Version : 2024.01

Dernière mise-à-jour :

LCF502 - Gestion des Paquets

Contenu du Module

LCF502 - Gestion des Paquets

Contenu du Module

LAB #1 - Compiler à partir des sources

1.1 - ./configure

1.2 - make

1.3 - make check

1.4 - make install

LAB #2 - La commande rpm

2.1 - Configuration

2.2 - Utilisation

LAB #3 - La commande dnf

3.1 - Présentation

3.2 - Configuration

3.3 - Dépôts

3.4 - Rechercher des Paquets

3.5 - Obtenir de l'Information sur un Paquet et le Télécharger

3.6 - Installer un Paquet

3.7 - Mettre à jour des Paquets

3.8 - Supprimer des Paquets

LAB #4 - Les Bibliothèques Partagées

4.1 - Présentation

Introduction

Stockage

ld-linux.so.2

4.2 - La Commande ldd

4.3 - Le fichier /etc/ld.so.conf

4.4 - La Commande ldconfig

LAB #1 - Compiler à partir des sources

Historiquement il était nécessaire d'installer un logiciel à partir de ses fichiers sources.

Pour comprendre ce qui est la compilation d'un logiciel, commencez par télécharger le logiciel hello :

[root@centos8 ~]# wget https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz
--2021-04-20 16:56:18-- https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz
Resolving ftp.gnu.org (ftp.gnu.org)... 209.51.188.20, 2001:470:142:3::b
Connecting to ftp.gnu.org (ftp.gnu.org)|209.51.188.20|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 389363 (380K) [application/x-gzip]
Saving to: ‘hello-2.1.1.tar.gz’
hello-2.1.1.tar.gz 100%[=========================================================================================================================================>] 380.24K 941KB/s in 0.4s
2021-04-20 16:56:19 (941 KB/s) - ‘hello-2.1.1.tar.gz’ saved [389363/389363]

Ensuite désarchivez le logiciel :

[root@centos8 ~]# tar xvf hello-2.1.1.tar.gz
hello-2.1.1/
hello-2.1.1/intl/
hello-2.1.1/intl/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/intl/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/intl/config.charset
hello-2.1.1/intl/locale.alias
hello-2.1.1/intl/ref-add.sin
hello-2.1.1/intl/ref-del.sin
hello-2.1.1/intl/gmo.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/gettextP.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/hash-string.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/plural-exp.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/eval-plural.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/os2compat.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/libgnuintl.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/loadinfo.h
hello-2.1.1/intl/bindtextdom.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/dcgettext.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/dgettext.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/gettext.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/finddomain.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/loadmsgcat.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/localealias.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/textdomain.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/l10nflist.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/explodename.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/dcigettext.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/dcngettext.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/dngettext.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/ngettext.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/plural.y
hello-2.1.1/intl/plural-exp.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/localcharset.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/localename.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/osdep.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/os2compat.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/intl-compat.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/plural.c
hello-2.1.1/intl/VERSION
hello-2.1.1/po/
hello-2.1.1/po/Makefile.in.in
hello-2.1.1/po/Makevars
hello-2.1.1/po/remove-potcdate.sin
hello-2.1.1/po/quot.sed
hello-2.1.1/po/boldquot.sed
hello-2.1.1/po/en@quot.header
hello-2.1.1/po/en@boldquot.header
hello-2.1.1/po/insert-header.sin
hello-2.1.1/po/Rules-quot
hello-2.1.1/po/POTFILES.in
hello-2.1.1/po/hello.pot
hello-2.1.1/po/ca.po
hello-2.1.1/po/da.po
hello-2.1.1/po/de.po
hello-2.1.1/po/de_DE.po
hello-2.1.1/po/el.po
hello-2.1.1/po/eo.po
hello-2.1.1/po/es.po
hello-2.1.1/po/et.po
hello-2.1.1/po/fi.po
hello-2.1.1/po/fr.po
hello-2.1.1/po/gl.po
hello-2.1.1/po/he.po
hello-2.1.1/po/hr.po
hello-2.1.1/po/hu.po
hello-2.1.1/po/id.po
hello-2.1.1/po/it.po
hello-2.1.1/po/ja.po
hello-2.1.1/po/ko.po
hello-2.1.1/po/lv.po
hello-2.1.1/po/nb.po
hello-2.1.1/po/nl.po
hello-2.1.1/po/nn.po
hello-2.1.1/po/pl.po
hello-2.1.1/po/pt.po
hello-2.1.1/po/pt_BR.po
hello-2.1.1/po/ru.po
hello-2.1.1/po/sk.po
hello-2.1.1/po/sl.po
hello-2.1.1/po/sv.po
hello-2.1.1/po/tr.po
hello-2.1.1/po/uk.po
hello-2.1.1/po/ca.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/da.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/de.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/de_DE.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/el.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/eo.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/es.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/et.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/fi.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/fr.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/gl.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/he.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/hr.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/hu.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/id.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/it.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/ja.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/ko.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/lv.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/nb.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/nl.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/nn.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/pl.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/pt.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/pt_BR.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/ru.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/sk.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/sl.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/sv.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/tr.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/uk.gmo
hello-2.1.1/po/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/po/LINGUAS
hello-2.1.1/README
hello-2.1.1/ABOUT-NLS
hello-2.1.1/AUTHORS
hello-2.1.1/COPYING
hello-2.1.1/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/INSTALL
hello-2.1.1/Makefile.am
hello-2.1.1/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/NEWS
hello-2.1.1/THANKS
hello-2.1.1/TODO
hello-2.1.1/aclocal.m4
hello-2.1.1/config.guess
hello-2.1.1/config.h.in
hello-2.1.1/config.rpath
hello-2.1.1/config.sub
hello-2.1.1/configure
hello-2.1.1/configure.ac
hello-2.1.1/depcomp
hello-2.1.1/install-sh
hello-2.1.1/missing
hello-2.1.1/mkinstalldirs
hello-2.1.1/BUGS
hello-2.1.1/ChangeLog.O
hello-2.1.1/contrib/
hello-2.1.1/contrib/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/contrib/Makefile.am
hello-2.1.1/contrib/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/contrib/de_franconian_po.txt
hello-2.1.1/contrib/evolution.txt
hello-2.1.1/contrib/hello.1
hello-2.1.1/doc/
hello-2.1.1/doc/gpl.texi
hello-2.1.1/doc/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/doc/Makefile.am
hello-2.1.1/doc/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/doc/mdate-sh
hello-2.1.1/doc/stamp-vti
hello-2.1.1/doc/texinfo.tex
hello-2.1.1/doc/version.texi
hello-2.1.1/doc/hello.texi
hello-2.1.1/doc/hello.info
hello-2.1.1/src/
hello-2.1.1/src/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/src/Makefile.am
hello-2.1.1/src/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/src/alloca.c
hello-2.1.1/src/hello.c
hello-2.1.1/src/version.c
hello-2.1.1/src/getopt.c
hello-2.1.1/src/getopt1.c
hello-2.1.1/src/getopt.h
hello-2.1.1/src/system.h
hello-2.1.1/man/
hello-2.1.1/man/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/man/Makefile.am
hello-2.1.1/man/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/man/hello.1
hello-2.1.1/man/help2man
hello-2.1.1/m4/
hello-2.1.1/m4/README
hello-2.1.1/m4/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/m4/Makefile.am
hello-2.1.1/m4/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/m4/codeset.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/gettext.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/glibc21.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/iconv.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/isc-posix.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/lcmessage.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/lib-ld.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/lib-link.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/lib-prefix.m4
hello-2.1.1/m4/progtest.m4
hello-2.1.1/tests/
hello-2.1.1/tests/ChangeLog
hello-2.1.1/tests/Makefile.am
hello-2.1.1/tests/Makefile.in
hello-2.1.1/tests/hello-1
hello-2.1.1/tests/world-1
hello-2.1.1/tests/nothing-1

Changez de répertoire :

[root@centos8 ~]# cd hello-2.1.1/

A l'étude du fichier README, celui-ci nous renvoie vers le fichier INSTALL. Visualisez donc ce dernier :

[root@centos8 hello-2.1.1]# more INSTALL
Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation,
Inc.
This file is free documentation; the Free Software Foundation gives
unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify it.
Basic Installation
==================
These are generic installation instructions.
The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for
various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses
those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package.
It may also create one or more `.h' files containing system-dependent
definitions. Finally, it creates a shell script `config.status' that
you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, and a
file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for
debugging `configure').
It can also use an optional file (typically called `config.cache'
and enabled with `--cache-file=config.cache' or simply `-C') that saves
the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring. (Caching is
disabled by default to prevent problems with accidental use of stale
cache files.)
--Plus--(11%)

La procédure expliquée est celle utilisée pour la plupart des installations manuelles, à savoir la saisie des quatre commandes suivantes.

1.1 - ./configure

Important : configure est un script chargé de créer les makefiles pour une architecture donnée. Les makefiles sont lus par la commande make.

