Différences
Ci-dessous, les différences entre deux révisions de la page.
| Les deux révisions précédentesRévision précédenteProchaine révision | Révision précédente | ||
| elearning:workbooks:redhat:rh134:l102 [2024/10/21 15:17] – admin | elearning:workbooks:redhat:rh134:l102 [2024/10/24 12:56] (Version actuelle) – admin | ||
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| - | ======RH13403 - Gestion des Profils de Réglages====== | + | ~~PDF: |
| + | |||
| + | Version : **2024.01** | ||
| + | |||
| + | Dernière mise-à-jour : ~~LASTMOD~~ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ======RH13403 - Gestion des Paramètres du matériel et les Ressources====== | ||
| + | |||
| + | =====Contenu du Module===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | * **RH13403 - Gestion des Paramètres et les Ressources du Matériel** | ||
| + | * Contenu du Module | ||
| + | * Présentation des Fichiers Spéciaux | ||
| + | * LAB #1 - Découvrir le Matériel | ||
| + | * 1.1 - La Commande lspci | ||
| + | * 1.2 - La Commande lsusb | ||
| + | * 1.3 - La Commande lsblk | ||
| + | * 1.4 - La Commande lsscsi | ||
| + | * 1.5 - La Commande lscpu | ||
| + | * 1.6 - La Commande lshw | ||
| + | * 1.7 - La Commande dmidecode | ||
| + | * 1.8 - La Commande smartctl | ||
| + | * 1.9 - Les Commandes accton et dump-acct | ||
| + | * 1.10 - La Commande lastcomm | ||
| + | * 1.11 - La Commande sa | ||
| + | * 1.12 - La Commande ac | ||
| + | * LAB #2 - Réglage de la performance du système | ||
| + | * 2.1 - Présentation | ||
| + | * 2.2 - Le fichier / | ||
| + | * 2.3 - Profils | ||
| + | * LAB #3 - La Commande sysctl | ||
| + | * 3.1 - Répertoire /proc | ||
| + | * Fichiers | ||
| + | * Processeur | ||
| + | * Interruptions système | ||
| + | * Canaux DMA | ||
| + | * Plages d' | ||
| + | * Périphériques | ||
| + | * Modules | ||
| + | * Statistiques | ||
| + | * Partitions | ||
| + | * Espaces de pagination | ||
| + | * Statistiques d' | ||
| + | * Statistiques d' | ||
| + | * Version du noyau | ||
| + | * Répertoires | ||
| + | * ide/scsi | ||
| + | * acpi | ||
| + | * bus | ||
| + | * net | ||
| + | * sys | ||
| + | * 3.2 - Utilisation de la Commande sysctl | ||
| + | * LAB #4 - Interprétation des informations dans /proc | ||
| + | * 4.1 - free | ||
| + | * 4.2 - uptime ou w | ||
| + | * 4.3 - iostat | ||
| + | * 4.4 - hdparm | ||
| + | * 4.5 - vmstat | ||
| + | * 4.6 - mpstat | ||
| + | * 4.7 - sar | ||
| + | * Modules usb | ||
| + | * udev | ||
| + | * La Commande udevadm | ||
| + | * Système de fichiers /sys | ||
| + | * LAB #5 - Limiter les Ressources | ||
| + | * 5.1 - ulimit | ||
| + | * 5.2 - Groupes de Contrôle | ||
| + | |||
| + | =====Présentation des Fichiers Spéciaux===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Dans l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
| + | **Important** : Les périphériques qui nécessitent à ce que l' | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Consultez le contenu du répertoire /dev : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /dev | more | ||
| + | total 0 | ||
| + | crw-r--r--. 1 root root 10, 235 Oct 22 11:01 autofs | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 160 Oct 22 11:01 block | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 80 Oct 22 11:01 bsg | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 60 Oct 22 11:01 bus | ||
| + | lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 3 Oct 22 11:01 cdrom -> sr0 | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 2980 Oct 22 11:02 char | ||
| + | crw--w----. 1 root tty | ||
| + | lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 11 Oct 22 11:01 core -> / | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 6 root root 120 Oct 22 11:01 cpu | ||
| + | crw-------. 1 root root 10, 124 Oct 22 11:01 cpu_dma_latency | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 7 root root 140 Oct 22 11:01 disk | ||
| + | brw-rw----. 1 root disk 253, 0 Oct 22 11:01 dm-0 | ||
| + | brw-rw----. 1 root disk 253, 1 Oct 22 11:01 dm-1 | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 60 Oct 22 11:01 dma_heap | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 3 root root 80 Oct 22 11:01 dri | ||
| + | crw-rw----. 1 root video 29, 0 Oct 22 11:01 fb0 | ||
| + | lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 13 Oct 22 11:01 fd -> / | ||
| + | crw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 1, 7 Oct 22 11:01 full | ||
| + | crw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 10, 229 Oct 22 11:01 fuse | ||
| + | crw-------. 1 root root 242, 0 Oct 22 11:01 hidraw0 | ||
| + | crw-------. 1 root root 10, 228 Oct 22 11:01 hpet | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 0 Oct 22 11:01 hugepages | ||
| + | crw-------. 1 root root 10, 183 Oct 22 11:01 hwrng | ||
| + | lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 12 Oct 22 11:01 initctl -> / | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 280 Oct 22 11:01 input | ||
| + | crw-r--r--. 1 root root 1, 11 Oct 22 11:01 kmsg | ||
| + | crw-rw-rw-. 1 root kvm 10, 232 Oct 22 11:01 kvm | ||
| + | lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 28 Oct 22 11:01 log -> / | ||
| + | crw-rw----. 1 root disk 10, 237 Oct 22 11:01 loop-control | ||
| + | crw-rw----. 1 root lp 6, 0 Oct 22 11:01 lp0 | ||
| + | crw-rw----. 1 root lp 6, 1 Oct 22 11:01 lp1 | ||
| + | crw-rw----. 1 root lp 6, 2 Oct 22 11:01 lp2 | ||
| + | crw-rw----. 1 root lp 6, 3 Oct 22 11:01 lp3 | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 100 Oct 22 11:01 mapper | ||
| + | crw-------. 1 root root 10, 227 Oct 22 11:01 mcelog | ||
| + | crw-r-----. 1 root kmem 1, 1 Oct 22 11:01 mem | ||
| + | drwxrwxrwt. 2 root root 40 Oct 22 11:01 mqueue | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 60 Oct 22 11:01 net | ||
| + | crw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 1, 3 Oct 22 11:01 null | ||
| + | crw-------. 1 root root 10, 144 Oct 22 11:01 nvram | ||
| + | crw-r-----. 1 root kmem 1, 4 Oct 22 11:01 port | ||
| + | crw-------. 1 root root 108, 0 Oct 22 11:01 ppp | ||
| + | crw-rw-rw-. 1 root tty | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 0 Oct 22 11:01 pts | ||
| + | crw-rw-rw-. 1 root root 1, 8 Oct 22 11:01 random | ||
| + | crw-rw-r--+ 1 root root 10, 242 Oct 22 11:02 rfkill | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 80 Oct 22 11:01 rhel | ||
| + | lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 4 Oct 22 11:01 rtc -> rtc0 | ||
| + | crw-------. 1 root root 250, 0 Oct 22 11:01 rtc0 | ||
| + | brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 0 Oct 22 11:01 sda | ||
| + | brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 1 Oct 22 11:01 sda1 | ||
| + | brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 2 Oct 22 11:01 sda2 | ||
| + | crw-rw----. 1 root disk | ||
| + | crw-rw----+ 1 root cdrom 21, 1 Oct 22 11:01 sg1 | ||
| + | --More-- | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | On peut noter dans la sortie de la commande que certains fichiers sont de type **bloc** (**b**), tandis que d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /dev | grep sda1 | ||
| + | brw-rw----. 1 root disk 8, 1 Oct 22 11:01 sda1 | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /dev | grep tty0 | ||
| + | crw--w----. 1 root tty | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | La différence entre les deux repose sur le type de communication entre le système et le module. Dans le premier cas le système accède au périphérique par des coordonnées du bloc de données sur le support tandis que dans le deuxième cas la communication d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les deux informations clefs du fichier spécial sont situées à la place de la taille d'un fichier normal et se nomment le **majeur** et le **mineur** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * le **majeur** identifie le pilote du périphérique et donc son contrôleur, | ||
| + | * le **mineur** identifie le périphérique ou une particularité du périphérique telle une partition d'un disque. | ||
| + | |||
| + | =====LAB #1 - Découvrir le Matériel===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====1.1 - La Commande lspci==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cette commande vous renseigne sur les adaptateurs reliés aux bus PCI, AGP et PCI express : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lspci | ||
| + | 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation 440FX - 82441FX PMC [Natoma] (rev 02) | ||
| + | 00:01.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 ISA [Natoma/ | ||
| + | 00:01.1 IDE interface: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 IDE [Natoma/ | ||
| + | 00:01.2 USB controller: Intel Corporation 82371SB PIIX3 USB [Natoma/ | ||
| + | 00:01.3 Bridge: Intel Corporation 82371AB/ | ||
| + | 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Device 1234:1111 (rev 02) | ||
| + | 00:03.0 Unclassified device [00ff]: Red Hat, Inc. Virtio memory balloon | ||
| + | 00:05.0 PCI bridge: Red Hat, Inc. QEMU PCI-PCI bridge | ||
| + | 00:12.0 Ethernet controller: Red Hat, Inc. Virtio network device | ||
| + | 00:1e.0 PCI bridge: Red Hat, Inc. QEMU PCI-PCI bridge | ||
| + | 00:1f.0 PCI bridge: Red Hat, Inc. QEMU PCI-PCI bridge | ||
| + | 01:01.0 SCSI storage controller: Red Hat, Inc. Virtio SCSI | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Pour obtenir de l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lspci -v -s 00:03.0 | ||
| + | 00:03.0 Unclassified device [00ff]: Red Hat, Inc. Virtio memory balloon | ||
| + | Subsystem: Red Hat, Inc. Device 0005 | ||
| + | Physical Slot: 3 | ||
| + | Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 10 | ||
| + | I/O ports at f000 [size=64] | ||
| + | Memory at fd600000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K] | ||
| + | Capabilities: | ||
| + | Capabilities: | ||
| + | Capabilities: | ||
| + | Capabilities: | ||
| + | Capabilities: | ||
| + | Kernel driver in use: virtio-pci | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ou : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lspci -vv -s 00:03.0 | ||
| + | 00:03.0 Unclassified device [00ff]: Red Hat, Inc. Virtio memory balloon | ||
| + | Subsystem: Red Hat, Inc. Device 0005 | ||
| + | Physical Slot: 3 | ||
| + | Control: I/O+ Mem+ BusMaster+ SpecCycle- MemWINV- VGASnoop- ParErr- Stepping- SERR+ FastB2B- DisINTx- | ||
| + | Status: Cap+ 66MHz- UDF- FastB2B- ParErr- DEVSEL=fast >TAbort- <TAbort- <MAbort- >SERR- <PERR- INTx- | ||
| + | Latency: 0 | ||
| + | Interrupt: pin A routed to IRQ 10 | ||
| + | Region 0: I/O ports at f000 [size=64] | ||
| + | Region 4: Memory at fd600000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=16K] | ||
| + | Capabilities: | ||
| + | BAR=0 offset=00000000 size=00000000 | ||
| + | Capabilities: | ||
| + | BAR=4 offset=00003000 size=00001000 multiplier=00000004 | ||
| + | Capabilities: | ||
| + | BAR=4 offset=00002000 size=00001000 | ||
| + | Capabilities: | ||
| + | BAR=4 offset=00001000 size=00001000 | ||
| + | Capabilities: | ||
| + | BAR=4 offset=00000000 size=00001000 | ||
| + | Kernel driver in use: virtio-pci | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Options de la commande=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de cette commande sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lspci --help | ||
| + | lspci: invalid option -- ' | ||
| + | Usage: lspci [< | ||
| + | |||
| + | Basic display modes: | ||
| + | -mm | ||
| + | -t Show bus tree | ||
| + | |||
| + | Display options: | ||
| + | -v Be verbose (-vv or -vvv for higher verbosity) | ||
| + | -k Show kernel drivers handling each device | ||
| + | -x Show hex-dump of the standard part of the config space | ||
| + | -xxx Show hex-dump of the whole config space (dangerous; root only) | ||
| + | -xxxx Show hex-dump of the 4096-byte extended config space (root only) | ||
| + | -b Bus-centric view (addresses and IRQ's as seen by the bus) | ||
| + | -D Always show domain numbers | ||
| + | -P Display bridge path in addition to bus and device number | ||
| + | -PP | ||
| + | |||
| + | Resolving of device ID's to names: | ||
| + | -n Show numeric ID's | ||
| + | -nn Show both textual and numeric ID's (names & numbers) | ||
| + | -q Query the PCI ID database for unknown ID's via DNS | ||
| + | -qq As above, but re-query locally cached entries | ||
| + | -Q Query the PCI ID database for all ID's via DNS | ||
| + | |||
| + | Selection of devices: | ||
| + | -s [[[[< | ||
| + | -d [< | ||
| + | |||
| + | Other options: | ||
| + | -i < | ||
| + | -p < | ||
| + | -M Enable `bus mapping' | ||
| + | |||
| + | PCI access options: | ||
| + | -A < | ||
| + | -O < | ||
| + | -G Enable PCI access debugging | ||
| + | -H < | ||
| + | -F < | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====1.2 - La Commande lsusb==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cette commande vous renseigne sur les adaptateurs reliés au bus usb : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lsusb | ||
| + | Bus 001 Device 002: ID 0627:0001 Adomax Technology Co., Ltd QEMU USB Tablet | ||
| + | Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lsusb -vt | ||
| + | /: Bus 01.Port 1: Dev 1, Class=root_hub, | ||
| + | ID 1d6b:0001 Linux Foundation 1.1 root hub | ||
| + | |__ Port 1: Dev 2, If 0, Class=Human Interface Device, Driver=usbhid, | ||
| + | ID 0627:0001 Adomax Technology Co., Ltd | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Options de la commande=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de cette commande sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lsusb --help | ||
| + | Usage: lsusb [options]... | ||
| + | List USB devices | ||
| + | -v, --verbose | ||
| + | Increase verbosity (show descriptors) | ||
| + | -s [[bus]: | ||
| + | Show only devices with specified device and/or | ||
| + | bus numbers (in decimal) | ||
| + | -d vendor: | ||
| + | Show only devices with the specified vendor and | ||
| + | product ID numbers (in hexadecimal) | ||
| + | -D device | ||
| + | Selects which device lsusb will examine | ||
| + | -t, --tree | ||
| + | Dump the physical USB device hierarchy as a tree | ||
| + | -V, --version | ||
| + | Show version of program | ||
| + | -h, --help | ||
| + | Show usage and help | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====1.3 - La Commande lsblk==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cette commande vous rensigne sur les partitions des disques : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lsblk | ||
| + | NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS | ||
| + | sda | ||
| + | ├─sda1 | ||
| + | └─sda2 | ||
| + | ├─rhel-root 253:0 0 | ||
| + | └─rhel-swap 253:1 0 5G 0 lvm [SWAP] | ||
| + | sdb | ||
| + | sdc | ||
| + | sdd | ||
| + | sde | ||
| + | sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lsblk -l | ||
| + | NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINTS | ||
| + | sda | ||
| + | sda1 8:1 0 1G 0 part /boot | ||
| + | sda2 8:2 0 | ||
| + | sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom | ||
| + | rhel-root 253:0 0 | ||
| + | rhel-swap 253:1 0 5G 0 lvm [SWAP] | ||
| + | sdb | ||
| + | sdc | ||
| + | sdd | ||
| + | sde | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Options de la commande=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de cette commande sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lsblk --help | ||
| + | |||
| + | Usage: | ||
| + | lsblk [options] [< | ||
| + | |||
| + | List information about block devices. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Options: | ||
