobest do not limit the transaction to the best candidate
-C, --cacheonly run entirely from system cache, don't update cache
-R [minutes], --randomwait [minutes]
maximum command wait time
-d [debug level], --debuglevel [debug level]
debugging output level
--debugsolver dumps detailed solving results into files
--showduplicates show duplicates, in repos, in list/search commands
-e ERRORLEVEL, --errorlevel ERRORLEVEL
error output level
--obsoletes enables dnf's obsoletes processing logic for upgrade
or display capabilities that the package obsoletes for
info, list and repoquery
--rpmverbosity [debug level name]
debugging output level for rpm
-y, --assumeyes automatically answer yes for all questions
--assumeno automatically answer no for all questions
--enablerepo [repo] Enable additional repositories. List option. Supports
globs, can be specified multiple times.
--disablerepo [repo] Disable repositories. List option. Supports globs, can
be specified multiple times.
--repo [repo], --repoid [repo]
enable just specific repositories by an id or a glob,
can be specified multiple times
--enable enable repos with config-manager command
(automatically saves)
--disable disable repos with config-manager command
(automatically saves)
-x [package], --exclude [package], --excludepkgs [package]
exclude packages by name or glob
--disableexcludes [repo], --disableexcludepkgs [repo]
disable excludepkgs
--repofrompath [repo,path]
label and path to an additional repository to use
(same path as in a baseurl), can be specified multiple
times.
--noautoremove disable removal of dependencies that are no longer
used
--nogpgcheck disable gpg signature checking (if RPM policy allows)
--color COLOR control whether color is used
--refresh set metadata as expired before running the command
-4 resolve to IPv4 addresses only
-6 resolve to IPv6 addresses only
--destdir DESTDIR, --downloaddir DESTDIR
set directory to copy packages to
--downloadonly only download packages
--comment COMMENT add a comment to transaction
--bugfix Include bugfix relevant packages, in updates
--enhancement Include enhancement relevant packages, in updates
--newpackage Include newpackage relevant packages, in updates
--security Include security relevant packages, in updates
--advisory ADVISORY, --advisories ADVISORY
Include packages needed to fix the given advisory, in
updates
--bz BUGZILLA, --bzs BUGZILLA
Include packages needed to fix the given BZ, in
updates
--cve CVES, --cves CVES
Include packages needed to fix the given CVE, in
updates
--sec-severity {Critical,Important,Moderate,Low}, --secseverity {Critical,Important,Moderate,Low}
Include security relevant packages matching the
severity, in updates
--forcearch ARCH Force the use of an architecture
dnf's principal configuration file is /etc/dnf/dnf.conf :
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/dnf/dnf.conf [main] gpgcheck=1 installonly_limit=3 clean_requirements_on_remove=True best=True skip_if_unavailable=False
Further configuration files can be found in the /etc/dnf directory:
[root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /etc/dnf total 4 drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 4 2020 aliases.d -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 108 Jun 2 2020 dnf.conf drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 168 Apr 19 12:13 modules.d drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 4 2020 modules.defaults.d drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 89 Aug 4 2020 plugins drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 93 Apr 19 11:52 protected.d drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 37 Aug 4 2020 vars
Important : A repository is generally an Internet based database containing pre-compiled, installable packages.