[root@centos8 hello-2.1.1]# ./configure
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /bin/install -c
checking whether build environment is sane... yes
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether make sets ${MAKE}... yes
checking for gcc... gcc
checking for C compiler default output... a.out
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of executables...
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for style of include used by make... GNU
checking dependency style of gcc... gcc3
checking for strerror in -lcposix... no
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
checking for ANSI C header files... yes
checking for sys/types.h... yes
checking for sys/stat.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... yes
checking for string.h... yes
checking for memory.h... yes
checking for strings.h... yes
checking for inttypes.h... yes
checking for stdint.h... yes
checking for unistd.h... yes
checking for string.h... (cached) yes
checking fcntl.h usability... yes
checking fcntl.h presence... yes
checking for fcntl.h... yes
checking sys/file.h usability... yes
checking sys/file.h presence... yes
checking for sys/file.h... yes
checking sys/param.h usability... yes
checking sys/param.h presence... yes
checking for sys/param.h... yes
checking for working alloca.h... yes
checking for alloca... yes
checking for struct stat.st_blksize... yes
checking for msgfmt... /bin/msgfmt
checking for gmsgfmt... /bin/msgfmt
checking for xgettext... /bin/xgettext
checking for msgmerge... /bin/msgmerge
checking build system type... x86_64-unknown-linux
checking host system type... x86_64-unknown-linux
checking for ranlib... ranlib
checking for gcc option to accept ANSI C... none needed
checking for an ANSI C-conforming const... yes
checking for inline... inline
checking for off_t... yes
checking for size_t... yes
checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes
checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes
checking for getpagesize... yes
checking for working mmap... yes
checking whether we are using the GNU C Library 2.1 or newer... yes
checking for ld used by GCC... /bin/ld
checking if the linker (/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes
checking for shared library run path origin... done
checking for iconv... yes
checking argz.h usability... yes
checking argz.h presence... yes
checking for argz.h... yes
checking limits.h usability... yes
checking limits.h presence... yes
checking for limits.h... yes
checking locale.h usability... yes
checking locale.h presence... yes
checking for locale.h... yes
checking nl_types.h usability... yes
checking nl_types.h presence... yes
checking for nl_types.h... yes
checking malloc.h usability... yes
checking malloc.h presence... yes
checking for malloc.h... yes
checking stddef.h usability... yes
checking stddef.h presence... yes
checking for stddef.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes
checking for string.h... (cached) yes
checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes
checking for sys/param.h... (cached) yes
checking for feof_unlocked... yes
checking for fgets_unlocked... yes
checking for getc_unlocked... yes
checking for getcwd... yes
checking for getegid... yes
checking for geteuid... yes
checking for getgid... yes
checking for getuid... yes
checking for mempcpy... yes
checking for munmap... yes
checking for putenv... yes
checking for setenv... yes
checking for setlocale... yes
checking for stpcpy... yes
checking for strcasecmp... yes
checking for strdup... yes
checking for strtoul... yes
checking for tsearch... yes
checking for __argz_count... yes
checking for __argz_stringify... yes
checking for __argz_next... yes
checking for iconv declaration...
extern size_t iconv (iconv_t cd, char * *inbuf, size_t *inbytesleft, char * *outbuf, size_t *outbytesleft);
checking for nl_langinfo and CODESET... yes
checking for LC_MESSAGES... yes
checking for bison... no
checking whether NLS is requested... yes
checking whether included gettext is requested... no
checking for GNU gettext in libc... yes
checking for perl... perl
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating Makefile
config.status: creating contrib/Makefile
config.status: creating doc/Makefile
config.status: creating intl/Makefile
config.status: creating man/Makefile
config.status: creating po/Makefile.in
config.status: creating m4/Makefile
config.status: creating src/Makefile
config.status: creating tests/Makefile
config.status: creating config.h
config.status: executing depfiles commands
config.status: executing default-1 commands
config.status: creating po/POTFILES
config.status: creating po/Makefile
config.status: executing default commands

1.2 - make

Important : make sert à appeler des commandes créant des fichiers nécessaires à l'installation du logiciel.

[root@centos8 hello-2.1.1]# make
make all-recursive
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
Making all in contrib
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
Making all in doc
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
Making all in intl
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
Making all in po
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
Making all in src
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
source='hello.c' object='hello.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/hello.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/hello.TPo' \
depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \
gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'hello.c' || echo './'`hello.c
source='version.c' object='version.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/version.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/version.TPo' \
depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \
gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'version.c' || echo './'`version.c
source='getopt.c' object='getopt.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/getopt.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/getopt.TPo' \
depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \
gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'getopt.c' || echo './'`getopt.c
source='getopt1.c' object='getopt1.o' libtool=no \
depfile='.deps/getopt1.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/getopt1.TPo' \
depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \
gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'getopt1.c' || echo './'`getopt1.c
gcc -g -O2 -o hello hello.o version.o getopt.o getopt1.o
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
Making all in man
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
perl help2man --name="Friendly Greeting Program" ../src/hello >hello.1
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
Making all in m4
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
Making all in tests
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'

1.3 - make check

Important : make check permet de vérifier si la commande make a bien fonctionné.

[root@centos8 hello-2.1.1]# make check
Making check in contrib
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
Making check in doc
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
Making check in intl
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
Making check in po
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
Making check in src
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
Making check in man
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
Making check in m4
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'.
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
Making check in tests
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make check-TESTS
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
PASS: hello-1
PASS: world-1
PASS: nothing-1
==================
All 3 tests passed
==================
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'

1.4 - make install

Important : make install sert à installer le logiciel.

[root@centos8 hello-2.1.1]# make install
Making install in contrib
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
Making install in doc
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
/bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /usr/local/info
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/info
/bin/install -c -m 644 ./hello.info /usr/local/info/hello.info
install-info --info-dir=/usr/local/info /usr/local/info/hello.info
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
Making install in intl
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
if test "hello" = "gettext" \
&& test '' = 'intl-compat.o'; then \
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/lib /usr/local/include; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 libintl.h /usr/local/include/libintl.h; \
@LIBTOOL@ --mode=install \
/bin/install -c -m 644 libintl.a /usr/local/lib/libintl.a; \
else \
: ; \
fi
if test 'no' = yes; then \
test yes != no || /bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/lib; \
temp=/usr/local/lib/t-charset.alias; \
dest=/usr/local/lib/charset.alias; \
if test -f /usr/local/lib/charset.alias; then \
orig=/usr/local/lib/charset.alias; \
sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 $temp $dest; \
rm -f $temp; \
else \
if test yes = no; then \
orig=charset.alias; \
sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 $temp $dest; \
rm -f $temp; \
fi; \
fi; \
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share/locale; \
test -f /usr/local/share/locale/locale.alias \
&& orig=/usr/local/share/locale/locale.alias \
|| orig=./locale.alias; \
temp=/usr/local/share/locale/t-locale.alias; \
dest=/usr/local/share/locale/locale.alias; \
sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 $temp $dest; \
rm -f $temp; \
else \
: ; \
fi
if test "hello" = "gettext"; then \
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share/gettext/intl; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 VERSION /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/VERSION; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 ChangeLog.inst /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/ChangeLog; \
dists="COPYING.LIB-2.0 COPYING.LIB-2.1 Makefile.in config.charset locale.alias ref-add.sin ref-del.sin gmo.h gettextP.h hash-string.h plural-exp.h eval-plural.h os2compat.h libgnuintl.h loadinfo.h bindtextdom.c dcgettext.c dgettext.c gettext.c finddomain.c loadmsgcat.c localealias.c textdomain.c l10nflist.c explodename.c dcigettext.c dcngettext.c dngettext.c ngettext.c plural.y plural-exp.c localcharset.c localename.c osdep.c os2compat.c intl-compat.c"; \
for file in $dists; do \
/bin/install -c -m 644 ./$file \
/usr/local/share/gettext/intl/$file; \
done; \
chmod a+x /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/config.charset; \
dists="plural.c"; \
for file in $dists; do \
if test -f $file; then dir=.; else dir=.; fi; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 $dir/$file \
/usr/local/share/gettext/intl/$file; \
done; \
dists="xopen-msg.sed linux-msg.sed po2tbl.sed.in cat-compat.c COPYING.LIB-2 gettext.h libgettext.h plural-eval.c"; \
for file in $dists; do \
rm -f /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/$file; \
done; \
else \
: ; \
fi
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
Making install in po
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES
installing ca.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES
installing da.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES
installing de.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/de_DE/LC_MESSAGES
installing de_DE.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/de_DE/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES
installing el.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/eo/LC_MESSAGES
installing eo.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/eo/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES
installing es.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES
installing et.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES
installing fi.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES
installing fr.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES
installing gl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES
installing he.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES
installing hr.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES
installing hu.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES
installing id.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES
installing it.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES
installing ja.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES
installing ko.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/lv/LC_MESSAGES
installing lv.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/lv/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES
installing nb.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES
installing nl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/nn/LC_MESSAGES
installing nn.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/nn/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES
installing pl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES
installing pt.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES
installing pt_BR.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES
installing ru.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES
installing sk.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES
installing sl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES
installing sv.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES
installing tr.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES
installing uk.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
if test "hello" = "gettext"; then \
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share/gettext/po; \
for file in Makefile.in.in Makevars remove-potcdate.sin quot.sed boldquot.sed en@quot.header en@boldquot.header insert-header.sin Rules-quot ; do \
/bin/install -c -m 644 ./$file \
/usr/local/share/gettext/po/$file; \
done; \
else \
: ; \
fi
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
Making install in src
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
/bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /usr/local/bin
/bin/install -c hello /usr/local/bin/hello
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
Making install in man
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
/bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /usr/local/man/man1
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/man/man1
/bin/install -c -m 644 ./hello.1 /usr/local/man/man1/hello.1
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
Making install in m4
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
Making install in tests
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'

Il convient maintenant de tester le nouveau logiciel :

[root@centos8 hello-2.1.1]# hello
Hello, world!