| + | -D, --discard | ||
| + | -E, --dedup < | ||
| + | -I, --include < | ||
| + | -J, --json | ||
| + | -O, --output-all | ||
| + | -P, --pairs | ||
| + | -S, --scsi | ||
| + | -T, --tree[=< | ||
| + | -a, --all print all devices | ||
| + | -b, --bytes | ||
| + | -d, --nodeps | ||
| + | -e, --exclude < | ||
| + | -f, --fs | ||
| + | -i, --ascii | ||
| + | -l, --list | ||
| + | -M, --merge | ||
| + | -m, --perms | ||
| + | -n, --noheadings | ||
| + | -o, --output < | ||
| + | -p, --paths | ||
| + | -r, --raw use raw output format | ||
| + | -s, --inverse | ||
| + | -t, --topology | ||
| + | -w, --width < | ||
| + | -x, --sort < | ||
| + | -z, --zoned | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | -h, --help | ||
| + | -V, --version | ||
| + | |||
| + | Available output columns: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | KNAME internal kernel device name | ||
| + | | ||
| + | MAJ: | ||
| + | FSAVAIL | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | FSROOTS | ||
| + | FSVER filesystem version | ||
| + | | ||
| + | MOUNTPOINTS | ||
| + | LABEL filesystem LABEL | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | PARTLABEL | ||
| + | | ||
| + | PARTFLAGS | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | HOTPLUG | ||
| + | MODEL device identifier | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | STATE state of the device | ||
| + | OWNER user name | ||
| + | GROUP group name | ||
| + | | ||
| + | ALIGNMENT | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | PHY-SEC | ||
| + | LOG-SEC | ||
| + | | ||
| + | SCHED I/O scheduler name | ||
| + | RQ-SIZE | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | DISC-GRAN | ||
| + | | ||
| + | DISC-ZERO | ||
| + | WSAME write same max bytes | ||
| + | WWN unique storage identifier | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | REV device revision | ||
| + | | ||
| + | ZONED zone model | ||
| + | DAX dax-capable device | ||
| + | |||
| + | For more details see lsblk(8). | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====1.4 - La Commande lsscsi==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cette commmande vous renseigne sur les périphériques SCSI et NVMe : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lsscsi | ||
| + | [0: | ||
| + | [2: | ||
| + | [3: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Options de la commande=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de cette commande sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lsscsi --help | ||
| + | Usage: lsscsi | ||
| + | [--help] [--hosts] [--kname] [--list] [--long] [--long-unit] | ||
| + | [--lunhex] [--no-nvme] [--pdt] [--protection] [--prot-mode] | ||
| + | [--scsi_id] [--size] [--sz-lbs] [--sysfsroot=PATH] [--transport] | ||
| + | [--unit] [--verbose] [--version] [--wwn] | ||
| + | where: | ||
| + | --brief|-b | ||
| + | --classic|-c | ||
| + | --controllers|-C | ||
| + | like SCSI hosts | ||
| + | --device|-d | ||
| + | --generic|-g | ||
| + | --help|-h | ||
| + | --hosts|-H | ||
| + | --kname|-k | ||
| + | --list|-L | ||
| + | attribute=value per line | ||
| + | --long|-l | ||
| + | --long-unit|-U | ||
| + | ' | ||
| + | --lunhex|-x | ||
| + | use twice to get full 16 digit hexadecimal LUN | ||
| + | --no-nvme|-N | ||
| + | --pdt|-D | ||
| + | --protection|-p | ||
| + | --protmode|-P | ||
| + | --scsi_id|-i | ||
| + | --size|-s | ||
| + | twice for power of two (e.g. 2.7 GiB), | ||
| + | thrice for number of blocks)) | ||
| + | --sysfsroot=PATH|-y PATH set sysfs mount point to PATH (def: /sys) | ||
| + | --sz-lbs|-S | ||
| + | adds comma followed by logical block size in bytes | ||
| + | --transport|-t | ||
| + | given, for initiator | ||
| + | --unit|-u | ||
| + | --verbose|-v | ||
| + | --version|-V | ||
| + | --wwn|-w | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | <' | ||
| + | |||
| + | List SCSI devices or hosts, followed by NVMe namespaces or controllers. | ||
| + | Many storage devices (e.g. SATA disks and USB attached storage) use SCSI | ||
| + | command sets and hence are also listed by this utility. Hyphenated long | ||
| + | options can also take underscore (and vice versa). | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====1.5 - La Commande lscpu==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cett commande vous renseigne sur l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lscpu | ||
| + | Architecture: | ||
| + | CPU op-mode(s): | ||
| + | Address sizes: | ||
| + | Byte Order: | ||
| + | CPU(s): | ||
| + | On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3 | ||
| + | Vendor ID: | ||
| + | BIOS Vendor ID: QEMU | ||
| + | Model name: Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU D-1541 @ 2.10GHz | ||
| + | BIOS Model name: | ||
| + | CPU family: | ||
| + | Model: | ||
| + | Thread(s) per core: 1 | ||
| + | Core(s) per socket: | ||
| + | Socket(s): | ||
| + | Stepping: | ||
| + | BogoMIPS: | ||
| + | Flags: | ||
| + | uid tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq vmx ssse3 fma cx16 pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch cpuid_f | ||
| + | ault pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm rdseed adx smap xsaveopt arat vnmi umip md_clear arch_ | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Virtualization features: | ||
| + | Virtualization: | ||
| + | Hypervisor vendor: | ||
| + | Virtualization type: | ||
| + | Caches (sum of all): | ||
| + | L1d: 128 KiB (4 instances) | ||
| + | L1i: 128 KiB (4 instances) | ||
| + | L2: 16 MiB (4 instances) | ||
| + | L3: 32 MiB (2 instances) | ||
| + | NUMA: | ||
| + | NUMA node(s): | ||
| + | NUMA node0 CPU(s): | ||
| + | Vulnerabilities: | ||
| + | Gather data sampling: | ||
| + | Itlb multihit: | ||
| + | L1tf: Mitigation; PTE Inversion; VMX flush not necessary, SMT disabled | ||
| + | Mds: | ||
| + | Meltdown: | ||
| + | Mmio stale data: | ||
| + | Retbleed: | ||
| + | Spec rstack overflow: | ||
| + | Spec store bypass: | ||
| + | Spectre v1: Mitigation; usercopy/ | ||
| + | Spectre v2: Mitigation; Retpolines, IBPB conditional, | ||
| + | Srbds: | ||
| + | Tsx async abort: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Options de la commande=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de cette commande sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lscpu --help | ||
| + | |||
| + | Usage: | ||
| + | lscpu [options] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Display information about the CPU architecture. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Options: | ||
| + | -a, --all print both online and offline CPUs (default for -e) | ||
| + | -b, --online | ||
| + | -B, --bytes | ||
| + | -C, --caches[=< | ||
| + | -c, --offline | ||
| + | -J, --json | ||
| + | -e, --extended[=< | ||
| + | -p, --parse[=< | ||
| + | -s, --sysroot < | ||
| + | -x, --hex print hexadecimal masks rather than lists of CPUs | ||
| + | -y, --physical | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | -h, --help | ||
| + | -V, --version | ||
| + | |||
| + | Available output columns for -e or -p: | ||
| + | BOGOMIPS | ||
| + | | ||
| + | CORE logical core number | ||
| + | SOCKET | ||
| + | | ||
| + | NODE logical NUMA node number | ||
| + | BOOK logical book number | ||
| + | DRAWER | ||
| + | | ||
| + | POLARIZATION | ||
| + | | ||
| + | CONFIGURED | ||
| + | ONLINE | ||
| + | | ||
| + | SCALMHZ% | ||
| + | MAXMHZ | ||
| + | MINMHZ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Available output columns for -C: | ||
| + | ALL-SIZE | ||
| + | | ||
| + | NAME cache name | ||
| + | ONE-SIZE | ||
| + | TYPE cache type | ||
| + | WAYS ways of associativity | ||
| + | ALLOC-POLICY | ||
| + | WRITE-POLICY | ||
| + | PHY-LINE | ||
| + | SETS number of sets in the cache; set lines has the same cache index | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | For more details see lscpu(1). | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====1.6 - La Command lshw==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cette commande vous renseigne sur le matériel selon la **classe** de celui-ci. Commencez par visualiser les périphériques et leurs classes répectives : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lshw -businfo | ||
| + | Bus info Device | ||
| + | ==================================================== | ||
| + | system | ||
| + | bus Motherboard | ||
| + | memory | ||
| + | cpu@0 | ||
| + | cpu@1 | ||
| + | memory | ||
| + | memory | ||
| + | pci@0000: | ||
| + | pci@0000: | ||
| + | input PnP device PNP0303 | ||
| + | input PnP device PNP0f13 | ||
| + | storage | ||
| + | system | ||
| + | pci@0000: | ||
| + | scsi@2: | ||
| + | pci@0000: | ||
| + | usb@1 | ||
| + | usb@1: | ||
| + | pci@0000: | ||
| + | pci@0000: | ||
| + | pci@0000: | ||
| + | virtio@0 | ||
| + | pci@0000: | ||
| + | pci@0000: | ||
| + | virtio@2 | ||
| + | scsi@0: | ||
| + | scsi@0: | ||
| + | scsi@0: | ||
| + | pci@0000: | ||
| + | virtio@1 | ||
| + | pci@0000: | ||
| + | pci@0000: | ||
| + | input0 | ||
| + | input1 | ||
| + | input3 | ||
| + | input4 | ||
| + | input6 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Consultez maintenant le matériel de la classe **system** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lshw -c system | ||
| + | redhat9.ittraining.loc | ||
| + | description: | ||
| + | product: Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996) | ||
| + | vendor: QEMU | ||
| + | version: pc-i440fx-7.2 | ||
| + | width: 64 bits | ||
| + | capabilities: | ||
| + | configuration: | ||
| + | *-pnp00: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Consultez maintenant le matériel des autres classes principales : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lshw -c memory | ||
| + | *-firmware | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | date: 04/ | ||
| + | size: 96KiB | ||
| + | *-memory | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | size: 8GiB | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | description: | ||
| + | vendor: QEMU | ||
| + | physical id: 0 | ||
| + | slot: DIMM 0 | ||
| + | size: 8GiB | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lshw -c video | ||
| + | *-display | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | bus info: pci@0000: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lshw -c storage | ||
| + | *-pnp00: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | *-ide | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | bus info: pci@0000: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | *-scsi | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | bus info: pci@0000: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lshw -c disk | ||
| + | *-cdrom | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | bus info: scsi@2: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | *-disk | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | bus info: scsi@0: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | size: 50GiB (53GB) | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lshw -c volume | ||
| + | *-volume: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | bus info: scsi@0: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | *-volume: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | bus info: scsi@0: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | size: 48GiB | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lshw -c network | ||
| + | *-network | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | bus info: pci@0000: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | description: | ||
| + | physical id: 0 | ||
| + | bus info: virtio@1 | ||
| + | logical name: ens18 | ||
| + | serial: 92: | ||
| + | capabilities: | ||
| + | configuration: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Options de la commande=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de cette commande sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lshw -h | ||
| + | Hardware Lister (lshw) - B.02.19.2 | ||
| + | usage: lshw [-format] [-options ...] | ||
| + | lshw -version | ||
| + | |||
| + | -version | ||
| + | |||
| + | format can be | ||
| + | -html | ||
| + | -xml output hardware tree as XML | ||
| + | -json | ||
| + | -short | ||
| + | -businfo | ||
| + | |||
| + | options can be | ||
| + | -dump filename | ||
| + | -class CLASS only show a certain class of hardware | ||
| + | -C CLASS same as ' | ||
| + | -c CLASS same as ' | ||
| + | -disable TEST | ||
| + | -enable TEST enable a test (like pci, isapnp, cpuid, etc.) | ||
| + | -quiet | ||
| + | -sanitize | ||
| + | -numeric | ||
| + | -notime | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====1.7 - La Commande dmidecode==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | La commande **dmidecode** lit la table **DMI** (//Desktop Management Interface// | ||
| + | |||
| + | * l' | ||
| + | * les extensions possibles. | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# dmidecode | ||
| + | # dmidecode 3.5 | ||
| + | Getting SMBIOS data from sysfs. | ||
| + | SMBIOS 2.8 present. | ||
| + | 11 structures occupying 511 bytes. | ||
| + | Table at 0x000F59C0. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes | ||
| + | BIOS Information | ||
| + | Vendor: SeaBIOS | ||
| + | Version: rel-1.16.1-0-g3208b098f51a-prebuilt.qemu.org | ||
| + | Release Date: 04/ | ||
| + | Address: 0xE8000 | ||
| + | Runtime Size: 96 kB | ||
| + | ROM Size: 64 kB | ||
| + | Characteristics: | ||
| + | BIOS characteristics not supported | ||
| + | Targeted content distribution is supported | ||
| + | BIOS Revision: 0.0 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Handle 0x0100, DMI type 1, 27 bytes | ||
| + | System Information | ||
| + | Manufacturer: | ||
| + | Product Name: Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996) | ||
| + | Version: pc-i440fx-7.2 | ||
| + | Serial Number: Not Specified | ||
| + | UUID: 6c89e267-fb34-42a1-9b13-15fa7185048f | ||
| + | Wake-up Type: Power Switch | ||
| + | SKU Number: Not Specified | ||
| + | Family: Not Specified | ||
| + | |||
| + | Handle 0x0300, DMI type 3, 22 bytes | ||
| + | Chassis Information | ||
| + | Manufacturer: | ||
| + | Type: Other | ||
| + | Lock: Not Present | ||
| + | Version: pc-i440fx-7.2 | ||
| + | Serial Number: Not Specified | ||
| + | Asset Tag: Not Specified | ||
| + | Boot-up State: Safe | ||
| + | Power Supply State: Safe | ||
| + | Thermal State: Safe | ||
| + | Security Status: Unknown | ||
| + | OEM Information: | ||
| + | Height: Unspecified | ||
| + | Number Of Power Cords: Unspecified | ||
| + | Contained Elements: 0 | ||
| + | SKU Number: Not Specified | ||
| + | |||
| + | Handle 0x0400, DMI type 4, 42 bytes | ||
| + | Processor Information | ||
| + | Socket Designation: | ||
| + | Type: Central Processor | ||
| + | Family: Other | ||
| + | Manufacturer: | ||
| + | ID: 63 06 05 00 FF FB 8B 0F | ||
| + | Version: pc-i440fx-7.2 | ||
| + | Voltage: Unknown | ||
| + | External Clock: Unknown | ||
| + | Max Speed: 2000 MHz | ||
| + | Current Speed: 2000 MHz | ||
| + | Status: Populated, Enabled | ||
| + | Upgrade: Other | ||
| + | L1 Cache Handle: Not Provided | ||
| + | L2 Cache Handle: Not Provided | ||
| + | L3 Cache Handle: Not Provided | ||
| + | Serial Number: Not Specified | ||
| + | Asset Tag: Not Specified | ||
| + | Part Number: Not Specified | ||
| + | Core Count: 2 | ||
| + | Core Enabled: 2 | ||
| + | Thread Count: 2 | ||
| + | Characteristics: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Handle 0x0401, DMI type 4, 42 bytes | ||
| + | Processor Information | ||
| + | Socket Designation: | ||
| + | Type: Central Processor | ||
| + | Family: Other | ||