Repositories are defined in files located in the /etc/yum.repos.d directory:
[root@centos8 ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/ CentOS-Linux-AppStream.repo CentOS-Linux-Plus.repo CentOS-Linux-BaseOS.repo CentOS-Linux-PowerTools.repo CentOS-Linux-ContinuousRelease.repo CentOS-Linux-Sources.repo CentOS-Linux-Debuginfo.repo epel-modular.repo CentOS-Linux-Devel.repo epel-playground.repo CentOS-Linux-Extras.repo epel.repo CentOS-Linux-FastTrack.repo epel-testing-modular.repo CentOS-Linux-HighAvailability.repo epel-testing.repo CentOS-Linux-Media.repo
For example :
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Linux-BaseOS.repo # CentOS-Linux-BaseOS.repo # # The mirrorlist system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the # update status of each mirror to pick current mirrors that are geographically # close to the client. You should use this for CentOS updates unless you are # manually picking other mirrors. # # If the mirrorlist does not work for you, you can try the commented out # baseurl line instead. [baseos] name=CentOS Linux $releasever - BaseOS mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=BaseOS&infra=$infra #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/$contentdir/$releasever/BaseOS/$basearch/os/ gpgcheck=1 enabled=1 gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial
To see a list of all the dnf repositories for a system including their status, use the dnf command repolist all:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf repolist all repo id repo name status appstream CentOS Linux 8 - AppStream enabled appstream-source CentOS Linux 8 - AppStream - Source disabled baseos CentOS Linux 8 - BaseOS enabled baseos-source CentOS Linux 8 - BaseOS - Source disabled cr CentOS Linux 8 - ContinuousRelease disabled debuginfo CentOS Linux 8 - Debuginfo disabled devel CentOS Linux 8 - Devel WARNING! FOR BUILDROOT USE ONLY! disabled epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - x86_64 enabled epel-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - x86_64 - Debug disabled epel-modular Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux Modular 8 - x86_64 enabled epel-modular-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux Modular 8 - x86_64 - Debug disabled epel-modular-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux Modular 8 - x86_64 - Source disabled epel-playground Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - Playground - x86_64 disabled epel-playground-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - Playground - x86_64 - Debug disabled epel-playground-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - Playground - x86_64 - Source disabled epel-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - x86_64 - Source disabled epel-testing Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - Testing - x86_64 disabled epel-testing-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - Testing - x86_64 - Debug disabled epel-testing-modular Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux Modular 8 - Testing - x86_64 disabled epel-testing-modular-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux Modular 8 - Testing - x86_64 - De disabled epel-testing-modular-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux Modular 8 - Testing - x86_64 - So disabled epel-testing-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - Testing - x86_64 - Source disabled extras CentOS Linux 8 - Extras enabled extras-source CentOS Linux 8 - Extras - Source disabled fasttrack CentOS Linux 8 - FastTrack disabled ha CentOS Linux 8 - HighAvailability disabled media-appstream CentOS Linux 8 - Media - AppStream disabled media-baseos CentOS Linux 8 - Media - BaseOS disabled plus CentOS Linux 8 - Plus disabled plus-source CentOS Linux 8 - Plus - Source disabled powertools CentOS Linux 8 - PowerTools
To see a list of enabled dnf repositories for a system, use the dnf command repolist:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf repolist repo id repo name appstream CentOS Linux 8 - AppStream baseos CentOS Linux 8 - BaseOS epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - x86_64 epel-modular Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux Modular 8 - x86_64 extras CentOS Linux 8 - Extras
To list all installed and available packages, use the dnf command list:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf list | more
Last metadata expiration check: 2:31:07 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 03:34:31 PM EDT.