Le logiciel hello a été correctement installé.

LAB #2 - La commande rpm

Afin de faciliter l'installation, la désinstallation et la gestion des logiciels (appelés paquets), CentOS et Red Hat utilisent un format de fichier de logiciels installables spécifique. Celui-ci s'appelle RPM pour Red Hat Package Manager. La commande utilisée pour manipuler ses paquets s'appelle aussi rpm.

Les options de la commande rpm sont :

[root@centos8 hello-2.1.1]# cd ~
[root@centos8 ~]# rpm --help
Usage: rpm [OPTION...]
Query/Verify package selection options:
-a, --all query/verify all packages
-f, --file query/verify package(s) owning file
-g, --group query/verify package(s) in group
-p, --package query/verify a package file
--pkgid query/verify package(s) with package identifier
--hdrid query/verify package(s) with header identifier
--triggeredby query the package(s) triggered by the package
--whatconflicts query/verify the package(s) which require a dependency
--whatrequires query/verify the package(s) which require a dependency
--whatobsoletes query/verify the package(s) which obsolete a dependency
--whatprovides query/verify the package(s) which provide a dependency
--whatrecommends query/verify the package(s) which recommends a dependency
--whatsuggests query/verify the package(s) which suggests a dependency
--whatsupplements query/verify the package(s) which supplements a dependency
--whatenhances query/verify the package(s) which enhances a dependency
--nomanifest do not process non-package files as manifests
Query options (with -q or --query):
-c, --configfiles list all configuration files
-d, --docfiles list all documentation files
-L, --licensefiles list all license files
-A, --artifactfiles list all artifact files
--dump dump basic file information
-l, --list list files in package
--queryformat=QUERYFORMAT use the following query format
-s, --state display the states of the listed files
Verify options (with -V or --verify):
--nofiledigest don't verify digest of files
--nofiles don't verify files in package
--nodeps don't verify package dependencies
--noscript don't execute verify script(s)
Install/Upgrade/Erase options:
--allfiles install all files, even configurations which might otherwise be skipped
--allmatches remove all packages which match <package> (normally an error is generated if <package> specified multiple packages)
--badreloc relocate files in non-relocatable package
-e, --erase=<package>+ erase (uninstall) package
--excludedocs do not install documentation
--excludepath=<path> skip files with leading component <path>
--force short hand for --replacepkgs --replacefiles
-F, --freshen=<packagefile>+ upgrade package(s) if already installed
-h, --hash print hash marks as package installs (good with -v)
--ignorearch don't verify package architecture
--ignoreos don't verify package operating system
--ignoresize don't check disk space before installing
--noverify short hand for --ignorepayload --ignoresignature
-i, --install install package(s)
--justdb update the database, but do not modify the filesystem
--nodeps do not verify package dependencies
--nofiledigest don't verify digest of files
--nocontexts don't install file security contexts
--nocaps don't install file capabilities
--noorder do not reorder package installation to satisfy dependencies
--noscripts do not execute package scriptlet(s)
--notriggers do not execute any scriptlet(s) triggered by this package
--oldpackage upgrade to an old version of the package (--force on upgrades does this automatically)
--percent print percentages as package installs
--prefix=<dir> relocate the package to <dir>, if relocatable
--relocate=<old>=<new> relocate files from path <old> to <new>
--replacefiles ignore file conflicts between packages
--replacepkgs reinstall if the package is already present
--test don't install, but tell if it would work or not
-U, --upgrade=<packagefile>+ upgrade package(s)
--reinstall=<packagefile>+ reinstall package(s)
Common options for all rpm modes and executables:
-D, --define='MACRO EXPR' define MACRO with value EXPR
--undefine=MACRO undefine MACRO
-E, --eval='EXPR' print macro expansion of EXPR
--target=CPU-VENDOR-OS Specify target platform
--macros=<FILE:...> read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
--noplugins don't enable any plugins
--nodigest don't verify package digest(s)
--nosignature don't verify package signature(s)
--rcfile=<FILE:...> read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
-r, --root=ROOT use ROOT as top level directory (default: "/")
--dbpath=DIRECTORY use database in DIRECTORY
--querytags display known query tags
--showrc display final rpmrc and macro configuration
--quiet provide less detailed output
-v, --verbose provide more detailed output
--version print the version of rpm being used
Options implemented via popt alias/exec:
--scripts list install/erase scriptlets from package(s)
--setperms set permissions of files in a package
--setugids set user/group ownership of files in a package
--setcaps set capabilities of files in a package
--restore restore file/directory permissions
--conflicts list capabilities this package conflicts with
--obsoletes list other packages removed by installing this package
--provides list capabilities that this package provides
--requires list capabilities required by package(s)
--recommends list capabilities recommended by package(s)
--suggests list capabilities suggested by package(s)
--supplements list capabilities supplemented by package(s)
--enhances list capabilities enhanced by package(s)
--info list descriptive information from package(s)
--changelog list change logs for this package
--changes list changes for this package with full time stamps
--xml list metadata in xml
--triggers list trigger scriptlets from package(s)
--filetriggers list filetrigger scriptlets from package(s)
--last list package(s) by install time, most recent first
--dupes list duplicated packages
--filesbypkg list all files from each package
--fileclass list file names with their classes
--filecolor list file names with their colors
--fileprovide list file names with their provides
--filerequire list file names with requires
--filecaps list file names with their POSIX1.e capabilities
Help options:
-?, --help Show this help message
--usage Display brief usage message

2.1 - Configuration

Le fichier de configuration principal de la commande rpm est /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc :

[root@centos8 ~]# more /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc
#/*! \page config_rpmrc Default configuration: /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc
# \verbatim
#
# This is a global RPM configuration file. All changes made here will
# be lost when the rpm package is upgraded. Any per-system configuration
# should be added to /etc/rpmrc, while per-user configuration should
# be added to ~/.rpmrc.
#
#############################################################
# Values for RPM_OPT_FLAGS for various platforms
# "fat" binary with both archs, for Darwin
optflags: fat -O2 -g -arch i386 -arch ppc
optflags: i386 -O2 -g -march=i386 -mtune=i686
optflags: i486 -O2 -g -march=i486
optflags: i586 -O2 -g -march=i586
optflags: i686 -O2 -g -march=i686
optflags: pentium3 -O2 -g -march=pentium3
optflags: pentium4 -O2 -g -march=pentium4
optflags: athlon -O2 -g -march=athlon
optflags: geode -Os -g -m32 -march=geode
optflags: ia64 -O2 -g
optflags: x86_64 -O2 -g
optflags: amd64 -O2 -g
optflags: ia32e -O2 -g
optflags: alpha -O2 -g -mieee
optflags: alphaev5 -O2 -g -mieee -mtune=ev5
optflags: alphaev56 -O2 -g -mieee -mtune=ev56
optflags: alphapca56 -O2 -g -mieee -mtune=pca56
optflags: alphaev6 -O2 -g -mieee -mtune=ev6
optflags: alphaev67 -O2 -g -mieee -mtune=ev67
optflags: sparc -O2 -g -m32 -mtune=ultrasparc
optflags: sparcv8 -O2 -g -m32 -mtune=ultrasparc -mv8
optflags: sparcv9 -O2 -g -m32 -mtune=ultrasparc
optflags: sparcv9v -O2 -g -m32 -mtune=niagara
optflags: sparc64 -O2 -g -m64 -mtune=ultrasparc
optflags: sparc64v -O2 -g -m64 -mtune=niagara
optflags: m68k -O2 -g -fomit-frame-pointer
optflags: ppc -O2 -g
optflags: ppc8260 -O2 -g
optflags: ppc8560 -O2 -g
optflags: ppc32dy4 -O2 -g
optflags: ppciseries -O2 -g
optflags: ppcpseries -O2 -g
optflags: ppc64 -O2 -g
optflags: ppc64le -O2 -g
optflags: ppc64p7 -O3 -mtune=power7 -mcpu=power7 -g
optflags: parisc -O2 -g -mpa-risc-1-0
optflags: hppa1.0 -O2 -g -mpa-risc-1-0
optflags: hppa1.1 -O2 -g -mpa-risc-1-0
optflags: hppa1.2 -O2 -g -mpa-risc-1-0
--More--(11%)

Ces directives indiquent comment optimiser la construction d'un rpm en fonction du type de processeur retourné par la commande uname -p. Par exemple, la directive buildarchtranslate: athlon: i386 indique que le processus doit utiliser les optimisations i386 lors de la construction d'un src.rpm sur une architecture athlon. Si au contraire il est souhaité que les optimisations athlon soient utilisées, il convient d'inclure la ligne buildarchtranslate: athlon: athlon dans le fichier /etc/rpmrc. En effet lors de la mise à jour du paquet rpm, le fichier /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc est écrasé. Toute modification des directives de ce fichier doivent être inscrites dans /etc/rpmrc ou dans un fichier ~/.rpmrc spécifique à un utilisateur.