| + | Manufacturer: | ||
| + | ID: 63 06 05 00 FF FB 8B 0F | ||
| + | Version: pc-i440fx-7.2 | ||
| + | Voltage: Unknown | ||
| + | External Clock: Unknown | ||
| + | Max Speed: 2000 MHz | ||
| + | Current Speed: 2000 MHz | ||
| + | Status: Populated, Enabled | ||
| + | Upgrade: Other | ||
| + | L1 Cache Handle: Not Provided | ||
| + | L2 Cache Handle: Not Provided | ||
| + | L3 Cache Handle: Not Provided | ||
| + | Serial Number: Not Specified | ||
| + | Asset Tag: Not Specified | ||
| + | Part Number: Not Specified | ||
| + | Core Count: 2 | ||
| + | Core Enabled: 2 | ||
| + | Thread Count: 2 | ||
| + | Characteristics: | ||
| + | |||
| + | Handle 0x1000, DMI type 16, 23 bytes | ||
| + | Physical Memory Array | ||
| + | Location: Other | ||
| + | Use: System Memory | ||
| + | Error Correction Type: Multi-bit ECC | ||
| + | Maximum Capacity: 8 GB | ||
| + | Error Information Handle: Not Provided | ||
| + | Number Of Devices: 1 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Handle 0x1100, DMI type 17, 40 bytes | ||
| + | Memory Device | ||
| + | Array Handle: 0x1000 | ||
| + | Error Information Handle: Not Provided | ||
| + | Total Width: Unknown | ||
| + | Data Width: Unknown | ||
| + | Size: 8 GB | ||
| + | Form Factor: DIMM | ||
| + | Set: None | ||
| + | Locator: DIMM 0 | ||
| + | Bank Locator: Not Specified | ||
| + | Type: RAM | ||
| + | Type Detail: Other | ||
| + | Speed: Unknown | ||
| + | Manufacturer: | ||
| + | Serial Number: Not Specified | ||
| + | Asset Tag: Not Specified | ||
| + | Part Number: Not Specified | ||
| + | Rank: Unknown | ||
| + | Configured Memory Speed: Unknown | ||
| + | Minimum Voltage: Unknown | ||
| + | Maximum Voltage: Unknown | ||
| + | Configured Voltage: Unknown | ||
| + | |||
| + | Handle 0x1300, DMI type 19, 31 bytes | ||
| + | Memory Array Mapped Address | ||
| + | Starting Address: 0x00000000000 | ||
| + | Ending Address: 0x000BFFFFFFF | ||
| + | Range Size: 3 GB | ||
| + | Physical Array Handle: 0x1000 | ||
| + | Partition Width: 1 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Handle 0x1301, DMI type 19, 31 bytes | ||
| + | Memory Array Mapped Address | ||
| + | Starting Address: 0x00100000000 | ||
| + | Ending Address: 0x0023FFFFFFF | ||
| + | Range Size: 5 GB | ||
| + | Physical Array Handle: 0x1000 | ||
| + | Partition Width: 1 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Handle 0x2000, DMI type 32, 11 bytes | ||
| + | System Boot Information | ||
| + | Status: No errors detected | ||
| + | |||
| + | Handle 0x7F00, DMI type 127, 4 bytes | ||
| + | End Of Table | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Options de la commande=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de cette commande sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# dmidecode --help | ||
| + | Usage: dmidecode [OPTIONS] | ||
| + | Options are: | ||
| + | -d, --dev-mem FILE Read memory from device FILE (default: /dev/mem) | ||
| + | -h, --help | ||
| + | -q, --quiet | ||
| + | | ||
| + | -s, --string KEYWORD | ||
| + | -t, --type TYPE Only display the entries of given type | ||
| + | -H, --handle HANDLE | ||
| + | -u, --dump | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | -V, --version | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====1.8 - La Commande smartctl==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | **smartctl** contrôle le système SMART (Self-Monitoring, | ||
| + | |||
| + | Activez smartctl : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# smartctl --smart=on --saveauto=on --offlineauto=on /dev/sdb | ||
| + | smartctl 7.2 2020-12-30 r5155 [x86_64-linux-5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64] (local build) | ||
| + | Copyright (C) 2002-20, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org | ||
| + | |||
| + | === START OF ENABLE/ | ||
| + | SMART Enabled. | ||
| + | SMART Attribute Autosave Enabled. | ||
| + | SMART Automatic Timers not supported | ||
| + | |||
| + | SMART Enable Automatic Offline failed: scsi error badly formed scsi parameters | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# smartctl -a /dev/sdb | ||
| + | smartctl 7.2 2020-12-30 r5155 [x86_64-linux-5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64] (local build) | ||
| + | Copyright (C) 2002-20, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org | ||
| + | |||
| + | === START OF INFORMATION SECTION === | ||
| + | Device Model: | ||
| + | Serial Number: | ||
| + | Firmware Version: 2.5+ | ||
| + | User Capacity: | ||
| + | Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/ | ||
| + | TRIM Command: | ||
| + | Device is: Not in smartctl database [for details use: -P showall] | ||
| + | ATA Version is: | ||
| + | Local Time is: Tue Oct 22 15:38:47 2024 CEST | ||
| + | SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability. | ||
| + | SMART support is: Enabled | ||
| + | |||
| + | === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === | ||
| + | SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED | ||
| + | |||
| + | General SMART Values: | ||
| + | Offline data collection status: | ||
| + | was completed without error. | ||
| + | Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled. | ||
| + | Self-test execution status: | ||
| + | without error or no self-test has ever | ||
| + | been run. | ||
| + | Total time to complete Offline | ||
| + | data collection: | ||
| + | Offline data collection | ||
| + | capabilities: | ||
| + | No Auto Offline data collection support. | ||
| + | Suspend Offline collection upon new | ||
| + | command. | ||
| + | Offline surface scan supported. | ||
| + | Self-test supported. | ||
| + | No Conveyance Self-test supported. | ||
| + | No Selective Self-test supported. | ||
| + | SMART capabilities: | ||
| + | power-saving mode. | ||
| + | Supports SMART auto save timer. | ||
| + | Error logging capability: | ||
| + | No General Purpose Logging support. | ||
| + | Short self-test routine | ||
| + | recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes. | ||
| + | Extended self-test routine | ||
| + | recommended polling time: ( 54) minutes. | ||
| + | |||
| + | SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 1 | ||
| + | Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds: | ||
| + | ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME | ||
| + | 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate | ||
| + | 3 Spin_Up_Time | ||
| + | 4 Start_Stop_Count | ||
| + | 5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct | ||
| + | 9 Power_On_Hours | ||
| + | 12 Power_Cycle_Count | ||
| + | 190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0003 | ||
| + | |||
| + | SMART Error Log Version: 1 | ||
| + | No Errors Logged | ||
| + | |||
| + | SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1 | ||
| + | No self-tests have been logged. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Selective Self-tests/ | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Options de la commande=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de cette commande sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# smartctl --help | ||
| + | smartctl 7.2 2020-12-30 r5155 [x86_64-linux-5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64] (local build) | ||
| + | Copyright (C) 2002-20, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org | ||
| + | |||
| + | Usage: smartctl [options] device | ||
| + | |||
| + | ============================================ SHOW INFORMATION OPTIONS ===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | -h, --help, --usage | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | -V, --version, --copyright, | ||
| + | Print license, copyright, and version information and exit | ||
| + | |||
| + | -i, --info | ||
| + | Show identity information for device | ||
| + | |||
| + | --identify[=[w][nvb]] | ||
| + | Show words and bits from IDENTIFY DEVICE data (ATA) | ||
| + | |||
| + | -g NAME, --get=NAME | ||
| + | Get device setting: all, aam, apm, dsn, lookahead, security, | ||
| + | wcache, rcache, wcreorder, wcache-sct | ||
| + | |||
| + | -a, --all | ||
| + | Show all SMART information for device | ||
| + | |||
| + | -x, --xall | ||
| + | Show all information for device | ||
| + | |||
| + | --scan | ||
| + | Scan for devices | ||
| + | |||
| + | --scan-open | ||
| + | Scan for devices and try to open each device | ||
| + | |||
| + | ================================== SMARTCTL RUN-TIME BEHAVIOR OPTIONS ===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | -j, --json[=cgiosuvy] | ||
| + | Print output in JSON or YAML format | ||
| + | |||
| + | -q TYPE, --quietmode=TYPE | ||
| + | Set smartctl quiet mode to one of: errorsonly, silent, noserial | ||
| + | |||
| + | -d TYPE, --device=TYPE | ||
| + | | ||
| + | ata, scsi[+TYPE], | ||
| + | |||
| + | -T TYPE, --tolerance=TYPE | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | -b TYPE, --badsum=TYPE | ||
| + | Set action on bad checksum to one of: warn, exit, ignore | ||
| + | |||
| + | -r TYPE, --report=TYPE | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | -n MODE[, | ||
| + | No check if: never, sleep, standby, idle (see man page) | ||
| + | |||
| + | ============================== DEVICE FEATURE ENABLE/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | -s VALUE, --smart=VALUE | ||
| + | Enable/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | -o VALUE, --offlineauto=VALUE | ||
| + | Enable/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | -S VALUE, --saveauto=VALUE | ||
| + | Enable/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | -s NAME[, | ||
| + | Enable/ | ||
| + | dsn, | ||
| + | standby, | ||
| + | wcreorder, | ||
| + | |||
| + | ======================================= READ AND DISPLAY DATA OPTIONS ===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | -H, --health | ||
| + | Show device SMART health status | ||
| + | |||
| + | -c, --capabilities | ||
| + | Show device SMART capabilities | ||
| + | |||
| + | -A, --attributes | ||
| + | Show device SMART vendor-specific Attributes and values | ||
| + | |||
| + | -f FORMAT, --format=FORMAT | ||
| + | Set output format for attributes: old, brief, hex[, | ||
| + | |||
| + | -l TYPE, --log=TYPE | ||
| + | Show device log. TYPE: error, selftest, selective, directory[, | ||
| + | xerror[, | ||
| + | sasphy[, | ||
| + | scttempint, | ||
| + | gplog, | ||
| + | |||
| + | -v N,OPTION , --vendorattribute=N, | ||
| + | Set display OPTION for vendor Attribute N (see man page) | ||
| + | |||
| + | -F TYPE, --firmwarebug=TYPE | ||
| + | Use firmware bug workaround: | ||
| + | none, nologdir, samsung, samsung2, samsung3, xerrorlba, swapid | ||
| + | |||
| + | -P TYPE, --presets=TYPE | ||
| + | Drive-specific presets: use, ignore, show, showall | ||
| + | |||
| + | -B [+]FILE, --drivedb=[+]FILE | ||
| + | Read and replace [add] drive database from FILE | ||
| + | [default is +/ | ||
| + | and then / | ||
| + | |||
| + | ============================================ DEVICE SELF-TEST OPTIONS ===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | -t TEST, --test=TEST | ||
| + | Run test. TEST: offline, short, long, conveyance, force, vendor,N, | ||
| + | select,M-N, pending,N, afterselect, | ||
| + | |||
| + | -C, --captive | ||
| + | Do test in captive mode (along with -t) | ||
| + | |||
| + | -X, --abort | ||
| + | Abort any non-captive test on device | ||
| + | |||
| + | =================================================== SMARTCTL EXAMPLES ===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | smartctl --all / | ||
| + | |||
| + | smartctl --smart=on --offlineauto=on --saveauto=on /dev/sda | ||
| + | (Enables SMART on first disk) | ||
| + | |||
| + | smartctl --test=long / | ||
| + | |||
| + | smartctl --attributes --log=selftest --quietmode=errorsonly /dev/sda | ||
| + | (Prints Self-Test & Attribute errors) | ||
| + | smartctl --all --device=3ware, | ||
| + | smartctl --all --device=3ware, | ||
| + | smartctl --all --device=3ware, | ||
| + | smartctl --all --device=3ware, | ||
| + | (Prints all SMART info for 3rd ATA disk on 3ware RAID controller) | ||
| + | smartctl --all --device=hpt, | ||
| + | (Prints all SMART info for the SATA disk attached to the 3rd PMPort | ||
| + | of the 1st channel on the 1st HighPoint RAID controller) | ||
| + | smartctl --all --device=areca, | ||
| + | (Prints all SMART info for 3rd ATA disk of the 1st enclosure | ||
| + | on Areca RAID controller) | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====1.9 - Les Commandes accton et dump-acct==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cette commande permet d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# accton on | ||
| + | Turning on process accounting, file set to the default '/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl status psacct | ||
| + | ○ psacct.service - Kernel process accounting | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl enable --now psacct | ||
| + | Created symlink / | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl status psacct | ||
| + | ● psacct.service - Kernel process accounting | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Process: 2249 ExecStartPre=/ | ||
| + | Process: 2250 ExecStart=/ | ||
| + | Main PID: 2250 (code=exited, | ||
| + | CPU: 4ms | ||
| + | |||
| + | Oct 22 15:41:45 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Starting Kernel process accounting... | ||
| + | Oct 22 15:41:45 redhat9.ittraining.loc accton[2250]: | ||
| + | Oct 22 15:41:45 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Finished Kernel process accounting. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Par contre le fichier **/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | vg?H | ||
| + | _selinuxenablg(systemd-debugg? | ||
| + | acctg@@(systemd-tty-asgANsystemcg? | ||
| + | | ||
| + | gE(gmain | ||
| + | | ||
| + | gE' | ||
| + | | ||
| + | gE' | ||
| + | | ||
| + | gE*gmain | ||
| + | | ||
| + | PpackagekitdrgBGkworker/ | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | La commande **dump-acct** permet de voir son contenu mais pas de l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# dump-acct / | ||
| + | accton | ||
| + | less |v3| | ||
| + | systemctl | ||
| + | systemd-fstab-g |v3| | ||
| + | selinuxenabled | ||
| + | systemd-debug-g |v3| | ||
| + | podman-system-g |v3| | ||
| + | grep |v3| | ||
| + | selinux-autorel |v3| | ||
| + | systemd-hiberna |v3| | ||
| + | systemd-veritys |v3| | ||
| + | systemd-run-gen |v3| | ||
| + | systemd-integri |v3| | ||
| + | systemd-getty-g |v3| | ||
| + | systemd-sysv-ge |v3| | ||
| + | systemd-system- |v3| | ||
| + | ostree-system-g |v3| | ||
| + | systemd-cryptse |v3| | ||
| + | sed | ||
| + | kdump-dep-gener |v3| | ||
| + | systemd-rc-loca |v3| | ||
| + | grep |v3| | ||
| + | kdump-dep-gener |v3| | ||
| + | systemd-bless-b |v3| | ||
| + | systemd-gpt-aut |v3| | ||
| + | (sd-executor) | ||
| + | accton-create | ||
| + | accton | ||
| + | accton | ||
| + | systemd-tty-ask |v3| | ||
| + | systemctl | ||
| + | less |v3| | ||
| + | systemctl | ||
| + | unix_chkpwd | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | pwd | ||
| + | sh |v3| | ||
| + | crond | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | packagekitd | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | cat | ||
| + | systemd-tmpfile |v3| | ||
| + | systemd-tmpfile |v3| | ||
| + | unix_chkpwd | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | pwd | ||
| + | sh |v3| | ||