Installed Packages
NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3
@BaseOS
NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3
@BaseOS
NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3
@BaseOS
NetworkManager-tui.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3
@BaseOS
PackageKit.x86_64 1.1.12-6.el8
@AppStream
PackageKit-glib.x86_64 1.1.12-6.el8
@AppStream
abattis-cantarell-fonts.noarch 0.0.25-4.el8
@AppStream
acl.x86_64 2.2.53-1.el8
@BaseOS
adcli.x86_64 0.8.2-7.el8
@BaseOS
adwaita-cursor-theme.noarch 3.28.0-2.el8
@appstream
adwaita-icon-theme.noarch 3.28.0-2.el8
@appstream
alsa-lib.x86_64 1.2.3.2-1.el8
@appstream
at.x86_64 3.1.20-11.el8
@BaseOS
at-spi2-atk.x86_64 2.26.2-1.el8
@appstream
at-spi2-core.x86_64 2.28.0-1.el8
@appstream
atk.x86_64 2.28.1-1.el8
--More--
To list only the installed packages, use the installed option:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf list installed | more Installed Packages NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3 @BaseOS NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3 @BaseOS NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3 @BaseOS NetworkManager-tui.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3 @BaseOS PackageKit.x86_64 1.1.12-6.el8 @AppStream PackageKit-glib.x86_64 1.1.12-6.el8 @AppStream abattis-cantarell-fonts.noarch 0.0.25-4.el8 @AppStream acl.x86_64 2.2.53-1.el8 @BaseOS adcli.x86_64 0.8.2-7.el8 @BaseOS adwaita-cursor-theme.noarch 3.28.0-2.el8 @appstream adwaita-icon-theme.noarch 3.28.0-2.el8 @appstream alsa-lib.x86_64 1.2.3.2-1.el8 @appstream at.x86_64 3.1.20-11.el8 @BaseOS at-spi2-atk.x86_64 2.26.2-1.el8 @appstream at-spi2-core.x86_64 2.28.0-1.el8 @appstream atk.x86_64 2.28.1-1.el8 @appstream --More--
To list only the available packages, use the available option:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf list available | more
Last metadata expiration check: 2:40:08 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 03:34:31 PM EDT.
Available Packages
3proxy.x86_64 0.8.13-1.el8
epel
AusweisApp2.x86_64 1.20.2-10.el8
epel
AusweisApp2-data.noarch 1.20.2-10.el8
epel
AusweisApp2-doc.noarch 1.20.2-10.el8
epel
BackupPC.x86_64 4.4.0-1.el8
epel
BackupPC-XS.x86_64 0.62-1.el8
epel
BibTool.x86_64 2.68-1.el8
epel
CCfits.x86_64 2.5-14.el8
epel
CCfits-devel.x86_64 2.5-14.el8
epel
CCfits-doc.noarch 2.5-14.el8
epel
CGSI-gSOAP.x86_64 1.3.11-7.el8
epel
CGSI-gSOAP-devel.x86_64 1.3.11-7.el8
epel
CUnit.i686 2.1.3-17.el8
appstream
CUnit.x86_64 2.1.3-17.el8
appstream
CharLS.x86_64 2.0.0-6.el8
epel
CharLS-devel.x86_64 2.0.0-6.el8
--More--
To search for a string in the name or the short description of a package, use the dnf command search:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf search httpd
Last metadata expiration check: 2:41:18 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 03:34:31 PM EDT.
================================= Name Exactly Matched: httpd =================================
httpd.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server
================================ Name & Summary Matched: httpd ================================
centos-logos-httpd.noarch : CentOS-related icons and pictures used by httpd
keycloak-httpd-client-install.noarch : Tools to configure Apache HTTPD as Keycloak client
lighttpd-fastcgi.x86_64 : FastCGI module and spawning helper for lighttpd and PHP configuration
lighttpd-filesystem.noarch : The basic directory layout for lighttpd
lighttpd-mod_authn_gssapi.x86_64 : Authentication module for lighttpd that uses GSSAPI
lighttpd-mod_authn_mysql.x86_64 : Authentication module for lighttpd that uses a MySQL database
lighttpd-mod_authn_pam.x86_64 : Authentication module for lighttpd that uses PAM
lighttpd-mod_mysql_vhost.x86_64 : Virtual host module for lighttpd that uses a MySQL database
pagure-web-apache-httpd.noarch : Apache HTTPD configuration for Pagure
python3-keycloak-httpd-client-install.noarch : Tools to configure Apache HTTPD as Keycloak
: client
radicale3-httpd.noarch : httpd config for Radicale
===================================== Name Matched: httpd =====================================
httpd-devel.x86_64 : Development interfaces for the Apache HTTP server
httpd-filesystem.noarch : The basic directory layout for the Apache HTTP server
httpd-manual.noarch : Documentation for the Apache HTTP server
httpd-tools.x86_64 : Tools for use with the Apache HTTP Server
libmicrohttpd.i686 : Lightweight library for embedding a webserver in applications
libmicrohttpd.x86_64 : Lightweight library for embedding a webserver in applications
lighttpd.x86_64 : Lightning fast webserver with light system requirements
perl-Test-Fake-HTTPD.noarch : Fake HTTP server module for testing
sysusage-httpd.noarch : Apache configuration for sysusage
=================================== Summary Matched: httpd ====================================
mod_auth_mellon.x86_64 : A SAML 2.0 authentication module for the Apache Httpd Server
mod_dav_svn.x86_64 : Apache httpd module for Subversion server
To search for a string only in the name of a package, use the dnf command list:
root@centos8 ~]# dnf list httpd Last metadata expiration check: 0:08:16 ago on Wed 21 Apr 2021 12:54:45 AM EDT. Available Packages httpd.x86_64 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc appstream