2.2 - Utilisation

Afin de connaître la liste des paquets installés sur la machine, il convient de saisir la commande suivante dans une console en tant que root :

[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -qa | more
dracut-squash-049-95.git20200804.el8_3.4.x86_64
gnutls-dane-3.6.14-8.el8_3.x86_64
mtr-0.92-3.el8.x86_64
fontpackages-filesystem-1.44-22.el8.noarch
dhcp-libs-4.3.6-41.el8.x86_64
alsa-lib-1.2.3.2-1.el8.x86_64
geolite2-city-20180605-1.el8.noarch
cockpit-ws-224.2-1.el8.x86_64
python3-dbus-1.2.4-15.el8.x86_64
libvirt-daemon-config-network-6.0.0-28.1.module_el8.3.0+755+88436ea4.x86_64
samba-client-libs-4.12.3-12.el8.3.x86_64
libICE-1.0.9-15.el8.x86_64
bind-license-9.11.20-5.el8_3.1.noarch
dnf-4.2.23-4.el8.noarch
at-spi2-core-2.28.0-1.el8.x86_64
libssh-config-0.9.4-2.el8.noarch
bzip2-libs-1.0.6-26.el8.x86_64
python3-syspurpose-1.27.16-1.el8.x86_64
perl-Unicode-Normalize-1.25-396.el8.x86_64
centos-linux-release-8.3-1.2011.el8.noarch
sssd-krb5-2.3.0-9.el8.x86_64
perl-MIME-Base64-3.15-396.el8.x86_64
glibc-langpack-en-2.28-127.el8.x86_64
libcollection-0.7.0-39.el8.x86_64
vim-filesystem-8.0.1763-15.el8.noarch
perl-Sys-Virt-6.0.0-1.module_el8.3.0+555+a55c8938.x86_64
elfutils-libelf-0.180-1.el8.x86_64
vim-enhanced-8.0.1763-15.el8.x86_64
kernel-modules-4.18.0-147.8.1.el8_1.x86_64
perl-Encode-2.97-3.el8.x86_64
audit-libs-3.0-0.17.20191104git1c2f876.el8.x86_64
grub2-pc-2.02-90.el8_3.1.x86_64
perl-libnet-3.11-3.el8.noarch
--More--

Afin de connaître le nombre total de paquets installés sur la machine, utilisez la commande suivante :

[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -qa | wc -l
802

Imaginons maintenant que vous souhaitez vérifier si un paquet contenant la chaine de caractères setup soit déjà installé sur la machine. Dans ce cas, il convient d'utiliser une commande telle la suivante :

[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -qa | grep setup
platform-python-setuptools-39.2.0-6.el8.noarch
python3-setuptools-wheel-39.2.0-6.el8.noarch
setup-2.12.2-6.el8.noarch
cryptsetup-libs-2.3.3-2.el8.x86_64
cryptsetup-2.3.3-2.el8.x86_64

Afin de connaître les détails du paquet setup-2.8.71-4.el7.noarch, il convient de saisir la commande suivante :

[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -qi setup
Name : setup
Version : 2.12.2
Release : 6.el8
Architecture: noarch
Install Date: Mon 19 Apr 2021 11:50:02 AM EDT
Group : System Environment/Base
Size : 724837
License : Public Domain
Signature : RSA/SHA256, Fri 15 May 2020 01:23:16 AM EDT, Key ID 05b555b38483c65d
Source RPM : setup-2.12.2-6.el8.src.rpm
Build Date : Fri 15 May 2020 01:20:15 AM EDT
Build Host : aarch64-02.mbox.centos.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager : CentOS Buildsys <bugs@centos.org>
Vendor : CentOS
URL : https://pagure.io/setup/
Summary : A set of system configuration and setup files
Description :
The setup package contains a set of important system configuration and
setup files, such as passwd, group, and profile.

Afin de lister tous les fichiers installés par le paquet concerné, utilisez la commande suivante :

[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -ql setup
/etc/aliases
/etc/bashrc
/etc/csh.cshrc
/etc/csh.login
/etc/dnf/protected.d/setup.conf
/etc/environment
/etc/ethertypes
/etc/exports
/etc/filesystems
/etc/fstab
/etc/group
/etc/gshadow
/etc/host.conf
/etc/hosts
/etc/inputrc
/etc/motd
/etc/networks
/etc/passwd
/etc/printcap
/etc/profile
/etc/profile.d
/etc/profile.d/csh.local
/etc/profile.d/lang.csh
/etc/profile.d/lang.sh
/etc/profile.d/sh.local
/etc/protocols
/etc/services
/etc/shadow
/etc/shells
/etc/subgid
/etc/subuid
/usr/share/doc/setup
/usr/share/doc/setup/uidgid
/usr/share/licenses/setup
/usr/share/licenses/setup/COPYING
/var/log/lastlog

A l'inverse, si vous connaissez le nom d'un fichier et vous souhaitez savoir quel paquet l'a installé, utilisez la commande suivante :

[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -qf /etc/exports
setup-2.12.2-6.el8.noarch

Pour connaître les fichiers modifiés depuis l'installation d'un paquet, utilisez la commande suivante :

[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -qV setup
.M....G.. g /var/log/lastlog

Dans le cas où aucun fichier n'a été modifié, la console n'affiche rien. Dans le cas où les fichiers ont été modifiés, le système vous indique, fichier par fichier, les modifications apportées selon le tableau ci-dessous. Pour plus d'informations utilisez les commandes man et info :

Lettre ou mot Clé	Description
5	Contrôle MD5
S	Taille du fichier
L	Lien symbolique
T	Date de modification
D	Périphérique
U	Utilisateur propriétaire
G	Groupe propriétaire
M	Droits d'accès
?	Fichier illisible
Manquant	Fichier manquant

Important : Un paquet rpm est un fichier cpio modifié. Pour pouvoir extraire le contenu d'un src.rpm et explorer l'arborescence utilisé pour construire le paquet, utilisez la commande rpm2cpio paquet.src.rpm | cpio -i –make-directories

LAB #3 - La commande dnf

3.1 - Présentation

dnf est une abréviation de Dandified YUM. Historiquement, RHEL et CentOS ont utilisé Yellow dog Updater, Modified (Yum) en tant qu'utilitaire de gestion de paquets. Sous RHEL/CentOS 8, la commande yum a été remplacée par la commande dnf-3 :

[root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /usr/bin/dnf-3
-rwxr-xr-x. 1 root root 1954 Aug 4 2020 /usr/bin/dnf-3
[root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /usr/bin/yum
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 5 Aug 4 2020 /usr/bin/yum -> dnf-3
[root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /usr/bin/dnf
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 5 Aug 4 2020 /usr/bin/dnf -> dnf-3

La commande dnf apporte des améliorations suivantes par rapport à la commande yum :

une résolution des dépendances plus rapide en utilisant moins de mémoire,

le fonctionnement dans les environnements Python 2 et Python 3.

Il est à noter que :

l'utilisation de la commande dnf est similaire à l'utilisation de la commande yum,

les commandes dnf et yum peuvent coexister sur le même système.

L'utilisation de l'alias dnf de la commande dnf-3 prend la forme suivante :