| + | crond | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | gmain | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====1.10 - La Commande lastcomm==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cette commande vous renseigne sur l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lastcomm | ||
| + | man root | ||
| + | dump-acct | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | crond SF root | ||
| + | sh | ||
| + | pwd trainee | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | unix_chkpwd | ||
| + | dump-acct | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | crond SF root | ||
| + | sh | ||
| + | pwd trainee | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | unix_chkpwd | ||
| + | systemd-tmpfile | ||
| + | systemd-tmpfile | ||
| + | cat root | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | packagekitd | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | kworker/ | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | crond SF root | ||
| + | sh | ||
| + | pwd trainee | ||
| + | gmain X polkitd | ||
| + | unix_chkpwd | ||
| + | systemctl | ||
| + | less | ||
| + | systemctl | ||
| + | systemd-tty-ask | ||
| + | accton | ||
| + | accton | ||
| + | accton-create | ||
| + | (sd-executor) | ||
| + | systemd-gpt-aut | ||
| + | systemd-bless-b | ||
| + | kdump-dep-gener | ||
| + | grep | ||
| + | systemd-rc-loca | ||
| + | kdump-dep-gener | ||
| + | sed root | ||
| + | systemd-cryptse | ||
| + | ostree-system-g | ||
| + | systemd-system- | ||
| + | systemd-sysv-ge | ||
| + | systemd-getty-g | ||
| + | systemd-integri | ||
| + | systemd-run-gen | ||
| + | systemd-veritys | ||
| + | systemd-hiberna | ||
| + | selinux-autorel | ||
| + | grep | ||
| + | podman-system-g | ||
| + | systemd-debug-g | ||
| + | selinuxenabled | ||
| + | systemd-fstab-g | ||
| + | systemctl | ||
| + | less | ||
| + | accton | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# lastcomm grep | ||
| + | grep | ||
| + | grep | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====1.11 - La Commande sa==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cette commande vous renseigne sur les statistiques sur les processus lancés et leurs ressources systèmes: | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# sa -u | egrep " | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 658k mem 0 io accton | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 55328k mem 0 io less | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 59200k mem 0 io systemctl | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 4560k mem 0 io systemd-fstab-g | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 859k mem 0 io selinuxenabled | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 4550k mem 0 io systemd-debug-g | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 55456k mem 0 io grep | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 55632k mem 0 io selinux-autorel | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 4548k mem 0 io systemd-hiberna | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 4556k mem 0 io systemd-veritys | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 4550k mem 0 io systemd-run-gen | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 4552k mem 0 io systemd-integri | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 4550k mem 0 io systemd-getty-g | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 4556k mem 0 io systemd-sysv-ge | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 4548k mem 0 io systemd-system- | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 6932k mem 0 io ostree-system-g | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 4556k mem 0 io systemd-cryptse | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 55488k mem 0 io sed | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 55792k mem 0 io kdump-dep-gener * | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 4550k mem 0 io systemd-rc-loca | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 55424k mem 0 io grep | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 55792k mem 0 io kdump-dep-gener | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 4550k mem 0 io systemd-bless-b | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 4552k mem 0 io systemd-gpt-aut | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 43520k mem 0 io (sd-executor) | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 55632k mem 0 io accton-create | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io accton | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 658k mem 0 io accton | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 4556k mem 0 io systemd-tty-ask | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 59424k mem 0 io systemctl | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 55328k mem 0 io less | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 59200k mem 0 io systemctl | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 977k mem 0 io unix_chkpwd | ||
| + | root 0.01 cpu 57776k mem 0 io crond * | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/ | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/ | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/ | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/ | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/ | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/ | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/ | ||
| + | root 0.01 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/ | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/ | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/ | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/ | ||
| + | root 0.12 cpu | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/ | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/ | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 0k mem 0 io kworker/ | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 55232k mem 0 io cat | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 977k mem 0 io unix_chkpwd | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 57776k mem 0 io crond * | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 759k mem 0 io dump-acct | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 977k mem 0 io unix_chkpwd | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 57776k mem 0 io crond * | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 660k mem 0 io dump-acct | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 55552k mem 0 io man | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 760k mem 0 io lastcomm | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 977k mem 0 io unix_chkpwd | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 57776k mem 0 io crond * | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 760k mem 0 io lastcomm | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 977k mem 0 io unix_chkpwd | ||
| + | root 0.01 cpu 57776k mem 0 io crond * | ||
| + | root 0.00 cpu 661k mem 0 io lastcomm | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====1.12 - La Commande ac==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cette commande vous renseigne sur les statistiques des temps de connexion des utilisateurs : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ac -p | ||
| + | trainee | ||
| + | total | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ac -d | ||
| + | Oct 19 total | ||
| + | Sep 25 total 1.49 | ||
| + | Sep 30 total 0.04 | ||
| + | Oct 21 total 6.08 | ||
| + | Today | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Options de la commande=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de cette commande sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ac --help | ||
| + | |||
| + | Usage: ac [OPTION] ... | ||
| + | |||
| + | OPTIONS: | ||
| + | -d, --daily-totals | ||
| + | -p, --individual-totals | ||
| + | -f, --file < | ||
| + | --complain | ||
| + | --reboots | ||
| + | --supplants | ||
| + | --timewarps | ||
| + | --compatibility | ||
| + | -a, --all-days | ||
| + | --tw-leniency < | ||
| + | --tw-suspicious < | ||
| + | --print-year | ||
| + | --print-zeros | ||
| + | --debug | ||
| + | -V, --version | ||
| + | -h, --help | ||
| + | |||
| + | The system' | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | =====LAB #2 - Réglage de la performance du système===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====2.1 - Présentation==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Le daemon **tuned** permet de régler la performance du système en fonction de profils contenant des paramètres de configuration du noyau pré-définis. Lors de l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl status tuned | ||
| + | ○ tuned.service - Dynamic System Tuning Daemon | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Docs: man: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Le daemon peut être configuré pour modifier d'une manière dynamique les paramètres du noyau en fonction de la charge du système, en commencant avec les valeurs incluent dans le profil actif. Pour faire ceci, le daemon utilise des modules plug-ins **monitor** et des modules plug-ins **tuning**. Les plug-ins **monitor** analysent le système et fournissent les informations recoltées aux plug-ins **tuning** qui les utilisent pour appliquer des modifications dynamiques. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les plugs-in **monitor** sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * **disk** - surveille le nombre d' | ||
| + | * **net** - surveille le nombre de paquets transmis par chaque interface réseau, | ||
| + | * **load** - surveille la charge de chaque CPU. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les plug-ins **tuning** corréspondants sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * **disk** - définit différents paramètres de disque, par exemple le planificateur de disque ou la gestion avancée de l' | ||
| + | * **net** - configure la vitesse de l' | ||
| + | * **cpu** - définit différents paramètres des CPU par exemple le CPU governor ou la latence. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====2.2 - Le fichier / | ||
| + | |||
| + | Pour activer le mode dynamique, modifiez la valeur de la directive **dynamic_tuning** dans le fichier **/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# vi / | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | # Global tuned configuration file. | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Whether to use daemon. Without daemon it just applies tuning. It is | ||
| + | # not recommended, | ||
| + | # e.g. there will be no D-Bus, no rollback of settings, no hotplug, | ||
| + | # no dynamic tuning, ... | ||
| + | daemon = 1 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Dynamicaly tune devices, if disabled only static tuning will be used. | ||
| + | dynamic_tuning = 1 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # How long to sleep before checking for events (in seconds) | ||
| + | # higher number means lower overhead but longer response time. | ||
| + | sleep_interval = 1 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Update interval for dynamic tunings (in seconds). | ||
| + | # It must be multiply of the sleep_interval. | ||
| + | update_interval = 10 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Recommend functionality, | ||
| + | # available in CLI, daemon will not parse recommend.conf but will return | ||
| + | # one hardcoded profile (by default " | ||
| + | recommend_command = 1 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Whether to reapply sysctl from / | ||
| + | # / | ||
| + | # after TuneD sysctls are applied, i.e. TuneD sysctls will not | ||
| + | # override user-provided system sysctls. | ||
| + | reapply_sysctl = 1 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Default priority assigned to instances | ||
| + | default_instance_priority = 0 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Udev buffer size | ||
| + | udev_buffer_size = 1MB | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Log file count | ||
| + | log_file_count = 2 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Log file max size | ||
| + | log_file_max_size = 1MB | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Preset system uname string for architecture specific tuning. | ||
| + | # It can be used to force tuning for specific architecture. | ||
| + | # If commented, " | ||
| + | # uname_string = x86_64 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Preset system cpuinfo string for architecture specific tuning. | ||
| + | # It can be used to force tuning for specific architecture. | ||
| + | # If commented, "/ | ||
| + | # cpuinfo_string = Intel | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Enable TuneD listening on dbus | ||
| + | # enable_dbus = 1 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Enable TuneD listening on unix domain socket | ||
| + | # As this functionality is not used commonly, we disable it by default | ||
| + | # and it is needed to allow it manually | ||
| + | # enable_unix_socket = 0 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Path to socket for TuneD to listen | ||
| + | # Existing files on given path will be removed | ||
| + | # unix_socket_path = / | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Paths to sockets for TuneD to send signals to separated by , or ; | ||
| + | # unix_socket_signal_paths = | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Default unix socket ownership | ||
| + | # Can be set as id or name, -1 or non-existing name leaves unchanged | ||
| + | # unix_socket_ownership = -1 -1 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Permissions for listening sockets | ||
| + | # unix_socket_permissions = 0o600 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Size of connections backlog for listen function on socket | ||
| + | # Higher value allows to process requests from more clients | ||
| + | # connections_backlog = 1024 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # TuneD daemon rollback strategy. Supported values: auto|not_on_exit | ||
| + | # - auto: rollbacks are always performed on a profile switch or | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # - not_on_exit: | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # rollback = auto | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Activez et démarrez le daemon **tuned** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl enable --now tuned | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl status tuned | ||
| + | ● tuned.service - Dynamic System Tuning Daemon | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Docs: man: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Main PID: 3060 (tuned) | ||
| + | Tasks: 4 (limit: 48800) | ||
| + | | ||
| + | CPU: 411ms | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | Oct 22 16:13:45 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Starting Dynamic System Tuning Daemon... | ||
| + | Oct 22 16:13:46 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Started Dynamic System Tuning Daemon. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====2.3 - Profils==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les profils sont stocké dans le répertoire **ls / | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ls / | ||
| + | accelerator-performance | ||
| + | aws desktop | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Consultez le fichier **/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # tuned configuration | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | |||
| + | [main] | ||
| + | summary=Broadly applicable tuning that provides excellent performance across a variety of common server workloads | ||