dnf also allows you to search for a specific binary by using the dnf provides command:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf provides httpd Last metadata expiration check: 0:03:35 ago on Wed 21 Apr 2021 12:54:45 AM EDT. httpd-2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server Repo : appstream Matched from: Provide : httpd = 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc
You can also search using the * wildcard:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf list kerne\* Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:24 ago on Wed 21 Apr 2021 12:54:45 AM EDT. Installed Packages kernel.x86_64 4.18.0-147.8.1.el8_1 @BaseOS kernel.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 @BaseOS kernel-core.x86_64 4.18.0-147.8.1.el8_1 @BaseOS kernel-core.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 @BaseOS kernel-modules.x86_64 4.18.0-147.8.1.el8_1 @BaseOS kernel-modules.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 @BaseOS kernel-tools.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 @BaseOS kernel-tools-libs.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 @BaseOS Available Packages kernel-abi-whitelists.noarch 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos kernel-cross-headers.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos kernel-debug.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos kernel-debug-core.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos kernel-debug-devel.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos kernel-debug-modules.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos kernel-debug-modules-extra.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos kernel-devel.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos kernel-doc.noarch 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos kernel-headers.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos kernel-modules-extra.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos kernel-rpm-macros.noarch 123-1.el8 appstream kernelshark.x86_64 2.7-8.el8 appstream
To see a list of package groups, use the grouplist dnf command:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf grouplist Last metadata expiration check: 1:49:11 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 09:37:31 PM EDT. Available Environment Groups: Server with GUI Server Workstation KDE Plasma Workspaces Virtualization Host Custom Operating System Installed Environment Groups: Minimal Install Available Groups: Container Management .NET Core Development RPM Development Tools Development Tools Graphical Administration Tools Headless Management Legacy UNIX Compatibility Network Servers Scientific Support Security Tools Smart Card Support System Tools Fedora Packager Xfce
To view information on a particular package, use the info dnf command:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf info httpd
Last metadata expiration check: 2:43:14 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 03:34:31 PM EDT.
Available Packages
Name : httpd
Version : 2.4.37
Release : 30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc
Architecture : x86_64
Size : 1.7 M
Source : httpd-2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc.src.rpm
Repository : appstream
Summary : Apache HTTP Server
URL : https://httpd.apache.org/
License : ASL 2.0
Description : The Apache HTTP Server is a powerful, efficient, and extensible
: web server.
To download a package without installing it, the old yumdownloader command is replaced by the dnf command download :
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf download httpd Last metadata expiration check: 2:46:56 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 03:34:31 PM EDT. httpd-2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc.x86_64.rpm 4.0 MB/s | 1.7 MB 00:00
The package is downloaded to the current working directory:
[root@centos8 ~]# updatedb [root@centos8 ~]# locate httpd-2.4.37-30. /root/httpd-2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc.x86_64.rpm
To install a package, dnf provides the install command:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf install httpd Last metadata expiration check: 2:58:37 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 03:34:31 PM EDT. Dependencies resolved. =============================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size =============================================================================================== Installing: httpd x86_64 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc appstream 1.7 M Installing dependencies: apr x86_64 1.6.3-11.el8 appstream 125 k apr-util x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 appstream 105 k centos-logos-httpd noarch 80.5-2.el8 baseos 24 k httpd-filesystem noarch 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc appstream 37 k httpd-tools x86_64 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc appstream 104 k mod_http2 x86_64 1.15.7-2.module_el8.3.0+477+498bb568 appstream 154 k Installing weak dependencies: apr-util-bdb x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 appstream 25 k apr-util-openssl x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 appstream 27 k Enabling module streams: httpd 2.4 Transaction Summary =============================================================================================== Install 9 Packages Total download size: 2.3 M Installed size: 6.0 M Is this ok [y/N]: n Operation aborted.