# dnf <options> <commande> <paquet(s)> [Entrée]

Les options et commandes de dnf sont :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf --help
usage: dnf [options] COMMAND
List of Main Commands:
alias List or create command aliases
autoremove remove all unneeded packages that were originally installed as dependencies
check check for problems in the packagedb
check-update check for available package upgrades
clean remove cached data
deplist List package's dependencies and what packages provide them
distro-sync synchronize installed packages to the latest available versions
downgrade Downgrade a package
group display, or use, the groups information
help display a helpful usage message
history display, or use, the transaction history
info display details about a package or group of packages
install install a package or packages on your system
list list a package or groups of packages
makecache generate the metadata cache
mark mark or unmark installed packages as installed by user.
module Interact with Modules.
provides find what package provides the given value
reinstall reinstall a package
remove remove a package or packages from your system
repolist display the configured software repositories
repoquery search for packages matching keyword
repository-packages run commands on top of all packages in given repository
search search package details for the given string
shell run an interactive DNF shell
swap run an interactive DNF mod for remove and install one spec
updateinfo display advisories about packages
upgrade upgrade a package or packages on your system
upgrade-minimal upgrade, but only 'newest' package match which fixes a problem that affects your system
List of Plugin Commands:
builddep Install build dependencies for package or spec file
changelog Show changelog data of packages
config-manager manage dnf configuration options and repositories
copr Interact with Copr repositories.
debug-dump dump information about installed rpm packages to file
debug-restore restore packages recorded in debug-dump file
debuginfo-install install debuginfo packages
download Download package to current directory
needs-restarting determine updated binaries that need restarting
playground Interact with Playground repository.
repoclosure Display a list of unresolved dependencies for repositories
repodiff List differences between two sets of repositories
repograph Output a full package dependency graph in dot format
repomanage Manage a directory of rpm packages
reposync download all packages from remote repo
General DNF options:
-c [config file], --config [config file]
config file location
-q, --quiet quiet operation
-v, --verbose verbose operation
--version show DNF version and exit
--installroot [path] set install root
--nodocs do not install documentations
--noplugins disable all plugins
--enableplugin [plugin]
enable plugins by name
--disableplugin [plugin]
disable plugins by name
--releasever RELEASEVER
override the value of $releasever in config and repo
files
--setopt SETOPTS set arbitrary config and repo options
--skip-broken resolve depsolve problems by skipping packages
-h, --help, --help-cmd
show command help
--allowerasing allow erasing of installed packages to resolve
dependencies
-b, --best try the best available package versions in
transactions.
--nobest do not limit the transaction to the best candidate
-C, --cacheonly run entirely from system cache, don't update cache
-R [minutes], --randomwait [minutes]
maximum command wait time
-d [debug level], --debuglevel [debug level]
debugging output level
--debugsolver dumps detailed solving results into files
--showduplicates show duplicates, in repos, in list/search commands
-e ERRORLEVEL, --errorlevel ERRORLEVEL
error output level
--obsoletes enables dnf's obsoletes processing logic for upgrade
or display capabilities that the package obsoletes for
info, list and repoquery
--rpmverbosity [debug level name]
debugging output level for rpm
-y, --assumeyes automatically answer yes for all questions
--assumeno automatically answer no for all questions
--enablerepo [repo] Enable additional repositories. List option. Supports
globs, can be specified multiple times.
--disablerepo [repo] Disable repositories. List option. Supports globs, can
be specified multiple times.
--repo [repo], --repoid [repo]
enable just specific repositories by an id or a glob,
can be specified multiple times
--enable enable repos with config-manager command
(automatically saves)
--disable disable repos with config-manager command
(automatically saves)
-x [package], --exclude [package], --excludepkgs [package]
exclude packages by name or glob
--disableexcludes [repo], --disableexcludepkgs [repo]
disable excludepkgs
--repofrompath [repo,path]
label and path to an additional repository to use
(same path as in a baseurl), can be specified multiple
times.
--noautoremove disable removal of dependencies that are no longer
used
--nogpgcheck disable gpg signature checking (if RPM policy allows)
--color COLOR control whether color is used
--refresh set metadata as expired before running the command
-4 resolve to IPv4 addresses only
-6 resolve to IPv6 addresses only
--destdir DESTDIR, --downloaddir DESTDIR
set directory to copy packages to
--downloadonly only download packages
--comment COMMENT add a comment to transaction
--bugfix Include bugfix relevant packages, in updates
--enhancement Include enhancement relevant packages, in updates
--newpackage Include newpackage relevant packages, in updates
--security Include security relevant packages, in updates
--advisory ADVISORY, --advisories ADVISORY
Include packages needed to fix the given advisory, in
updates
--bz BUGZILLA, --bzs BUGZILLA
Include packages needed to fix the given BZ, in
updates
--cve CVES, --cves CVES
Include packages needed to fix the given CVE, in
updates
--sec-severity {Critical,Important,Moderate,Low}, --secseverity {Critical,Important,Moderate,Low}
Include security relevant packages matching the
severity, in updates
--forcearch ARCH Force the use of an architecture

Avant de poursuivre, exécutez les deux commandes suivantes pour réparer les dépôts cassés :

[root@centos8 ~]# sed -i 's/^mirrorlist/#mirrorlist/g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-*
[root@centos8 ~]# sed -i 's|#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org|baseurl=http://vault.centos.org|g' /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-*

3.2 - Configuration

La configuration principale de dnf est effectuée en éditant le fichier /etc/dnf/dnf.conf :

[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/dnf/dnf.conf
[main]
gpgcheck=1
installonly_limit=3
clean_requirements_on_remove=True
best=True
skip_if_unavailable=False

Le répertoire /etc/dnf contient lui-même des répertoires :

[root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /etc/dnf
total 4
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 4 2020 aliases.d
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 108 Jun 2 2020 dnf.conf
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 168 Apr 19 12:13 modules.d
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 6 Aug 4 2020 modules.defaults.d
drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 89 Aug 4 2020 plugins
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 93 Apr 19 11:52 protected.d
drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 37 Aug 4 2020 vars

3.3 - Dépôts

Important : Un dépôt est un lieu de stockage de paquets binaires prêts à installer. Un dépôt peut être le DVD d'installation de la distribution, un dossier sur disque dur ou bien des serveurs distants accessibles par Internet.

Les dépôts de paquets sont spécifiés dans un fichier par dépôt stocké dans le répertoire /etc/yum.repos.d :

[root@centos8 ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
CentOS-Linux-AppStream.repo CentOS-Linux-Plus.repo
CentOS-Linux-BaseOS.repo CentOS-Linux-PowerTools.repo
CentOS-Linux-ContinuousRelease.repo CentOS-Linux-Sources.repo
CentOS-Linux-Debuginfo.repo epel-modular.repo
CentOS-Linux-Devel.repo epel-playground.repo
CentOS-Linux-Extras.repo epel.repo
CentOS-Linux-FastTrack.repo epel-testing-modular.repo
CentOS-Linux-HighAvailability.repo epel-testing.repo
CentOS-Linux-Media.repo

Par exemple :

[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Linux-BaseOS.repo
# CentOS-Linux-BaseOS.repo
#
# The mirrorlist system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the
# update status of each mirror to pick current mirrors that are geographically
# close to the client. You should use this for CentOS updates unless you are
# manually picking other mirrors.
#
# If the mirrorlist does not work for you, you can try the commented out
# baseurl line instead.
[baseos]
name=CentOS Linux $releasever - BaseOS
mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=BaseOS&infra=$infra
#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/$contentdir/$releasever/BaseOS/$basearch/os/
gpgcheck=1
enabled=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial

Pour consulter tous les dépôts, activés ou non, en utilisant dnf, il convient d'utiliser la commande repolist all :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf repolist all
repo id repo name status
appstream CentOS Linux 8 - AppStream enabled
appstream-source CentOS Linux 8 - AppStream - Source disabled
baseos CentOS Linux 8 - BaseOS enabled
baseos-source CentOS Linux 8 - BaseOS - Source disabled
cr CentOS Linux 8 - ContinuousRelease disabled
debuginfo CentOS Linux 8 - Debuginfo disabled
devel CentOS Linux 8 - Devel WARNING! FOR BUILDROOT USE ONLY! disabled
epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - x86_64 enabled
epel-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - x86_64 - Debug disabled
epel-modular Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux Modular 8 - x86_64 enabled
epel-modular-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux Modular 8 - x86_64 - Debug disabled
epel-modular-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux Modular 8 - x86_64 - Source disabled
epel-playground Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - Playground - x86_64 disabled
epel-playground-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - Playground - x86_64 - Debug disabled
epel-playground-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - Playground - x86_64 - Source disabled
epel-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - x86_64 - Source disabled
epel-testing Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - Testing - x86_64 disabled
epel-testing-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - Testing - x86_64 - Debug disabled
epel-testing-modular Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux Modular 8 - Testing - x86_64 disabled
epel-testing-modular-debuginfo Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux Modular 8 - Testing - x86_64 - De disabled
epel-testing-modular-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux Modular 8 - Testing - x86_64 - So disabled
epel-testing-source Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - Testing - x86_64 - Source disabled
extras CentOS Linux 8 - Extras enabled
extras-source CentOS Linux 8 - Extras - Source disabled
fasttrack CentOS Linux 8 - FastTrack disabled
ha CentOS Linux 8 - HighAvailability disabled
media-appstream CentOS Linux 8 - Media - AppStream disabled
media-baseos CentOS Linux 8 - Media - BaseOS disabled
plus CentOS Linux 8 - Plus disabled
plus-source CentOS Linux 8 - Plus - Source disabled
powertools CentOS Linux 8 - PowerTools

Pour ne consulter que la liste des dépôts actifs, utilisez la commande repolist seule :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf repolist
repo id repo name
appstream CentOS Linux 8 - AppStream
baseos CentOS Linux 8 - BaseOS
epel Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux 8 - x86_64
epel-modular Extra Packages for Enterprise Linux Modular 8 - x86_64
extras CentOS Linux 8 - Extras

3.4 - Rechercher des Paquets

Pour lister tous les paquets installés et disponibles il convient d'utiliser la commande list :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf list | more
Last metadata expiration check: 2:31:07 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 03:34:31 PM EDT.
Installed Packages
NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3
@BaseOS
NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3
@BaseOS
NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3
@BaseOS
NetworkManager-tui.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3
@BaseOS
PackageKit.x86_64 1.1.12-6.el8
@AppStream
PackageKit-glib.x86_64 1.1.12-6.el8
@AppStream
abattis-cantarell-fonts.noarch 0.0.25-4.el8
@AppStream
acl.x86_64 2.2.53-1.el8
@BaseOS
adcli.x86_64 0.8.2-7.el8
@BaseOS
adwaita-cursor-theme.noarch 3.28.0-2.el8
@appstream
adwaita-icon-theme.noarch 3.28.0-2.el8
@appstream
alsa-lib.x86_64 1.2.3.2-1.el8
@appstream
at.x86_64 3.1.20-11.el8
@BaseOS
at-spi2-atk.x86_64 2.26.2-1.el8
@appstream
at-spi2-core.x86_64 2.28.0-1.el8
@appstream
atk.x86_64 2.28.1-1.el8
--More--