| + | |||
| + | [variables] | ||
| + | thunderx_cpuinfo_regex=CPU part\s+: | ||
| + | amd_cpuinfo_regex=model name\s+: | ||
| + | |||
| + | [cpu] | ||
| + | governor=performance | ||
| + | energy_perf_bias=performance | ||
| + | min_perf_pct=100 | ||
| + | energy_performance_preference=performance | ||
| + | |||
| + | [acpi] | ||
| + | platform_profile=performance | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Marvell ThunderX | ||
| + | [vm.thunderx] | ||
| + | type=vm | ||
| + | uname_regex=aarch64 | ||
| + | cpuinfo_regex=${thunderx_cpuinfo_regex} | ||
| + | transparent_hugepages=never | ||
| + | |||
| + | [disk] | ||
| + | # The default unit for readahead is KiB. This can be adjusted to sectors | ||
| + | # by specifying the relevant suffix, eg. (readahead => 8192 s). There must | ||
| + | # be at least one space between the number and suffix (if suffix is specified). | ||
| + | readahead=> | ||
| + | |||
| + | [sysctl] | ||
| + | # If a workload mostly uses anonymous memory and it hits this limit, the entire | ||
| + | # working set is buffered for I/O, and any more write buffering would require | ||
| + | # swapping, so it's time to throttle writes until I/O can catch up. Workloads | ||
| + | # that mostly use file mappings may be able to use even higher values. | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # The generator of dirty data starts writeback at this percentage (system default | ||
| + | # is 20%) | ||
| + | vm.dirty_ratio = 40 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Start background writeback (via writeback threads) at this percentage (system | ||
| + | # default is 10%) | ||
| + | vm.dirty_background_ratio = 10 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # PID allocation wrap value. | ||
| + | # reaches this value, it wraps back to a minimum PID value. | ||
| + | # PIDs of value pid_max or larger are not allocated. | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # A suggested value for pid_max is 1024 * <# of cpu cores/ | ||
| + | # e.g., a box with 32 cpus, the default of 32768 is reasonable, for 64 cpus, | ||
| + | # 65536, for 4096 cpus, 4194304 (which is the upper limit possible). | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | |||
| + | # The swappiness parameter controls the tendency of the kernel to move | ||
| + | # processes out of physical memory and onto the swap disk. | ||
| + | # 0 tells the kernel to avoid swapping processes out of physical memory | ||
| + | # for as long as possible | ||
| + | # 100 tells the kernel to aggressively swap processes out of physical memory | ||
| + | # and move them to swap cache | ||
| + | vm.swappiness=10 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # The default kernel value 128 was over twenty years old default, | ||
| + | # kernel-5.4 increased it to 4096, thus do not have it lower than 2048 | ||
| + | # on older kernels | ||
| + | net.core.somaxconn=> | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Marvell ThunderX | ||
| + | [sysctl.thunderx] | ||
| + | type=sysctl | ||
| + | uname_regex=aarch64 | ||
| + | cpuinfo_regex=${thunderx_cpuinfo_regex} | ||
| + | kernel.numa_balancing=0 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Pour consulter le profil actif, utilisez la commande suivante : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# tuned-adm active | ||
| + | Current active profile: virtual-guest | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ce profil est choisit par le système en fonction de la sortie de la sous-commande **recommend** de la commande **tuned-adm** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# tuned-adm recommend | ||
| + | virtual-guest | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | La sous-commande **list** de la commande **tuned-adm** permet de consulter les profils disponibles : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# tuned-adm list | ||
| + | Available profiles: | ||
| + | - accelerator-performance | ||
| + | - aws - Optimize for aws ec2 instances | ||
| + | - balanced | ||
| + | - desktop | ||
| + | - hpc-compute | ||
| + | - intel-sst | ||
| + | - latency-performance | ||
| + | - network-latency | ||
| + | - network-throughput | ||
| + | - optimize-serial-console | ||
| + | - powersave | ||
| + | - throughput-performance | ||
| + | - virtual-guest | ||
| + | - virtual-host | ||
| + | Current active profile: virtual-guest | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les profiles fournit avec RedHat 9 sont les suivants : | ||
| + | |||
| + | ^ Profile ^ Description ^ | ||
| + | | accelerator-performance | Il s'agit d'un réglage identique au throughput-performance, | ||
| + | | aws | Optimiser pour les instances aws ec2 | | ||
| + | | balanced | Idéal pour les systèmes qui nécessitent un compromis entre économie d' | ||
| + | | desktop | Dérivé du profil balanced. Permet une réponse plus rapide des applications interactives. | | ||
| + | | hpc-compute | Dérivé du profil latency-performance. Idéal pour l' | ||
| + | | intel-sst | Optimisé pour les systèmes dotés de configurations Intel Speed Select Technology. A utiliser en superposition à d' | ||
| + | | latency-performance | Idéal pour les systèmes de serveurs qui nécessitent une faible latence au détriment de la consommation d' | ||
| + | | network-latency | Dérivé du profil latency-performance. Permet d' | ||
| + | | network-throughput | Dérivé du profil throughput-performance. Des paramètres supplémentaires de réglage du réseau sont appliqués pour obtenir un débit maximal. | | ||
| + | | optimize-serial-console | Augmente la réactivité de la console série. A utiliser en superposition à d' | ||
| + | | powersave | Permet de régler le système pour une économie d' | ||
| + | | throughput-performance | Permet de régler le système pour obtenir un débit maximal. | | ||
| + | | virtual-guest | Permet d' | ||
| + | | virtual-host | Permet de régler le système pour qu'il soit le plus performant possible s'il sert d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Modifiez le profil actif à **throughput-performance** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# tuned-adm profile throughput-performance | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# tuned-adm active | ||
| + | Current active profile: throughput-performance | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Verifiez la valeur de **vm.spappiness** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# sysctl vm.swappiness | ||
| + | vm.swappiness = 10 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Pour désactiver l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# tuned-adm off | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# tuned-adm active | ||
| + | No current active profile. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cette commande n' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl status tuned | ||
| + | ● tuned.service - Dynamic System Tuning Daemon | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Docs: man: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Main PID: 3060 (tuned) | ||
| + | Tasks: 2 (limit: 48800) | ||
| + | | ||
| + | CPU: 2.028s | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | Oct 22 16:13:45 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Starting Dynamic System Tuning Daemon... | ||
| + | Oct 22 16:13:46 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Started Dynamic System Tuning Daemon. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Notez que la valeur de **vm.spappiness** a été modifiée : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# sysctl vm.swappiness | ||
| + | vm.swappiness = 60 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Pour activer l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# tuned-adm profile throughput-performance | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# tuned-adm active | ||
| + | Current active profile: throughput-performance | ||
| + | < | ||
| + | |||
| + | Dernièrement, | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl disable --now tuned | ||
| + | Removed "/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl status tuned | ||
| + | ○ tuned.service - Dynamic System Tuning Daemon | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Docs: man: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Process: 3060 ExecStart=/ | ||
| + | Main PID: 3060 (code=exited, | ||
| + | CPU: 2.233s | ||
| + | |||
| + | Oct 22 16:13:45 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Starting Dynamic System Tuning Daemon... | ||
| + | Oct 22 16:13:46 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Started Dynamic System Tuning Daemon. | ||
| + | Oct 22 17:29:32 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Stopping Dynamic System Tuning Daemon... | ||
| + | Oct 22 17:29:32 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: tuned.service: | ||
| + | Oct 22 17:29:32 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Stopped Dynamic System Tuning Daemon. | ||
| + | Oct 22 17:29:32 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: tuned.service: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | =====LAB #3 - La commande sysctl===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====3.1 - Répertoire /proc==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Le répertoire /proc contient des fichiers et des répertoires virtuels. Le contenu de ces fichiers est créé dynamiquement lors de la consultation. Seul root peut consulter la totalité des informations dans le répertoire /proc. | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ls /proc | ||
| + | 1 | ||
| + | 10 15 1671 1752 1767 2081 29 413 438 454 530 566 655 74421 772 78 | ||
| + | 1036 16 1678 1753 18 21 3 | ||
| + | 12 1626 1694 1754 1887 22 30 42 | ||
| + | 1240 1628 1695 1755 2 | ||
| + | 1266 1629 1696 1756 20 239 | ||
| + | 1279 1631 17 1757 2015 24 34 431 442 491 560 58 | ||
| + | 1280 1632 1725 1758 2038 241 | ||
| + | 1281 1633 1741 1759 2042 243 | ||
| + | 1282 1641 1743 1764 2053 27 38 435 445 51 | ||
| + | 13 1660 1747 1765 2055 28 4 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Fichiers=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Processeur== | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | processor | ||
| + | vendor_id | ||
| + | cpu family | ||
| + | model : 86 | ||
| + | model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU D-1541 @ 2.10GHz | ||
| + | stepping | ||
| + | microcode | ||
| + | cpu MHz : 2099.998 | ||
| + | cache size : 16384 KB | ||
| + | physical id : 0 | ||
| + | siblings | ||
| + | core id : 0 | ||
| + | cpu cores : 2 | ||
| + | apicid | ||
| + | initial apicid | ||
| + | fpu : yes | ||
| + | fpu_exception | ||
| + | cpuid level : 20 | ||
| + | wp : yes | ||
| + | flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon rep_good nopl xtopology cpuid tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq vmx ssse3 fma cx16 pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch cpuid_fault pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm rdseed adx smap xsaveopt arat vnmi umip md_clear arch_capabilities | ||
| + | vmx flags : vnmi preemption_timer posted_intr invvpid ept_x_only ept_ad ept_1gb flexpriority apicv tsc_offset vtpr mtf vapic ept vpid unrestricted_guest vapic_reg vid shadow_vmcs pml | ||
| + | bugs : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs taa mmio_stale_data | ||
| + | bogomips | ||
| + | clflush size : 64 | ||
| + | cache_alignment : 64 | ||
| + | address sizes : 46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual | ||
| + | power management: | ||
| + | |||
| + | processor | ||
| + | vendor_id | ||
| + | cpu family | ||
| + | model : 86 | ||
| + | model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU D-1541 @ 2.10GHz | ||
| + | stepping | ||
| + | microcode | ||
| + | cpu MHz : 2099.998 | ||
| + | cache size : 16384 KB | ||
| + | physical id : 0 | ||
| + | siblings | ||
| + | core id : 1 | ||
| + | cpu cores : 2 | ||
| + | apicid | ||
| + | initial apicid | ||
| + | fpu : yes | ||
| + | fpu_exception | ||
| + | cpuid level : 20 | ||
| + | wp : yes | ||
| + | flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon rep_good nopl xtopology cpuid tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq vmx ssse3 fma cx16 pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch cpuid_fault pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm rdseed adx smap xsaveopt arat vnmi umip md_clear arch_capabilities | ||
| + | vmx flags : vnmi preemption_timer posted_intr invvpid ept_x_only ept_ad ept_1gb flexpriority apicv tsc_offset vtpr mtf vapic ept vpid unrestricted_guest vapic_reg vid shadow_vmcs pml | ||
| + | bugs : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs taa mmio_stale_data | ||
| + | bogomips | ||
| + | clflush size : 64 | ||
| + | cache_alignment : 64 | ||
| + | address sizes : 46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual | ||
| + | power management: | ||
| + | |||
| + | processor | ||
| + | vendor_id | ||
| + | cpu family | ||
| + | model : 86 | ||
| + | model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU D-1541 @ 2.10GHz | ||
| + | stepping | ||
| + | microcode | ||
| + | cpu MHz : 2099.998 | ||
| + | cache size : 16384 KB | ||
| + | physical id : 1 | ||
| + | siblings | ||
| + | core id : 0 | ||
| + | cpu cores : 2 | ||
| + | apicid | ||
| + | initial apicid | ||
| + | fpu : yes | ||
| + | fpu_exception | ||
| + | cpuid level : 20 | ||
| + | wp : yes | ||
| + | flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon rep_good nopl xtopology cpuid tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq vmx ssse3 fma cx16 pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch cpuid_fault pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm rdseed adx smap xsaveopt arat vnmi umip md_clear arch_capabilities | ||
| + | vmx flags : vnmi preemption_timer posted_intr invvpid ept_x_only ept_ad ept_1gb flexpriority apicv tsc_offset vtpr mtf vapic ept vpid unrestricted_guest vapic_reg vid shadow_vmcs pml | ||
| + | bugs : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs taa mmio_stale_data | ||
| + | bogomips | ||
| + | clflush size : 64 | ||
| + | cache_alignment : 64 | ||
| + | address sizes : 46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual | ||
| + | power management: | ||
| + | |||
| + | processor | ||
| + | vendor_id | ||
| + | cpu family | ||
| + | model : 86 | ||
| + | model name : Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU D-1541 @ 2.10GHz | ||
| + | stepping | ||
| + | microcode | ||
| + | cpu MHz : 2099.998 | ||
| + | cache size : 16384 KB | ||
| + | physical id : 1 | ||
| + | siblings | ||
| + | core id : 1 | ||
| + | cpu cores : 2 | ||
| + | apicid | ||
| + | initial apicid | ||
| + | fpu : yes | ||
| + | fpu_exception | ||
| + | cpuid level : 20 | ||
| + | wp : yes | ||
| + | flags : fpu vme de pse tsc msr pae mce cx8 apic sep mtrr pge mca cmov pat pse36 clflush mmx fxsr sse sse2 ss ht syscall nx pdpe1gb rdtscp lm constant_tsc arch_perfmon rep_good nopl xtopology cpuid tsc_known_freq pni pclmulqdq vmx ssse3 fma cx16 pdcm pcid sse4_1 sse4_2 x2apic movbe popcnt tsc_deadline_timer aes xsave avx f16c rdrand hypervisor lahf_lm abm 3dnowprefetch cpuid_fault pti ssbd ibrs ibpb stibp tpr_shadow flexpriority ept vpid ept_ad fsgsbase tsc_adjust bmi1 hle avx2 smep bmi2 erms invpcid rtm rdseed adx smap xsaveopt arat vnmi umip md_clear arch_capabilities | ||
| + | vmx flags : vnmi preemption_timer posted_intr invvpid ept_x_only ept_ad ept_1gb flexpriority apicv tsc_offset vtpr mtf vapic ept vpid unrestricted_guest vapic_reg vid shadow_vmcs pml | ||