The -y switch of the dnf command automatically answers yes to dnf's questions:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf install httpd -y ... Installed: apr-1.6.3-11.el8.x86_64 apr-util-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 apr-util-bdb-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 apr-util-openssl-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64 centos-logos-httpd-80.5-2.el8.noarch httpd-2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc.x86_64 httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc.noarch httpd-tools-2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc.x86_64 mod_http2-1.15.7-2.module_el8.3.0+477+498bb568.x86_64 Complete!
You can re-install a package using dnf's reinstall command:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf reinstall httpd Last metadata expiration check: 0:02:31 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 06:35:25 PM EDT. Dependencies resolved. =============================================================================================== Package Architecture Version Repository Size =============================================================================================== Reinstalling: httpd x86_64 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc appstream 1.7 M Transaction Summary =============================================================================================== Total download size: 1.7 M Installed size: 4.9 M Is this ok [y/N]: y
To installa package group, use dnf's groupinstall command:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf groupinstall 'System Tools' Last metadata expiration check: 1:51:28 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 09:37:31 PM EDT. Dependencies resolved. ============================================================================================================= Package Architecture Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================= Installing group/module packages: NetworkManager-libreswan x86_64 1.2.10-4.el8 appstream 120 k cifs-utils x86_64 6.8-3.el8 baseos 96 k libreswan x86_64 3.32-7.el8_3 appstream 1.4 M nmap x86_64 2:7.70-5.el8 appstream 5.8 M openldap-clients x86_64 2.4.46-15.el8 baseos 202 k samba-client x86_64 4.12.3-12.el8.3 baseos 692 k setserial x86_64 2.17-45.el8 baseos 32 k tigervnc x86_64 1.10.1-9.el8_3 appstream 290 k tmux x86_64 2.7-1.el8 baseos 317 k xdelta x86_64 3.1.0-4.el8 baseos 96 k zsh x86_64 5.5.1-6.el8_1.2 baseos 2.9 M Installing dependencies: fltk x86_64 1.3.4-5.el8 appstream 590 k ldns x86_64 1.7.0-21.el8 appstream 166 k mesa-libGLU x86_64 9.0.0-15.el8 appstream 185 k nss-tools x86_64 3.53.1-17.el8_3 appstream 560 k tigervnc-icons noarch 1.10.1-9.el8_3 appstream 47 k tigervnc-license noarch 1.10.1-9.el8_3 appstream 38 k Installing Groups: System Tools Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================= Install 17 Packages Total download size: 13 M Installed size: 47 M Is this ok [y/N]: y
To check for package updates, use dnf's check-update command:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf check-update Last metadata expiration check: 1:38:50 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 09:37:31 PM EDT. epel-release.noarch 8-10.el8 epel procps-ng.x86_64 3.3.15-3.el8_3.1 baseos selinux-policy.noarch 3.14.3-54.el8_3.4 baseos selinux-policy-targeted.noarch 3.14.3-54.el8_3.4 baseos
To update packages, dnf has two commands update and upgrade. You can also specify a single package or a list of packages:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf update epel-release.noarch Last metadata expiration check: 1:43:33 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 09:37:31 PM EDT. Dependencies resolved. ============================================================================================================= Package Architecture Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================= Upgrading: epel-release noarch 8-10.el8 epel 22 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================= Upgrade 1 Package Total download size: 22 k Is this ok [y/N]: y
To update a package group, use dnf's groupupdate command:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf groupupdate 'System Tools' Last metadata expiration check: 1:55:43 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 09:37:31 PM EDT. Dependencies resolved. ============================================================================================================= Package Architecture Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================= Installing Groups: System Tools Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================= Is this ok [y/N]: y Complete!