Pour ne lister que les paquets installés, la commande list prend l'option installed :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf list installed | more
Installed Packages
NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3
@BaseOS
NetworkManager-libnm.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3
@BaseOS
NetworkManager-team.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3
@BaseOS
NetworkManager-tui.x86_64 1:1.26.0-12.el8_3
@BaseOS
PackageKit.x86_64 1.1.12-6.el8
@AppStream
PackageKit-glib.x86_64 1.1.12-6.el8
@AppStream
abattis-cantarell-fonts.noarch 0.0.25-4.el8
@AppStream
acl.x86_64 2.2.53-1.el8
@BaseOS
adcli.x86_64 0.8.2-7.el8
@BaseOS
adwaita-cursor-theme.noarch 3.28.0-2.el8
@appstream
adwaita-icon-theme.noarch 3.28.0-2.el8
@appstream
alsa-lib.x86_64 1.2.3.2-1.el8
@appstream
at.x86_64 3.1.20-11.el8
@BaseOS
at-spi2-atk.x86_64 2.26.2-1.el8
@appstream
at-spi2-core.x86_64 2.28.0-1.el8
@appstream
atk.x86_64 2.28.1-1.el8
@appstream
--More--

Pour ne lister que les paquets disponibles, la commande list prend l'option available :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf list available | more
Last metadata expiration check: 2:40:08 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 03:34:31 PM EDT.
Available Packages
3proxy.x86_64 0.8.13-1.el8
epel
AusweisApp2.x86_64 1.20.2-10.el8
epel
AusweisApp2-data.noarch 1.20.2-10.el8
epel
AusweisApp2-doc.noarch 1.20.2-10.el8
epel
BackupPC.x86_64 4.4.0-1.el8
epel
BackupPC-XS.x86_64 0.62-1.el8
epel
BibTool.x86_64 2.68-1.el8
epel
CCfits.x86_64 2.5-14.el8
epel
CCfits-devel.x86_64 2.5-14.el8
epel
CCfits-doc.noarch 2.5-14.el8
epel
CGSI-gSOAP.x86_64 1.3.11-7.el8
epel
CGSI-gSOAP-devel.x86_64 1.3.11-7.el8
epel
CUnit.i686 2.1.3-17.el8
appstream
CUnit.x86_64 2.1.3-17.el8
appstream
CharLS.x86_64 2.0.0-6.el8
epel
CharLS-devel.x86_64 2.0.0-6.el8
--More--

Pour rechercher une chaîne dans le nom ou dans la description courte du paquet, il convient d'utiliser la commande search :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf search httpd
Last metadata expiration check: 2:41:18 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 03:34:31 PM EDT.
================================= Name Exactly Matched: httpd =================================
httpd.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server
================================ Name & Summary Matched: httpd ================================
centos-logos-httpd.noarch : CentOS-related icons and pictures used by httpd
keycloak-httpd-client-install.noarch : Tools to configure Apache HTTPD as Keycloak client
lighttpd-fastcgi.x86_64 : FastCGI module and spawning helper for lighttpd and PHP configuration
lighttpd-filesystem.noarch : The basic directory layout for lighttpd
lighttpd-mod_authn_gssapi.x86_64 : Authentication module for lighttpd that uses GSSAPI
lighttpd-mod_authn_mysql.x86_64 : Authentication module for lighttpd that uses a MySQL database
lighttpd-mod_authn_pam.x86_64 : Authentication module for lighttpd that uses PAM
lighttpd-mod_mysql_vhost.x86_64 : Virtual host module for lighttpd that uses a MySQL database
pagure-web-apache-httpd.noarch : Apache HTTPD configuration for Pagure
python3-keycloak-httpd-client-install.noarch : Tools to configure Apache HTTPD as Keycloak
: client
radicale3-httpd.noarch : httpd config for Radicale
===================================== Name Matched: httpd =====================================
httpd-devel.x86_64 : Development interfaces for the Apache HTTP server
httpd-filesystem.noarch : The basic directory layout for the Apache HTTP server
httpd-manual.noarch : Documentation for the Apache HTTP server
httpd-tools.x86_64 : Tools for use with the Apache HTTP Server
libmicrohttpd.i686 : Lightweight library for embedding a webserver in applications
libmicrohttpd.x86_64 : Lightweight library for embedding a webserver in applications
lighttpd.x86_64 : Lightning fast webserver with light system requirements
perl-Test-Fake-HTTPD.noarch : Fake HTTP server module for testing
sysusage-httpd.noarch : Apache configuration for sysusage
=================================== Summary Matched: httpd ====================================
mod_auth_mellon.x86_64 : A SAML 2.0 authentication module for the Apache Httpd Server
mod_dav_svn.x86_64 : Apache httpd module for Subversion server

Pour ne rechercher que la chaîne dans le nom du paquet, utilisez la commande list :

root@centos8 ~]# dnf list httpd
Last metadata expiration check: 0:08:16 ago on Wed 21 Apr 2021 12:54:45 AM EDT.
Available Packages
httpd.x86_64 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc appstream

Pour rechercher le paquet qui contient l'exécutable httpd, il convient d'utiliser la commande provides :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf provides httpd
Last metadata expiration check: 0:03:35 ago on Wed 21 Apr 2021 12:54:45 AM EDT.
httpd-2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc.x86_64 : Apache HTTP Server
Repo : appstream
Matched from:
Provide : httpd = 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc

Pour rechercher tout paquet commençant par kerne, utilisez la commande suivante :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf list kerne\*
Last metadata expiration check: 0:00:24 ago on Wed 21 Apr 2021 12:54:45 AM EDT.
Installed Packages
kernel.x86_64 4.18.0-147.8.1.el8_1 @BaseOS
kernel.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 @BaseOS
kernel-core.x86_64 4.18.0-147.8.1.el8_1 @BaseOS
kernel-core.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 @BaseOS
kernel-modules.x86_64 4.18.0-147.8.1.el8_1 @BaseOS
kernel-modules.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 @BaseOS
kernel-tools.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 @BaseOS
kernel-tools-libs.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 @BaseOS
Available Packages
kernel-abi-whitelists.noarch 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos
kernel-cross-headers.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos
kernel-debug.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos
kernel-debug-core.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos
kernel-debug-devel.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos
kernel-debug-modules.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos
kernel-debug-modules-extra.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos
kernel-devel.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos
kernel-doc.noarch 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos
kernel-headers.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos
kernel-modules-extra.x86_64 4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3 baseos
kernel-rpm-macros.noarch 123-1.el8 appstream
kernelshark.x86_64 2.7-8.el8 appstream

Pour lister les groupes de paquets, il convient d'utiliser la commande grouplist :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf grouplist
Last metadata expiration check: 1:49:11 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 09:37:31 PM EDT.
Available Environment Groups:
Server with GUI
Server
Workstation
KDE Plasma Workspaces
Virtualization Host
Custom Operating System
Installed Environment Groups:
Minimal Install
Available Groups:
Container Management
.NET Core Development
RPM Development Tools
Development Tools
Graphical Administration Tools
Headless Management
Legacy UNIX Compatibility
Network Servers
Scientific Support
Security Tools
Smart Card Support
System Tools
Fedora Packager
Xfce

3.5 - Obtenir de l'Information sur un Paquet et le Télécharger

Pour obtenir de l'information sur un paquet, il convient d'utiliser la commmande info :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf info httpd
Last metadata expiration check: 2:43:14 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 03:34:31 PM EDT.
Available Packages
Name : httpd
Version : 2.4.37
Release : 30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc
Architecture : x86_64
Size : 1.7 M
Source : httpd-2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc.src.rpm
Repository : appstream
Summary : Apache HTTP Server
URL : https://httpd.apache.org/
License : ASL 2.0
Description : The Apache HTTP Server is a powerful, efficient, and extensible
: web server.

Pour télécharger sans installer un paquet, l'ancienne commande yumdownloader a été remplacée par la commande download de dnf :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf download httpd
Last metadata expiration check: 2:46:56 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 03:34:31 PM EDT.
httpd-2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc.x86_64.rpm 4.0 MB/s | 1.7 MB 00:00

Ce paquet est téléchargé vers le répertoire courant :

[root@centos8 ~]# updatedb
[root@centos8 ~]# locate httpd-2.4.37-30.
/root/httpd-2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc.x86_64.rpm

3.6 - Installer un Paquet

Pour installer un paquet, dnf possède la commande install :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf install httpd
Last metadata expiration check: 2:58:37 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 03:34:31 PM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
===============================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
===============================================================================================
Installing:
httpd x86_64 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc appstream 1.7 M
Installing dependencies:
apr x86_64 1.6.3-11.el8 appstream 125 k
apr-util x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 appstream 105 k
centos-logos-httpd noarch 80.5-2.el8 baseos 24 k
httpd-filesystem noarch 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc appstream 37 k
httpd-tools x86_64 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc appstream 104 k
mod_http2 x86_64 1.15.7-2.module_el8.3.0+477+498bb568 appstream 154 k
Installing weak dependencies:
apr-util-bdb x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 appstream 25 k
apr-util-openssl x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 appstream 27 k
Enabling module streams:
httpd 2.4
Transaction Summary
===============================================================================================
Install 9 Packages
Total download size: 2.3 M
Installed size: 6.0 M
Is this ok [y/N]: n
Operation aborted.