| + | bugs : cpu_meltdown spectre_v1 spectre_v2 spec_store_bypass l1tf mds swapgs taa mmio_stale_data | ||
| + | bogomips | ||
| + | clflush size : 64 | ||
| + | cache_alignment : 64 | ||
| + | address sizes : 46 bits physical, 48 bits virtual | ||
| + | power management: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Interruptions système== | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | | ||
| + | 0: | ||
| + | 1: 9 0 0 0 | ||
| + | 8: 0 1 0 0 | ||
| + | 9: 0 0 0 0 | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | NMI: 0 0 0 0 | ||
| + | LOC: 1738095 | ||
| + | SPU: 0 0 0 0 | ||
| + | PMI: 0 0 0 0 | ||
| + | IWI: 2 2 0 0 IRQ work interrupts | ||
| + | RTR: 0 0 0 0 APIC ICR read retries | ||
| + | RES: 67302 65493 50955 48179 | ||
| + | CAL: | ||
| + | TLB: 27935 27127 25742 26719 TLB shootdowns | ||
| + | TRM: 0 0 0 0 | ||
| + | THR: 0 0 0 0 | ||
| + | DFR: 0 0 0 0 | ||
| + | MCE: 0 0 0 0 | ||
| + | MCP: 233 233 233 233 | ||
| + | HYP: 1 1 1 1 | ||
| + | ERR: 0 | ||
| + | MIS: 0 | ||
| + | PIN: 0 0 0 0 | ||
| + | NPI: 0 0 0 0 | ||
| + | PIW: 0 0 0 0 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
| + | **Important** : Un pilote de périphérique demande au processeur de fournir un service en utilisant un IRQ. Quand la demande est faite, le processeur interrompe ses activités et passe le contrôle au pilote identifié par l'IRQ. Techniquement l' | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Canaux DMA== | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat /proc/dma | ||
| + | 4: cascade | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Plages d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | 0000-0cf7 : PCI Bus 0000:00 | ||
| + | 0000-001f : dma1 | ||
| + | 0020-0021 : pic1 | ||
| + | 0040-0043 : timer0 | ||
| + | 0050-0053 : timer1 | ||
| + | 0060-0060 : keyboard | ||
| + | 0064-0064 : keyboard | ||
| + | 0070-0077 : rtc0 | ||
| + | 0080-008f : dma page reg | ||
| + | 00a0-00a1 : pic2 | ||
| + | 00c0-00df : dma2 | ||
| + | 00f0-00ff : fpu | ||
| + | 0170-0177 : 0000: | ||
| + | 0170-0177 : ata_piix | ||
| + | 01f0-01f7 : 0000: | ||
| + | 01f0-01f7 : ata_piix | ||
| + | 0376-0376 : 0000: | ||
| + | 0376-0376 : ata_piix | ||
| + | 03c0-03df : vga+ | ||
| + | 03f6-03f6 : 0000: | ||
| + | 03f6-03f6 : ata_piix | ||
| + | 0510-051b : QEMU0002: | ||
| + | 0510-051b : fw_cfg_io | ||
| + | 0600-063f : 0000: | ||
| + | 0600-0603 : ACPI PM1a_EVT_BLK | ||
| + | 0604-0605 : ACPI PM1a_CNT_BLK | ||
| + | 0608-060b : ACPI PM_TMR | ||
| + | 0700-070f : 0000: | ||
| + | 0700-0708 : piix4_smbus | ||
| + | 0cf8-0cff : PCI conf1 | ||
| + | 0d00-ffff : PCI Bus 0000:00 | ||
| + | afe0-afe3 : ACPI GPE0_BLK | ||
| + | c000-cfff : PCI Bus 0000:03 | ||
| + | d000-dfff : PCI Bus 0000:02 | ||
| + | e000-efff : PCI Bus 0000:01 | ||
| + | e000-e03f : 0000: | ||
| + | f000-f03f : 0000: | ||
| + | f040-f05f : 0000: | ||
| + | f040-f05f : uhci_hcd | ||
| + | f060-f07f : 0000: | ||
| + | f060-f07f : ahci | ||
| + | f080-f09f : 0000: | ||
| + | f0a0-f0af : 0000: | ||
| + | f0a0-f0af : ata_piix | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round alert 60%> | ||
| + | **Important** - Si deux périphériques ont le même port, les **deux** périphériques seront inutilisables. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Périphériques== | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | Character devices: | ||
| + | 1 mem | ||
| + | 4 /dev/vc/0 | ||
| + | 4 tty | ||
| + | 4 ttyS | ||
| + | 5 /dev/tty | ||
| + | 5 / | ||
| + | 5 /dev/ptmx | ||
| + | 7 vcs | ||
| + | 10 misc | ||
| + | 13 input | ||
| + | 14 sound | ||
| + | 21 sg | ||
| + | 29 fb | ||
| + | 116 alsa | ||
| + | 128 ptm | ||
| + | 136 pts | ||
| + | 180 usb | ||
| + | 188 ttyUSB | ||
| + | 189 usb_device | ||
| + | 202 cpu/msr | ||
| + | 203 cpu/cpuid | ||
| + | 226 drm | ||
| + | 242 hidraw | ||
| + | 243 ttyDBC | ||
| + | 244 usbmon | ||
| + | 245 wwan_port | ||
| + | 246 bsg | ||
| + | 247 watchdog | ||
| + | 248 ptp | ||
| + | 249 pps | ||
| + | 250 rtc | ||
| + | 251 dma_heap | ||
| + | 252 dax | ||
| + | 253 tpm | ||
| + | 254 gpiochip | ||
| + | |||
| + | Block devices: | ||
| + | 8 sd | ||
| + | 9 md | ||
| + | 11 sr | ||
| + | 65 sd | ||
| + | 66 sd | ||
| + | 67 sd | ||
| + | 68 sd | ||
| + | 69 sd | ||
| + | 70 sd | ||
| + | 71 sd | ||
| + | 128 sd | ||
| + | 129 sd | ||
| + | 130 sd | ||
| + | 131 sd | ||
| + | 132 sd | ||
| + | 133 sd | ||
| + | 134 sd | ||
| + | 135 sd | ||
| + | 253 device-mapper | ||
| + | 254 mdp | ||
| + | 259 blkext | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Modules== | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | tls 159744 0 - Live 0xffffffffc0d1a000 | ||
| + | snd_seq_dummy 16384 0 - Live 0xffffffffc0d15000 | ||
| + | snd_hrtimer 16384 1 - Live 0xffffffffc0d10000 | ||
| + | snd_seq 131072 7 snd_seq_dummy, | ||
| + | snd_timer 53248 2 snd_hrtimer, | ||
| + | snd_seq_device 16384 1 snd_seq, Live 0xffffffffc0b6d000 | ||
| + | snd 147456 5 snd_seq, | ||
| + | soundcore 16384 1 snd, Live 0xffffffffc0b68000 | ||
| + | nft_fib_inet 16384 1 - Live 0xffffffffc0b63000 | ||
| + | nft_fib_ipv4 16384 1 nft_fib_inet, | ||
| + | nft_fib_ipv6 16384 1 nft_fib_inet, | ||
| + | nft_fib 16384 3 nft_fib_inet, | ||
| + | nft_reject_inet 16384 6 - Live 0xffffffffc0b4f000 | ||
| + | nf_reject_ipv4 16384 1 nft_reject_inet, | ||
| + | nf_reject_ipv6 24576 1 nft_reject_inet, | ||
| + | nft_reject 16384 1 nft_reject_inet, | ||
| + | nft_ct 24576 7 - Live 0xffffffffc0b32000 | ||
| + | nft_chain_nat 16384 3 - Live 0xffffffffc0b39000 | ||
| + | nf_nat 61440 1 nft_chain_nat, | ||
| + | nf_conntrack 217088 2 nft_ct, | ||
| + | nf_defrag_ipv6 24576 1 nf_conntrack, | ||
| + | nf_defrag_ipv4 16384 1 nf_conntrack, | ||
| + | ip_set 69632 0 - Live 0xffffffffc0ace000 | ||
| + | rfkill 40960 3 - Live 0xffffffffc0ac3000 | ||
| + | nf_tables 356352 194 nft_fib_inet, | ||
| + | nfnetlink 20480 3 ip_set, | ||
| + | qrtr 57344 4 - Live 0xffffffffc0a56000 | ||
| + | intel_rapl_msr 20480 0 - Live 0xffffffffc0a50000 | ||
| + | intel_rapl_common 45056 1 intel_rapl_msr, | ||
| + | intel_uncore_frequency_common 16384 0 - Live 0xffffffffc0a3f000 | ||
| + | kvm_intel 442368 0 - Live 0xffffffffc09d2000 | ||
| + | kvm 1335296 1 kvm_intel, Live 0xffffffffc0b75000 | ||
| + | irqbypass 16384 1 kvm, Live 0xffffffffc09cd000 | ||
| + | rapl 28672 0 - Live 0xffffffffc09c5000 | ||
| + | i2c_piix4 32768 0 - Live 0xffffffffc09bc000 | ||
| + | pcspkr 16384 0 - Live 0xffffffffc09b7000 | ||
| + | virtio_balloon 28672 0 - Live 0xffffffffc0738000 | ||
| + | joydev 28672 0 - Live 0xffffffffc0730000 | ||
| + | xfs 2510848 2 - Live 0xffffffffc0751000 | ||
| + | libcrc32c 16384 4 nf_nat, | ||
| + | sr_mod 28672 0 - Live 0xffffffffc06c9000 | ||
| + | cdrom 90112 1 sr_mod, Live 0xffffffffc0719000 | ||
| + | ata_generic 16384 0 - Live 0xffffffffc0714000 | ||
| + | bochs 20480 1 - Live 0xffffffffc070e000 | ||
| + | drm_vram_helper 28672 1 bochs, Live 0xffffffffc065a000 | ||
| + | drm_kms_helper 245760 4 bochs, | ||
| + | syscopyarea 16384 1 drm_kms_helper, | ||
| + | sysfillrect 16384 1 drm_kms_helper, | ||
| + | sysimgblt 16384 1 drm_kms_helper, | ||
| + | ata_piix 45056 0 - Live 0xffffffffc06b8000 | ||
| + | crct10dif_pclmul 16384 1 - Live 0xffffffffc068c000 | ||
| + | fb_sys_fops 16384 1 drm_kms_helper, | ||
| + | drm_ttm_helper 16384 2 bochs, | ||
| + | sd_mod 90112 3 - Live 0xffffffffc0643000 | ||
| + | crc32_pclmul 16384 0 - Live 0xffffffffc0636000 | ||
| + | --More-- | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Statistiques de l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | 11 0 sr0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Partitions== | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | major minor # | ||
| + | |||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | 11 0 1048575 sr0 | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Espaces de pagination== | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | Filename | ||
| + | / | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Statistiques d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | 0.00 0.00 0.00 1/517 78961 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Statistiques d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | MemTotal: | ||
| + | MemFree: | ||
| + | MemAvailable: | ||
| + | Buffers: | ||
| + | Cached: | ||
| + | SwapCached: | ||
| + | Active: | ||
| + | Inactive: | ||
| + | Active(anon): | ||
| + | Inactive(anon): | ||
| + | Active(file): | ||
| + | Inactive(file): | ||
| + | Unevictable: | ||
| + | Mlocked: | ||
| + | SwapTotal: | ||
| + | SwapFree: | ||
| + | Zswap: | ||
| + | Zswapped: | ||
| + | Dirty: | ||
| + | Writeback: | ||
| + | AnonPages: | ||
| + | Mapped: | ||
| + | Shmem: | ||
| + | KReclaimable: | ||
| + | Slab: | ||
| + | SReclaimable: | ||
| + | SUnreclaim: | ||
| + | KernelStack: | ||
| + | PageTables: | ||
| + | SecPageTables: | ||
| + | NFS_Unstable: | ||
| + | Bounce: | ||
| + | WritebackTmp: | ||
| + | CommitLimit: | ||
| + | Committed_AS: | ||
| + | VmallocTotal: | ||
| + | VmallocUsed: | ||
| + | VmallocChunk: | ||
| + | Percpu: | ||
| + | HardwareCorrupted: | ||
| + | AnonHugePages: | ||
| + | ShmemHugePages: | ||
| + | ShmemPmdMapped: | ||
| + | FileHugePages: | ||
| + | FilePmdMapped: | ||
| + | CmaTotal: | ||
| + | CmaFree: | ||
| + | Unaccepted: | ||
| + | HugePages_Total: | ||
| + | HugePages_Free: | ||
| + | HugePages_Rsvd: | ||
| + | HugePages_Surp: | ||
| + | Hugepagesize: | ||
| + | Hugetlb: | ||
| + | DirectMap4k: | ||
| + | DirectMap2M: | ||
| + | DirectMap1G: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Version du noyau== | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | Linux version 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (mockbuild@x86-64-02.build.eng.rdu2.redhat.com) (gcc (GCC) 11.4.1 20231218 (Red Hat 11.4.1-3), GNU ld version 2.35.2-43.el9) #1 SMP PREEMPT_DYNAMIC Fri Sep 13 12:41:50 EDT 2024 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Répertoires=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==ide/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ce répertoire contient des répertoires dans lesquels se trouvent des informations sur la capacité, le type et la géométrie des disques. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==acpi== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ce répertoire contient des informations sur la gestion de l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==bus== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ce répertoire contient un sous-répertoire par bus. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==net== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ce répertoire contient des informations sur le réseau. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==sys== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ce répertoire contient des paramètres du noyau. Certains des fichiers dans ce répertoire sont accessibles en écriture par root en temps réel. Par exemple pour éviter des attaques réseau **%%DoS%%** utilisant la commande **ping**, saisissez la commande suivante : | ||
| + | |||
| + | # echo 1 > / | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cette commande a pour résultat d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====3.2 - Utilisation de la Commande sysctl==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les fichiers dans le répertoire **/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | La commande **sysctl** applique les règles consignés dans le fichier **/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Saisissez la commande : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | # sysctl settings are defined through files in | ||
| + | # / | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # Vendors settings live in / | ||
| + | # To override a whole file, create a new file with the same in | ||
| + | # / | ||
| + | # only specific settings, add a file with a lexically later | ||
| + | # name in / | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # For more information, | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l / | ||
| + | total 0 | ||
| + | lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 14 Jul 18 13:00 99-sysctl.conf -> ../ | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l / | ||
| + | total 28 | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1810 Dec 11 2023 10-default-yama-scope.conf | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1816 Jul 18 13:00 50-coredump.conf | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 1919 Oct 31 2022 50-default.conf | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 246 Dec 7 2023 50-libkcapi-optmem_max.conf | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 635 Oct 31 2022 50-pid-max.conf | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 203 Apr 24 13:50 50-redhat.conf | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 387 Oct 31 2022 README | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | # This file is part of systemd. | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it | ||
| + | # under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by | ||
| + | # the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or | ||
| + | # (at your option) any later version. | ||
| + | |||
| + | # See sysctl.d(5) and core(5) for documentation. | ||
| + | |||
| + | # To override settings in this file, create a local file in /etc | ||
| + | # (e.g. / | ||
| + | # there. | ||
| + | |||
| + | # System Request functionality of the kernel (SYNC) | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # Use kernel.sysrq = 1 to allow all keys. | ||
| + | # See https:// | ||
| + | # of values and keys. | ||
| + | kernel.sysrq = 16 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Append the PID to the core filename | ||
| + | kernel.core_uses_pid = 1 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Source route verification | ||
| + | net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 2 | ||
| + | net.ipv4.conf.*.rp_filter = 2 | ||
| + | -net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Do not accept source routing | ||
| + | net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0 | ||
| + | net.ipv4.conf.*.accept_source_route = 0 | ||
| + | -net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Promote secondary addresses when the primary address is removed | ||
| + | net.ipv4.conf.default.promote_secondaries = 1 | ||
| + | net.ipv4.conf.*.promote_secondaries = 1 | ||
| + | -net.ipv4.conf.all.promote_secondaries | ||
| + | |||
| + | # ping(8) without CAP_NET_ADMIN and CAP_NET_RAW | ||
| + | # The upper limit is set to 2^31-1. Values greater than that get rejected by | ||
| + | # the kernel because of this definition in linux/ | ||
| + | # # | ||
| + | # That's not so bad because values between 2^31 and 2^32-1 are reserved on | ||
| + | # systemd-based systems anyway: https:// | ||
| + | -net.ipv4.ping_group_range = 0 2147483647 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Fair Queue CoDel packet scheduler to fight bufferbloat | ||
| + | -net.core.default_qdisc = fq_codel | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Enable hard and soft link protection | ||
| + | fs.protected_hardlinks = 1 | ||
| + | fs.protected_symlinks = 1 | ||
| + | |||
| + | # Enable regular file and FIFO protection | ||
| + | fs.protected_regular = 1 | ||
| + | fs.protected_fifos = 1 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de la commande **sysctl** sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# sysctl --help | ||