To delete a package, use dnf's remove command:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf remove httpd Dependencies resolved. ============================================================================================================= Package Architecture Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================= Removing: httpd x86_64 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc @appstream 4.9 M Removing unused dependencies: apr x86_64 1.6.3-11.el8 @appstream 260 k apr-util x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 @appstream 231 k apr-util-bdb x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 @appstream 12 k apr-util-openssl x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 @appstream 20 k centos-logos-httpd noarch 80.5-2.el8 @baseos 1.9 k httpd-filesystem noarch 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc @appstream 400 httpd-tools x86_64 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc @appstream 195 k mod_http2 x86_64 1.15.7-2.module_el8.3.0+477+498bb568 @appstream 393 k Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================= Remove 9 Packages Freed space: 6.0 M Is this ok [y/N]: y
To delete a package group, use dnf's groupremove command:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf groupremove 'System Tools' Dependencies resolved. ============================================================================================================= Package Architecture Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================= Removing: NetworkManager-libreswan x86_64 1.2.10-4.el8 @appstream 420 k cifs-utils x86_64 6.8-3.el8 @baseos 192 k libreswan x86_64 3.32-7.el8_3 @appstream 4.7 M nmap x86_64 2:7.70-5.el8 @appstream 24 M openldap-clients x86_64 2.4.46-15.el8 @baseos 612 k samba-client x86_64 4.12.3-12.el8.3 @baseos 2.3 M setserial x86_64 2.17-45.el8 @baseos 37 k tigervnc x86_64 1.10.1-9.el8_3 @appstream 849 k tmux x86_64 2.7-1.el8 @baseos 781 k xdelta x86_64 3.1.0-4.el8 @baseos 184 k zsh x86_64 5.5.1-6.el8_1.2 @baseos 7.2 M Removing unused dependencies: fltk x86_64 1.3.4-5.el8 @appstream 2.8 M ldns x86_64 1.7.0-21.el8 @appstream 536 k mesa-libGLU x86_64 9.0.0-15.el8 @appstream 490 k nss-tools x86_64 3.53.1-17.el8_3 @appstream 2.2 M tigervnc-icons noarch 1.10.1-9.el8_3 @appstream 33 k tigervnc-license noarch 1.10.1-9.el8_3 @appstream 18 k Removing Groups: System Tools Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================= Remove 17 Packages Freed space: 47 M Is this ok [y/N]: y
To delete unused dependencies left over from previous deletions, use dnf's autoremove command:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf autoremove Last metadata expiration check: 0:08:52 ago on Wed 21 Apr 2021 12:39:54 AM EDT. Dependencies resolved. ============================================================================================================= Package Architecture Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================= Removing: fipscheck x86_64 1.5.0-4.el8 @BaseOS 47 k fipscheck-lib x86_64 1.5.0-4.el8 @BaseOS 12 k grub2-tools-efi x86_64 1:2.02-90.el8_3.1 @BaseOS 2.0 M Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================= Remove 3 Packages Freed space: 2.1 M Is this ok [y/N]: y
To empty the installed package cache, use dnf's clean all command:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf clean all 58 files removed
Shared Libraries are bits of common code used by several programs in the same domain ( sound, databases, video e.t.c. ). The functions porposed by one or several shared libraries are refered to as an API (Application Programming Interface). Under Linux, shared libraries are refered to as Shared Objects and have a .so suffix.
Shared Objects are stored in lib directories, for example:
| Directory | Contents |
|---|---|
| /lib | System Shared Objects |
| /usr/lib | User Shared Objects |
| /usr/local/lib | Local Shared Objects |
| /usr/X11R6/lib | Graphical System Shared Objects |
| /opt/kde4/lib | Shared Objects for KDE |
Important : The most important Shared Object is libc. Without libc, Linux will not function.