Pour répondre automatiquement oui à chaque question posée par dnf, utilisez l'option -y :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf install httpd -y
...
Installed:
apr-1.6.3-11.el8.x86_64
apr-util-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64
apr-util-bdb-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64
apr-util-openssl-1.6.1-6.el8.x86_64
centos-logos-httpd-80.5-2.el8.noarch
httpd-2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc.x86_64
httpd-filesystem-2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc.noarch
httpd-tools-2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc.x86_64
mod_http2-1.15.7-2.module_el8.3.0+477+498bb568.x86_64
Complete!

Il est possible de ré-installer un paquet avec la commande reinstall :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf reinstall httpd
Last metadata expiration check: 0:02:31 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 06:35:25 PM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
===============================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
===============================================================================================
Reinstalling:
httpd x86_64 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc appstream 1.7 M
Transaction Summary
===============================================================================================
Total download size: 1.7 M
Installed size: 4.9 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y

Pour installer un groupe de paquets, dnf possède la commande groupinstall :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf groupinstall 'System Tools'
Last metadata expiration check: 1:51:28 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 09:37:31 PM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
=============================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================
Installing group/module packages:
NetworkManager-libreswan x86_64 1.2.10-4.el8 appstream 120 k
cifs-utils x86_64 6.8-3.el8 baseos 96 k
libreswan x86_64 3.32-7.el8_3 appstream 1.4 M
nmap x86_64 2:7.70-5.el8 appstream 5.8 M
openldap-clients x86_64 2.4.46-15.el8 baseos 202 k
samba-client x86_64 4.12.3-12.el8.3 baseos 692 k
setserial x86_64 2.17-45.el8 baseos 32 k
tigervnc x86_64 1.10.1-9.el8_3 appstream 290 k
tmux x86_64 2.7-1.el8 baseos 317 k
xdelta x86_64 3.1.0-4.el8 baseos 96 k
zsh x86_64 5.5.1-6.el8_1.2 baseos 2.9 M
Installing dependencies:
fltk x86_64 1.3.4-5.el8 appstream 590 k
ldns x86_64 1.7.0-21.el8 appstream 166 k
mesa-libGLU x86_64 9.0.0-15.el8 appstream 185 k
nss-tools x86_64 3.53.1-17.el8_3 appstream 560 k
tigervnc-icons noarch 1.10.1-9.el8_3 appstream 47 k
tigervnc-license noarch 1.10.1-9.el8_3 appstream 38 k
Installing Groups:
System Tools
Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================================
Install 17 Packages
Total download size: 13 M
Installed size: 47 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y

3.7 - Mettre à jour des Paquets

Pour vérifier la disponibilité des mises-à-jour, dnf possède la commande check-update :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf check-update
Last metadata expiration check: 1:38:50 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 09:37:31 PM EDT.
epel-release.noarch 8-10.el8 epel
procps-ng.x86_64 3.3.15-3.el8_3.1 baseos
selinux-policy.noarch 3.14.3-54.el8_3.4 baseos
selinux-policy-targeted.noarch 3.14.3-54.el8_3.4 baseos

Pour procéder à la mise à jour de tous les paquets, dnf possède les commandes update et upgrade. Il est aussi possible de spécifier un paquet spécifique :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf update epel-release.noarch
Last metadata expiration check: 1:43:33 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 09:37:31 PM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
=============================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================
Upgrading:
epel-release noarch 8-10.el8 epel 22 k
Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================================
Upgrade 1 Package
Total download size: 22 k
Is this ok [y/N]: y

La gestion des mises à jour des groupes de paquets se fait en utilisant la commande groupupdate :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf groupupdate 'System Tools'
Last metadata expiration check: 1:55:43 ago on Tue 20 Apr 2021 09:37:31 PM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
=============================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================
Installing Groups:
System Tools
Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================================
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Complete!

3.8 - Supprimer des Paquets

Pour supprimer un paquet, il convient d'utiliser la commande remove :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf remove httpd
Dependencies resolved.
=============================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================
Removing:
httpd x86_64 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc @appstream 4.9 M
Removing unused dependencies:
apr x86_64 1.6.3-11.el8 @appstream 260 k
apr-util x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 @appstream 231 k
apr-util-bdb x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 @appstream 12 k
apr-util-openssl x86_64 1.6.1-6.el8 @appstream 20 k
centos-logos-httpd noarch 80.5-2.el8 @baseos 1.9 k
httpd-filesystem noarch 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc @appstream 400
httpd-tools x86_64 2.4.37-30.module_el8.3.0+561+97fdbbcc @appstream 195 k
mod_http2 x86_64 1.15.7-2.module_el8.3.0+477+498bb568 @appstream 393 k
Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================================
Remove 9 Packages
Freed space: 6.0 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y

Pour supprimer un groupe de paquets, il convient d'utiliser la commande groupremove :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf groupremove 'System Tools'
Dependencies resolved.
=============================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================
Removing:
NetworkManager-libreswan x86_64 1.2.10-4.el8 @appstream 420 k
cifs-utils x86_64 6.8-3.el8 @baseos 192 k
libreswan x86_64 3.32-7.el8_3 @appstream 4.7 M
nmap x86_64 2:7.70-5.el8 @appstream 24 M
openldap-clients x86_64 2.4.46-15.el8 @baseos 612 k
samba-client x86_64 4.12.3-12.el8.3 @baseos 2.3 M
setserial x86_64 2.17-45.el8 @baseos 37 k
tigervnc x86_64 1.10.1-9.el8_3 @appstream 849 k
tmux x86_64 2.7-1.el8 @baseos 781 k
xdelta x86_64 3.1.0-4.el8 @baseos 184 k
zsh x86_64 5.5.1-6.el8_1.2 @baseos 7.2 M
Removing unused dependencies:
fltk x86_64 1.3.4-5.el8 @appstream 2.8 M
ldns x86_64 1.7.0-21.el8 @appstream 536 k
mesa-libGLU x86_64 9.0.0-15.el8 @appstream 490 k
nss-tools x86_64 3.53.1-17.el8_3 @appstream 2.2 M
tigervnc-icons noarch 1.10.1-9.el8_3 @appstream 33 k
tigervnc-license noarch 1.10.1-9.el8_3 @appstream 18 k
Removing Groups:
System Tools
Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================================
Remove 17 Packages
Freed space: 47 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y

Pour surppimer les dépendances inutilisées, utilisez la commande autoremove :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf autoremove
Last metadata expiration check: 0:08:52 ago on Wed 21 Apr 2021 12:39:54 AM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
=============================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================
Removing:
fipscheck x86_64 1.5.0-4.el8 @BaseOS 47 k
fipscheck-lib x86_64 1.5.0-4.el8 @BaseOS 12 k
grub2-tools-efi x86_64 1:2.02-90.el8_3.1 @BaseOS 2.0 M
Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================================
Remove 3 Packages
Freed space: 2.1 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y

Pour nettoyer le cache des paquets téléchargés, utilisez la commande clean all :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf clean all
58 files removed

LAB #4 - Les Bibliothèques Partagées

4.1 - Présentation

Introduction

Les bibliothèques partagées sont des fonctions communes à plusieurs programmes différents d'un même domaine (son, base de données, vidéo etc.). Les fonctions proposées par une ou plusieurs bibliothèques forment un API (Application Programming Interface). Sous Linux les bibliothèques se nomment Shared Objects et portent le suffixe .so.

Stockage

Les bibliothèques partagées sont stockées par convention dans des répertoires lib, par exemple :

Répertoire	Contenu
/lib	Bibliothèques du système de base
/usr/lib	Bibliothèques utilisateurs
/usr/local/lib	Bibliothèques locales
/usr/X11R6/lib	Bibliothèques de l'environnement X
/opt/kde4/lib	Bibliothèques de KDE

Important : La bibliothèque la plus importante est libc. Sans elle, le système Linux ne peut pas fonctionner.

ld-linux.so.2

La bibliothèque ld-linux.so.2 est utilisée par le système pour créer un lien avec une bibliothèque partagée au moment de l'exécution d'un programme et s'appelle le chargeur de liens. Ce dernier recherche des bibliothèques partagées dans un ordre précis :

dans les chemins précisés par la variable système LD_LIBRARY_PATH,

dans les chemins précisés dans le contenu compilé du fichier /etc/ld.so.cache,

dans /lib et /usr/lib.

Il est à noter que le contenu du cache ld.so.cache est construit à partir des informations contenus dans le fichier de configuration /etc/ld.so.conf.