| + | |||
| + | Usage: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | Options: | ||
| + | -a, --all display all variables | ||
| + | -A alias of -a | ||
| + | -X alias of -a | ||
| + | --deprecated | ||
| + | --dry-run | ||
| + | -b, --binary | ||
| + | -e, --ignore | ||
| + | -N, --names | ||
| + | -n, --values | ||
| + | -p, --load[=< | ||
| + | -f alias of -p | ||
| + | --system | ||
| + | -r, --pattern < | ||
| + | | ||
| + | -q, --quiet | ||
| + | -w, --write | ||
| + | -o does nothing | ||
| + | -x does nothing | ||
| + | -d alias of -h | ||
| + | |||
| + | -h, --help | ||
| + | -V, --version | ||
| + | |||
| + | For more details see sysctl(8). | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
| + | **Important** : Consultez la page de la traduction du manuel de **sysctl** **[[http:// | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | =====LAB#4 - Interprétation des informations dans / | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les informations brutes stockées dans /proc peuvent être interprétées grâce à l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | * free, | ||
| + | * uptime et w, | ||
| + | * iostat, | ||
| + | * hdparm, | ||
| + | * vmstat, | ||
| + | * mpstat, | ||
| + | * sar. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====4.1 - La Commande free==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | La commande **free** permet de donner l’état de la mémoire totale, libre, partagée, swap et bufferisée. Saisissez donc la commande suivante : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# free -m | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Mem: 7685 | ||
| + | Swap: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Dans le cas de cet exemple, nous pouvons constater que l’affichage montre : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * 7685 Mo de mémoire physique totale, | ||
| + | * 948 Mo de mémoire physique utilisée et 6249 Mo de mémoire physique libre, | ||
| + | * 5119 Mo de mémoire swap totale et 0 Mo de swap utilisé | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de cette commande sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# free --help | ||
| + | |||
| + | Usage: | ||
| + | free [options] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Options: | ||
| + | -b, --bytes | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | -k, --kibi | ||
| + | -m, --mebi | ||
| + | -g, --gibi | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | -h, --human | ||
| + | | ||
| + | -l, --lohi | ||
| + | -t, --total | ||
| + | -s N, --seconds N | ||
| + | -c N, --count N | ||
| + | -w, --wide | ||
| + | |||
| + | | ||
| + | -V, --version | ||
| + | |||
| + | For more details see free(1). | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====4.2 - Les Commandes uptime et w==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Chacune des ces commandes indique la charge moyenne du ou des processeurs depuis 1 minute, 5 minutes et 15 minutes : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# uptime | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# w | ||
| + | | ||
| + | USER | ||
| + | trainee | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les valeurs **load average** ou //charge moyenne// indiquent le nombre moyen de processus en cours de traitement ou en attente pour la période concernée. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Par exemple si les valeurs sur un système muni d'un seul processeur étaient **3, | ||
| + | |||
| + | * 2,48 processus en attente dans la dernière minute, | ||
| + | * 3,00 processus en attente dans les dernières 5 minutes, | ||
| + | * 2,85 processus en attente dans les dernières 15 minutes. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de ces commandes sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# uptime --help | ||
| + | |||
| + | Usage: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | Options: | ||
| + | -p, --pretty | ||
| + | -h, --help | ||
| + | -s, --since | ||
| + | -V, --version | ||
| + | |||
| + | For more details see uptime(1). | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# w --help | ||
| + | |||
| + | Usage: | ||
| + | w [options] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Options: | ||
| + | -h, --no-header | ||
| + | -u, --no-current | ||
| + | -s, --short | ||
| + | -f, --from | ||
| + | -o, --old-style | ||
| + | -i, --ip-addr | ||
| + | |||
| + | | ||
| + | -V, --version | ||
| + | |||
| + | For more details see w(1). | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====4.3 - La Commande iostat==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | La commande **iostat** affiche des statistiques sur l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# dnf install sysstat -y | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Exécutez ensuite la commande **iostat** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# iostat | ||
| + | Linux 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (redhat9.ittraining.loc) | ||
| + | |||
| + | avg-cpu: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | Device | ||
| + | dm-0 0.75 | ||
| + | dm-1 0.00 | ||
| + | sda | ||
| + | sdb | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Au-dessous de la première ligne indiquant la version du noyau du système et son nom d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | * **%user** - Pourcentage de temps passé en mode utilisateur (exécutant des applications, | ||
| + | * **%nice** - Pourcentage de temps passé en mode utilisateur (pour les processus qui ont modifié leur priorité de programmation à l'aide de la commande nice) | ||
| + | * **%system** - Pourcentage de temps passé en mode noyau | ||
| + | * **%steal** - Pourcentage du temps passé par des CPU virtuels en attendant que l' | ||
| + | * **%iowait** - Pourcentage du temps passé à attendre les entrées et les sorties des disques. | ||
| + | * **%idle** - Pourcentage de temps passé en inactivité | ||
| + | |||
| + | Notez la valeur de **%iowait**. Dans le cas où ce pourcentage est trop élévé, ceci indique que le processeur passe son temps à attendre les entrées et les sorties de disque. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Au-dessous du rapport d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | * La spécification du périphérique. | ||
| + | * Le nombre de transferts (ou opérations d'E/S) par seconde. | ||
| + | * Le nombre de blocs de KB lus par seconde. | ||
| + | * Le nombre de blocs de KB écrits par seconde. | ||
| + | * Le nombre total de KB lus. | ||
| + | * Le nombre total de KB écrits. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Dernièrement, | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# iostat -d -x | ||
| + | Linux 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (redhat9.ittraining.loc) | ||
| + | |||
| + | Device | ||
| + | dm-0 | ||
| + | dm-1 | ||
| + | sda 0.20 | ||
| + | sdb 0.00 0.03 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====4.4 - La Commande hdparm==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Pour surveiller la vitesse des entrées et des sorties du disque, vous pouvez utiliser la commande **hdparm** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# hdparm -t /dev/sda | ||
| + | |||
| + | /dev/sda: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====4.5 - La Commande vmstat==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | La commande **vmstat** affiche des statistiques sur la mémoire, la pagination et la charge ponctuelle du processeur : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# vmstat 1 10 | ||
| + | procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- -system-- ------cpu----- | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | La première ligne subdivise le champ en six catégories à savoir : processus, mémoire, swap, E/S, système et CPU sur lesquelles elle donne des statistiques. La seconde ligne identifie de manière encore plus détaillée chacun des champs, permettant ainsi de parcourir simplement et rapidement l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les champs relatifs aux processus sont les suivants : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * r — Le nombre de processus exécutables attendant d' | ||
| + | * b — Le nombre de processus exécutables dans un état de veille qui ne peut être interrompu | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les champs relatifs à la mémoire sont les suivants : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * swpd — La quantité de mémoire virtuelle utilisée | ||
| + | * free — La quantité de mémoire libre | ||
| + | * buff — La quantité de mémoire utilisée par les tampons (ou buffers) | ||
| + | * cache — La quantité de mémoire utilisée comme cache de pages | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les champs relatifs au swap sont les suivants : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * si — La quantité de mémoire chargée depuis le disque | ||
| + | * so — La quantité de mémoire déchargée sur le disque | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les champs relatifs aux Entrées/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | * bi — Blocs envoyés vers un périphérique blocs | ||
| + | * bo— Blocs reçus d'un périphérique blocs | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les champs relatifs au système sont les suivants : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * in — Nombre d' | ||
| + | * cs — Nombre de changements de contexte par seconde | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les champs relatifs au CPU sont les suivants : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * us — Le pourcentage de temps pendant lequel le CPU exécute un code de niveau utilisateur | ||
| + | * sy — Le pourcentage de temps pendant lequel le CPU exécute un code de niveau système | ||
| + | * id — Le pourcentage de temps pendant lequel le CPU était inoccupé | ||
| + | * wa — Attente d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de cette commande sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# vmstat --help | ||
| + | |||
| + | Usage: | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | Options: | ||
| + | -a, --active | ||
| + | -f, --forks | ||
| + | -m, --slabs | ||
| + | -n, --one-header | ||
| + | -s, --stats | ||
| + | -d, --disk | ||
| + | -D, --disk-sum | ||
| + | -p, --partition < | ||
| + | -S, --unit < | ||
| + | -w, --wide | ||
| + | -t, --timestamp | ||
| + | |||
| + | -h, --help | ||
| + | -V, --version | ||
| + | |||
| + | For more details see vmstat(8). | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
| + | **Important** : Par défaut la commande vmstat affiche des informations depuis le démarrage du système. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====4.6 - La Commande mpstat==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | La commande **mpstat** affiche des statistiques détaillées sur le CPU : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# mpstat | ||
| + | Linux 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (redhat9.ittraining.loc) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:03:16 PM CPU %usr | ||
| + | 01:03:16 PM all 0.14 0.01 0.12 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Dans le cas où vous avez plusieurs processeurs ou coeurs, vous pouvez visualiser ces mêmes informations par unité de traitement : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# mpstat -P ALL | ||
| + | Linux 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (redhat9.ittraining.loc) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:03:38 PM CPU %usr | ||
| + | 01:03:38 PM all 0.14 0.01 0.12 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | 01:03:38 PM 0 0.13 0.00 0.12 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | 01:03:38 PM 1 0.14 0.01 0.12 0.04 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | 01:03:38 PM 2 0.14 0.01 0.12 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | 01:03:38 PM 3 0.14 0.01 0.12 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Pour afficher 5 jeux de statistiques à des intervales de 2 secondes pour tous les unités de traitement, il convient d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# mpstat -P ALL 2 5 | ||
| + | Linux 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (redhat9.ittraining.loc) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:04:15 PM CPU %usr | ||
| + | 01:04:17 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:17 PM 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:17 PM 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:17 PM 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:17 PM 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:04:17 PM CPU %usr | ||
| + | 01:04:19 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:19 PM 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:19 PM 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:19 PM 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:19 PM 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:04:19 PM CPU %usr | ||
| + | 01:04:21 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.12 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:21 PM 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:21 PM 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:21 PM 2 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:21 PM 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:04:21 PM CPU %usr | ||
| + | 01:04:23 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:23 PM 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:23 PM 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:23 PM 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:23 PM 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:04:23 PM CPU %usr | ||
| + | 01:04:25 PM all 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:25 PM 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:25 PM 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:25 PM 2 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | 01:04:25 PM 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 100.00 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====4.7 - La Commande sar==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | La commande **sar** (**S**ystem **A**ctivity **R**eporter) permet de surveiller toutes les ressources du système selon l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Sous RedHat 9 la commande **/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ls / | ||
| + | sa1 sa2 sadc | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Le script **/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ^ Option ^ Description ^ | ||
| + | | -t | L' | ||
| + | | -n | Nombre de collectes | | ||
| + | |||
| + | Le script **/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Sous RedHat 9, l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | # / | ||
| + | # (C) 2014 Tomasz Torcz < | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # sysstat-12.5.4 systemd unit file: | ||
| + | # Activates activity collector every 10 minutes | ||
| + | |||
| + | [Unit] | ||
| + | Description=Run system activity accounting tool every 10 minutes | ||
| + | |||
| + | [Timer] | ||
| + | OnCalendar=*: | ||
| + | |||
| + | [Install] | ||
| + | WantedBy=sysstat.service | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | La valeur de **OnCalendar** indique un collecte toutes les dix minutes. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Pour modifier l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl edit sysstat-collect.timer | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | [Unit] | ||