The Shared Object ld-linux.so.2 is used to create a link between a Shared Object and an executable when the latter starts. For this reason, ld-linux.so.2 is often refered to as the Link Loader. ld-linux.so.2 looks for Shared Objects in the following places and in the order shown:
The contents of the cache file are built from the information contained within the /etc/ld.so.conf file.
In order to study the impact of a missing Shared Object, install mc:
[root@centos8 ~]# dnf install mc Last metadata expiration check: 0:20:35 ago on Wed 21 Apr 2021 12:54:45 AM EDT. Dependencies resolved. ============================================================================================================= Package Architecture Version Repository Size ============================================================================================================= Installing: mc x86_64 1:4.8.19-9.el8 appstream 1.9 M Transaction Summary ============================================================================================================= Install 1 Package Total download size: 1.9 M Installed size: 6.8 M Is this ok [y/N]: y
To determine which Shared Objects are linked to a binary, use the ldd command:
[root@centos8 ~]# ldd /usr/bin/mc linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007fff39386000) libslang.so.2 => /lib64/libslang.so.2 (0x00007f0a74152000) libgpm.so.2 => /lib64/libgpm.so.2 (0x00007f0a73f4b000) libgmodule-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f0a73d47000) libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f0a73a2e000) libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f0a7380e000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f0a7344b000) libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f0a73247000) libm.so.6 => /lib64/libm.so.6 (0x00007f0a72ec5000) libncurses.so.6 => /lib64/libncurses.so.6 (0x00007f0a72c9a000) libtinfo.so.6 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.6 (0x00007f0a72a6d000) libgnutls.so.30 => /lib64/libgnutls.so.30 (0x00007f0a7267c000) libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007f0a7240b000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f0a74994000) libp11-kit.so.0 => /lib64/libp11-kit.so.0 (0x00007f0a720d8000) libidn2.so.0 => /lib64/libidn2.so.0 (0x00007f0a71eba000) libunistring.so.2 => /lib64/libunistring.so.2 (0x00007f0a71b39000) libtasn1.so.6 => /lib64/libtasn1.so.6 (0x00007f0a71926000) libnettle.so.6 => /lib64/libnettle.so.6 (0x00007f0a716ec000) libhogweed.so.4 => /lib64/libhogweed.so.4 (0x00007f0a714bb000) libgmp.so.10 => /lib64/libgmp.so.10 (0x00007f0a71223000) libffi.so.6 => /lib64/libffi.so.6 (0x00007f0a7101a000)
Now let us see what happens when a Shared Object is missing. Rename the /usr/lib/libslang.so.2 to /usr/lib/libslang.so.2.old:
[root@centos8 ~]# mv /lib64/libslang.so.2 /lib64/libslang.so.2.old
Run the ldd command again:
[root@centos8 ~]# ldd /usr/bin/mc linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007fff669a6000) libslang.so.2 => not found libgpm.so.2 => /lib64/libgpm.so.2 (0x00007fc6ccba0000) libgmodule-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 (0x00007fc6cc99c000) libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00007fc6cc683000) libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007fc6cc463000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fc6cc0a0000) libncurses.so.6 => /lib64/libncurses.so.6 (0x00007fc6cbe75000) libtinfo.so.6 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.6 (0x00007fc6cbc48000) libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007fc6cba44000) libgnutls.so.30 => /lib64/libgnutls.so.30 (0x00007fc6cb653000) libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007fc6cb3e2000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fc6cd112000) libp11-kit.so.0 => /lib64/libp11-kit.so.0 (0x00007fc6cb0af000) libidn2.so.0 => /lib64/libidn2.so.0 (0x00007fc6cae91000) libunistring.so.2 => /lib64/libunistring.so.2 (0x00007fc6cab10000) libtasn1.so.6 => /lib64/libtasn1.so.6 (0x00007fc6ca8fd000) libnettle.so.6 => /lib64/libnettle.so.6 (0x00007fc6ca6c3000) libhogweed.so.4 => /lib64/libhogweed.so.4 (0x00007fc6ca492000) libgmp.so.10 => /lib64/libgmp.so.10 (0x00007fc6ca1fa000) libffi.so.6 => /lib64/libffi.so.6 (0x00007fc6c9ff1000)
Note the presence of the line libslang.so.2 ⇒ not found. In such a scenario mc will not launch:
[root@centos8 ~]# mc mc: error while loading shared libraries: libslang.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