Afin d'étudier les bibliothèques liées à une application, nous allons d'abord installer l'application mc :

[root@centos8 ~]# dnf install mc
Last metadata expiration check: 0:20:35 ago on Wed 21 Apr 2021 12:54:45 AM EDT.
Dependencies resolved.
=============================================================================================================
Package Architecture Version Repository Size
=============================================================================================================
Installing:
mc x86_64 1:4.8.19-9.el8 appstream 1.9 M
Transaction Summary
=============================================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total download size: 1.9 M
Installed size: 6.8 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y

4.2 - La Commande ldd

Pour déterminer quelles sont les bibliothèques liées à une application, il convient d'utiliser la commande ldd :

[root@centos8 ~]# ldd /usr/bin/mc
linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007fff39386000)
libslang.so.2 => /lib64/libslang.so.2 (0x00007f0a74152000)
libgpm.so.2 => /lib64/libgpm.so.2 (0x00007f0a73f4b000)
libgmodule-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f0a73d47000)
libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f0a73a2e000)
libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f0a7380e000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f0a7344b000)
libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f0a73247000)
libm.so.6 => /lib64/libm.so.6 (0x00007f0a72ec5000)
libncurses.so.6 => /lib64/libncurses.so.6 (0x00007f0a72c9a000)
libtinfo.so.6 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.6 (0x00007f0a72a6d000)
libgnutls.so.30 => /lib64/libgnutls.so.30 (0x00007f0a7267c000)
libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007f0a7240b000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f0a74994000)
libp11-kit.so.0 => /lib64/libp11-kit.so.0 (0x00007f0a720d8000)
libidn2.so.0 => /lib64/libidn2.so.0 (0x00007f0a71eba000)
libunistring.so.2 => /lib64/libunistring.so.2 (0x00007f0a71b39000)
libtasn1.so.6 => /lib64/libtasn1.so.6 (0x00007f0a71926000)
libnettle.so.6 => /lib64/libnettle.so.6 (0x00007f0a716ec000)
libhogweed.so.4 => /lib64/libhogweed.so.4 (0x00007f0a714bb000)
libgmp.so.10 => /lib64/libgmp.so.10 (0x00007f0a71223000)
libffi.so.6 => /lib64/libffi.so.6 (0x00007f0a7101a000)

Afin de comprendre ce qui se passe dans le cas où une bibliothèque est manquante, renommez la bibliothèque /usr/lib/libslang.so.2 en /usr/lib/libslang.so.2.old :

[root@centos8 ~]# mv /lib64/libslang.so.2 /lib64/libslang.so.2.old

Exécutez de nouveau la commande ldd. Vous obtiendrez un résultat similaire à celui-ci :

[root@centos8 ~]# ldd /usr/bin/mc
linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007fff669a6000)
libslang.so.2 => not found
libgpm.so.2 => /lib64/libgpm.so.2 (0x00007fc6ccba0000)
libgmodule-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 (0x00007fc6cc99c000)
libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00007fc6cc683000)
libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007fc6cc463000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fc6cc0a0000)
libncurses.so.6 => /lib64/libncurses.so.6 (0x00007fc6cbe75000)
libtinfo.so.6 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.6 (0x00007fc6cbc48000)
libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007fc6cba44000)
libgnutls.so.30 => /lib64/libgnutls.so.30 (0x00007fc6cb653000)
libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007fc6cb3e2000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fc6cd112000)
libp11-kit.so.0 => /lib64/libp11-kit.so.0 (0x00007fc6cb0af000)
libidn2.so.0 => /lib64/libidn2.so.0 (0x00007fc6cae91000)
libunistring.so.2 => /lib64/libunistring.so.2 (0x00007fc6cab10000)
libtasn1.so.6 => /lib64/libtasn1.so.6 (0x00007fc6ca8fd000)
libnettle.so.6 => /lib64/libnettle.so.6 (0x00007fc6ca6c3000)
libhogweed.so.4 => /lib64/libhogweed.so.4 (0x00007fc6ca492000)
libgmp.so.10 => /lib64/libgmp.so.10 (0x00007fc6ca1fa000)
libffi.so.6 => /lib64/libffi.so.6 (0x00007fc6c9ff1000)

Notez la présence de la ligne libslang.so.2 ⇒ not found. Compte tenu de la bibliothèque partagée manquante, le programme mc ne peut plus être lancé :

[root@centos8 ~]# mc
mc: error while loading shared libraries: libslang.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

Renommez la bibliothèque correctement et vérifiez la résolution de l'erreur précédente avec la commande ldd :

[root@centos8 ~]# mv /lib64/libslang.so.2.old /lib64/libslang.so.2
[root@centos8 ~]# ldd /usr/bin/mc
linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007fff4b8de000)
libslang.so.2 => /lib64/libslang.so.2 (0x00007f670a991000)
libgpm.so.2 => /lib64/libgpm.so.2 (0x00007f670a78a000)
libgmodule-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f670a586000)
libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f670a26d000)
libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f670a04d000)
libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f6709c8a000)
libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f6709a86000)
libm.so.6 => /lib64/libm.so.6 (0x00007f6709704000)
libncurses.so.6 => /lib64/libncurses.so.6 (0x00007f67094d9000)
libtinfo.so.6 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.6 (0x00007f67092ac000)
libgnutls.so.30 => /lib64/libgnutls.so.30 (0x00007f6708ebb000)
libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007f6708c4a000)
/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f670b1d3000)
libp11-kit.so.0 => /lib64/libp11-kit.so.0 (0x00007f6708917000)
libidn2.so.0 => /lib64/libidn2.so.0 (0x00007f67086f9000)
libunistring.so.2 => /lib64/libunistring.so.2 (0x00007f6708378000)
libtasn1.so.6 => /lib64/libtasn1.so.6 (0x00007f6708165000)
libnettle.so.6 => /lib64/libnettle.so.6 (0x00007f6707f2b000)
libhogweed.so.4 => /lib64/libhogweed.so.4 (0x00007f6707cfa000)
libgmp.so.10 => /lib64/libgmp.so.10 (0x00007f6707a62000)
libffi.so.6 => /lib64/libffi.so.6 (0x00007f6707859000)

4.3 - Le fichier /etc/ld.so.conf

Le fichier /etc/ld.so.conf est utilisé pour configurer le cache /etc/ld.so.cache :

[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/ld.so.conf
include ld.so.conf.d/*.conf

Dans ce cas, le fichier ne contient qu'une directive include qui renvoie vers le contenu du répertoire /etc/ld.so.conf.d/ :

[root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /etc/ld.so.conf.d/
total 16
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 26 Mar 1 10:21 bind-export-x86_64.conf
-r--r--r--. 1 root root 67 Apr 9 2020 kernel-4.18.0-147.8.1.el8_1.x86_64.conf
-r--r--r--. 1 root root 67 Apr 8 15:09 kernel-4.18.0-240.22.1.el8_3.x86_64.conf
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 17 Nov 3 19:38 libiscsi-x86_64.conf

Par exemple, le contenu du fichier bind-export-x86_64.conf est :

[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/ld.so.conf.d/bind-export-x86_64.conf
/usr/lib64//bind9-export/

4.4 - La Commande ldconfig

La commande ldconfig est utilisée pour :

mettre à jour le cache pour les chemins inclus dans le fichier /etc/ld.so.conf ainsi que pour les répertoires /lib et /usr/lib. L'option -N de la commande ldconfig empêche la mise à jour des chemins dans le fichier,

mettre à jour les liens symboliques sur les bibliothèques. L'option -X de la commande ldconfig empêche la mise à jour des liens symboliques.

Les liens symboliques sont utilisés pour gérer les versions de bibliothèques.

La commande ldconfig peut être utilisée avec l'option -p pour visualiser le contenu du cache :

[root@centos8 ~]# ldconfig -p | more
546 libs found in cache `/etc/ld.so.cache'
p11-kit-trust.so (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/p11-kit-trust.so
libzstd.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libzstd.so.1
libz.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libz.so.1
libyaml-0.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libyaml-0.so.2
libyajl.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libyajl.so.2
libxtables.so.12 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxtables.so.12
libxslt.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxslt.so.1
libxshmfence.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxshmfence.so.1
libxml2.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxml2.so.2
libxkbcommon.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxkbcommon.so.0
libxcb.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb.so.1
libxcb-xvmc.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xvmc.so.0
libxcb-xv.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xv.so.0
libxcb-xtest.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xtest.so.0
libxcb-xselinux.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xselinux.so.0
libxcb-xkb.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xkb.so.1
libxcb-xinput.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xinput.so.0
libxcb-xinerama.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xinerama.so.0
libxcb-xf86dri.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xf86dri.so.0
libxcb-xfixes.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xfixes.so.0
libxcb-sync.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-sync.so.1
libxcb-shm.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-shm.so.0
--More--

Pour ajouter des bibliothèques partagées, il convient de :

créer un fichier dans le répertoire /etc/ld.so.conf.d/ et d'y inscrire le ou les chemins vers le lieu de stockage des bibliothèques partagées à ajouter,

exécuter la commande ldconfig -v, où v implique verbose, afin de reconstruire le cache.

Copyright © 2024 Hugh Norris.