Correct the previous error and check that all is OK:
[root@centos8 ~]# mv /lib64/libslang.so.2.old /lib64/libslang.so.2 [root@centos8 ~]# ldd /usr/bin/mc linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007fff4b8de000) libslang.so.2 => /lib64/libslang.so.2 (0x00007f670a991000) libgpm.so.2 => /lib64/libgpm.so.2 (0x00007f670a78a000) libgmodule-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f670a586000) libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f670a26d000) libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f670a04d000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f6709c8a000) libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f6709a86000) libm.so.6 => /lib64/libm.so.6 (0x00007f6709704000) libncurses.so.6 => /lib64/libncurses.so.6 (0x00007f67094d9000) libtinfo.so.6 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.6 (0x00007f67092ac000) libgnutls.so.30 => /lib64/libgnutls.so.30 (0x00007f6708ebb000) libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007f6708c4a000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f670b1d3000) libp11-kit.so.0 => /lib64/libp11-kit.so.0 (0x00007f6708917000) libidn2.so.0 => /lib64/libidn2.so.0 (0x00007f67086f9000) libunistring.so.2 => /lib64/libunistring.so.2 (0x00007f6708378000) libtasn1.so.6 => /lib64/libtasn1.so.6 (0x00007f6708165000) libnettle.so.6 => /lib64/libnettle.so.6 (0x00007f6707f2b000) libhogweed.so.4 => /lib64/libhogweed.so.4 (0x00007f6707cfa000) libgmp.so.10 => /lib64/libgmp.so.10 (0x00007f6707a62000) libffi.so.6 => /lib64/libffi.so.6 (0x00007f6707859000)
The /etc/ld.so.conf file is used to configure the cache: /etc/ld.so.cache :
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/ld.so.conf include ld.so.conf.d/*.conf
As you can see, this file contains just one include directive that points to the /etc/ld.so.conf.d/ directory:
[root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /etc/ld.so.conf.d/ total 16 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 26 Mar 1 10:21 bind-export-x86_64.conf -r--r--r--. 1 root root 67 Apr 9 2020 kernel-4.18.0-147.8.1.el8_1.x86_64.conf -r--r--r--. 1 root root 67 Apr 8 15:09 kernel-4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3.x86_64.conf -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 17 Nov 3 19:38 libiscsi-x86_64.conf
For example, the bind-export-x86_64.conf file contains one line:
[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/ld.so.conf.d/bind-export-x86_64.conf /usr/lib64//bind9-export/
The ldconfig command is used to:
When used with the -p switch, the ldconfig command shows the cntents of the cache:
[root@centos8 ~]# ldconfig -p | more 546 libs found in cache `/etc/ld.so.cache' p11-kit-trust.so (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/p11-kit-trust.so libzstd.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libzstd.so.1 libz.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libz.so.1 libyaml-0.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libyaml-0.so.2 libyajl.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libyajl.so.2 libxtables.so.12 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxtables.so.12 libxslt.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxslt.so.1 libxshmfence.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxshmfence.so.1 libxml2.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxml2.so.2 libxkbcommon.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxkbcommon.so.0 libxcb.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb.so.1 libxcb-xvmc.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xvmc.so.0 libxcb-xv.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xv.so.0 libxcb-xtest.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xtest.so.0 libxcb-xselinux.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xselinux.so.0 libxcb-xkb.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xkb.so.1 libxcb-xinput.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xinput.so.0 libxcb-xinerama.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xinerama.so.0 libxcb-xf86dri.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xf86dri.so.0 libxcb-xfixes.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xfixes.so.0 libxcb-sync.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-sync.so.1 libxcb-shm.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-shm.so.0 --More--
To add your own Shared Objects to the system:
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