| + | Description=Run system activity accounting tool every 2 minutes | ||
| + | |||
| + | [Timer] | ||
| + | OnCalendar= | ||
| + | OnCalendar=*: | ||
| + | AccuracySec=0 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
| + | **Important** : Notez la ligne **OnCalendar=** qui est necessaire afin de surcharger la valeur par défaut. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Vérifiez ensuite la prise en compte de la configuration : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl status sysstat-collect.timer | ||
| + | ○ sysstat-collect.timer - Run system activity accounting tool every 2 minutes | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Drop-In: / | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Trigger: n/a | ||
| + | | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Démarrez le timer : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl start sysstat-collect.timer | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl status sysstat-collect.timer | ||
| + | ● sysstat-collect.timer - Run system activity accounting tool every 2 minutes | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Drop-In: / | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Until: Wed 2024-10-23 13:12:22 CEST; 4s ago | ||
| + | Trigger: Wed 2024-10-23 13:14:00 CEST; 1min 32s left | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | Oct 23 13:12:22 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Started Run system activity accounting tool every 2 minutes. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Attendez 4 minutes, puis lancez la commande suivante : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# journalctl -g sysstat-collect.service | ||
| + | Oct 23 13:14:00 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: | ||
| + | Oct 23 13:16:00 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: sysstat-collect.service: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Saisissez la commande sar : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# sar | ||
| + | Linux 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (redhat9.ittraining.loc) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:14:00 PM | ||
| + | 01:16:00 PM | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Statistiques d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Visualisez maintenant les statistiques d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# sar -u 5 3 | ||
| + | Linux 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (redhat9.ittraining.loc) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:17:30 PM | ||
| + | 01:17:35 PM | ||
| + | 01:17:40 PM | ||
| + | 01:17:45 PM | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | D' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# sar -u ALL 5 3 | ||
| + | Linux 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (redhat9.ittraining.loc) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:18:19 PM | ||
| + | 01:18:24 PM | ||
| + | 01:18:29 PM | ||
| + | 01:18:34 PM | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Pour consulter les statistiques d'un coeur spécifique, | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# sar -u -P 1 5 3 | ||
| + | Linux 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (redhat9.ittraining.loc) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:19:18 PM | ||
| + | 01:19:23 PM | ||
| + | 01:19:28 PM | ||
| + | 01:19:33 PM | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# sar -u -P 3 5 3 | ||
| + | Linux 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (redhat9.ittraining.loc) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:19:57 PM | ||
| + | 01:20:02 PM | ||
| + | 01:20:07 PM | ||
| + | 01:20:12 PM | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Statistiques d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Utilisez l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# sar -r 5 3 | ||
| + | Linux 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (redhat9.ittraining.loc) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:21:09 PM kbmemfree | ||
| + | 01:21:14 PM | ||
| + | 01:21:19 PM | ||
| + | 01:21:24 PM | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Utilisez l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# sar -S 5 3 | ||
| + | Linux 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (redhat9.ittraining.loc) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:21:48 PM kbswpfree kbswpused | ||
| + | 01:21:53 PM | ||
| + | 01:21:58 PM | ||
| + | 01:22:03 PM | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Statistiques des E/S=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Utilisez l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# sar -b 5 3 | ||
| + | Linux 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (redhat9.ittraining.loc) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:22:37 PM | ||
| + | 01:22:42 PM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | 01:22:47 PM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | 01:22:52 PM 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Statistiques des E/S par Disque=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Utilisez l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# sar -d 5 3 | ||
| + | Linux 5.14.0-427.37.1.el9_4.x86_64 (redhat9.ittraining.loc) | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:23:14 PM | ||
| + | 01:23:19 PM | ||
| + | 01:23:19 PM | ||
| + | 01:23:19 PM dm-0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | 01:23:19 PM dm-1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:23:19 PM | ||
| + | 01:23:24 PM | ||
| + | 01:23:24 PM | ||
| + | 01:23:24 PM dm-0 0.20 0.00 0.80 0.00 4.00 0.02 | ||
| + | 01:23:24 PM dm-1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | |||
| + | 01:23:24 PM | ||
| + | 01:23:29 PM | ||
| + | 01:23:29 PM | ||
| + | 01:23:29 PM dm-0 1.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 5.00 0.03 | ||
| + | 01:23:29 PM dm-1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | Average: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de la commande sar sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# sar --help | ||
| + | Usage: sar [ options ] [ < | ||
| + | Main options and reports (report name between square brackets): | ||
| + | -B Paging statistics [A_PAGE] | ||
| + | -b I/O and transfer rate statistics [A_IO] | ||
| + | -d Block devices statistics [A_DISK] | ||
| + | -F [ MOUNT ] | ||
| + | Filesystems statistics [A_FS] | ||
| + | -H Hugepages utilization statistics [A_HUGE] | ||
| + | -I { < | ||
| + | Interrupts statistics [A_IRQ] | ||
| + | -m { < | ||
| + | Power management statistics [A_PWR_...] | ||
| + | Keywords are: | ||
| + | CPU CPU instantaneous clock frequency | ||
| + | FAN Fans speed | ||
| + | FREQ CPU average clock frequency | ||
| + | IN Voltage inputs | ||
| + | TEMP Devices temperature | ||
| + | USB USB devices plugged into the system | ||
| + | -n { < | ||
| + | Network statistics [A_NET_...] | ||
| + | Keywords are: | ||
| + | DEV | ||
| + | EDEV Network interfaces (errors) | ||
| + | NFS NFS client | ||
| + | NFSD NFS server | ||
| + | SOCK Sockets (v4) | ||
| + | IP IP traffic | ||
| + | EIP IP traffic | ||
| + | ICMP ICMP traffic | ||
| + | EICMP ICMP traffic | ||
| + | TCP TCP traffic | ||
| + | ETCP TCP traffic | ||
| + | UDP UDP traffic | ||
| + | SOCK6 | ||
| + | IP6 IP traffic | ||
| + | EIP6 IP traffic | ||
| + | ICMP6 ICMP traffic | ||
| + | EICMP6 | ||
| + | UDP6 UDP traffic | ||
| + | FC Fibre channel HBAs | ||
| + | SOFT Software-based network processing | ||
| + | -q [ < | ||
| + | System load and pressure-stall statistics | ||
| + | Keywords are: | ||
| + | LOAD Queue length and load average statistics [A_QUEUE] | ||
| + | CPU | ||
| + | IO Pressure-stall I/O statistics [A_PSI_IO] | ||
| + | MEM | ||
| + | -r [ ALL ] | ||
| + | Memory utilization statistics [A_MEMORY] | ||
| + | -S Swap space utilization statistics [A_MEMORY] | ||
| + | -u [ ALL ] | ||
| + | CPU utilization statistics [A_CPU] | ||
| + | -v Kernel tables statistics [A_KTABLES] | ||
| + | -W Swapping statistics [A_SWAP] | ||
| + | -w Task creation and system switching statistics [A_PCSW] | ||
| + | -y TTY devices statistics [A_SERIAL] | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | =====Modules usb===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | L' | ||
| + | |||
| + | ^ Version USB ^ Module ^ Nom Complet ^ | ||
| + | | 1.0\1.1 | ||
| + | | ::: | **OHCI** | //Open Controller Host Interface// | | ||
| + | | 2.0 | **EHCI** | //Enhanced Host Controller Interface// | | ||
| + | | 3.0 | **XHCI** | // | ||
| + | |||
| + | Le tableau suivant liste les modules courrament chargés en fonction du périphérique utilisé : | ||
| + | |||
| + | ^ Module ^ Type de Périphérique ^ | ||
| + | | **usb_storage** | ||
| + | | **usbhid** | ||
| + | | **snd-usb-audio** | ||
| + | | **usbvidéo** | ||
| + | | **irda-usb** | ||
| + | | **usbnet** | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les modules peuvent être chargés par un des moyens suivants : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * INITrd, | ||
| + | * Le processus init (systemd), | ||
| + | * kmod, d'une manière dynamique et transparente lors du branchement du périphérique, | ||
| + | * udev, | ||
| + | * manuellement. | ||
| + | |||
| + | =====udev===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Depuis le noyau Linux 2.6 Linux est capable de détecter des périphériques branchés à chaud. Cette technologie s' | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Udev, | ||
| + | * HAL, | ||
| + | * Dbus. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les rôles de chaque composant sont les suivants : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Udev se charge de créer et supprimer d'une manière dynamique les nœuds dans le répertoire **/dev**, | ||
| + | * HAL obtient des informations à partir d'Udev et créé un fichier au format XML représentant le périphérique branché. Il informe ensuite Nautilus en utilisant le Dbus, | ||
| + | * Dbus joue le rôle d'un bus système qui est utilisé pour la communication inter-processus. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Lors de démarrage de Linux, Udev joue un rôle important : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * Au démarrage **tmpfs** est monté sur /dev, | ||
| + | * Udev copie les éventuels nœuds statiques de **/ | ||
| + | * le démon **udevd** collecte des données appelées **uevents** du noyau et cherche une règle correspondante dans le répertoire **/ | ||
| + | * Udev crée les nœuds et liens symboliques spécifiés dans la règle identifiée, | ||
| + | * Udev stocke les règles contenues dans **/ | ||
| + | * En cas de modification des ces règles, Udev met à jour la mémoire. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Udev repose sur le filesystem **sysfs** monté sur /sys qui permet de rendre les périphériques visibles à Udev dans l'// | ||
| + | |||
| + | Le fichier de configuration principal d'Udev est **/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | # see udev.conf(5) for details | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # udevd is also started in the initrd. | ||
| + | # also want to rebuild the initrd, so that it will include the modified configuration. | ||
| + | |||
| + | # | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les fichiers de règles se trouvent dans **/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ls / | ||
| + | 01-md-raid-creating.rules | ||
| + | 10-dm.rules | ||
| + | 11-dm-lvm.rules | ||
| + | 11-dm-mpath.rules | ||
| + | 11-dm-parts.rules | ||
| + | 13-dm-disk.rules | ||
| + | 40-elevator.rules | ||
| + | 40-libgphoto2.rules | ||
| + | 40-redhat.rules | ||
| + | 40-usb-blacklist.rules | ||
| + | 40-usb_modeswitch.rules | ||
| + | 50-udev-default.rules | ||
| + | 60-autosuspend.rules | ||
| + | 60-block.rules | ||
| + | 60-cdrom_id.rules | ||
| + | 60-drm.rules | ||
| + | 60-evdev.rules | ||
| + | 60-fido-id.rules | ||
| + | 60_flashrom.rules | ||
| + | 60-input-id.rules | ||
| + | 60-net.rules | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
| + | **Important** : Il vous est possible d' | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Comme indique le nom de chaque fichier, le contenu est composé de règles à l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | # do not edit this file, it will be overwritten on update | ||
| + | |||
| + | # run a command on remove events | ||
| + | ACTION==" | ||
| + | ACTION==" | ||
| + | |||
| + | # The md driver increments diskseq *after* emitting ' | ||
| + | # Drop the line below if it is fixed on the kernel side. | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | |||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | |||
| + | # select " | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | |||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | ENV{MODALIAS}!="", | ||
| + | |||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | |||
| + | ACTION!=" | ||
| + | |||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | KERNEL==" | ||
| + | |||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | |||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | |||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | |||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | |||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | |||
| + | # When using static_node= with non-default permissions, | ||
| + | # tmpfiles.d/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | SUBSYSTEM==" | ||
| + | OPTIONS+=" | ||
| + | --More-- | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Chaque règle prend la forme suivante : | ||
| + | |||
| + | KEY, [KEY, ...] NAME [, SYMLINK] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Chaque KEY est un champ au format **type=valeur** qui doit correspondre à un périphérique unique. La valeur de type peut prendre plusieurs formes : | ||
| + | |||
| + | ^ Type ^ Description ^ Exemples ^ | ||
| + | | BUS | Type de bus | usb, scsi, ide | | ||
| + | | KERNEL | Le nom par défault du périphérique donné par le noyau | hda, ttyUSB0, lp0 | | ||
| + | | SUBSYSTEM | Le nom noyau du sous-système, | ||
| + | | DRIVER | Le nom du pilote qui contrôle le périphérique | usb-storage | | ||
| + | | ID | Le numéro du périphérique sur son bus | PCI bus id, USB id | | ||
| + | | PLACE | Ne concerne que les périphériques USB et donne la position topologique du périphérique sur son bus | S/O | | ||
| + | | SYSFS{filename} | Le nom du fichier dans /sys pour le périphérique. Ce fichier contient le fabricant, le label, le numéro de série et UUID du périphérique. La vérification de jusqu' | ||
| + | | PROGRAM | Ceci permet à Udev d' | ||
| + | | RESULT | Valeur à comparer au résultat de PROGRAM | S/O | | ||
| + | |||
| + | NAME et SYMLINK sont utilisées pour stipuler ce que Udev doit faire avec le périphérique : | ||
| + | |||
| + | ^ Type ^ Description ^ Exemples ^ | ||
| + | | NAME | Le nome du nœud dans /dev | S/O | | ||
| + | | SYMLINK | Le ou les lien(s) symbolique(s) qui pointe(nt) vers le NAME | S/O | | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====La commande udevadm==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Pour obtenir de l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# udevadm info --query=all -n /dev/sda | ||
| + | P: / | ||
| + | M: sda | ||
| + | U: block | ||
| + | T: disk | ||
| + | D: b 8:0 | ||
| + | N: sda | ||
| + | L: 0 | ||
| + | S: disk/ | ||
| + | S: disk/ | ||
| + | S: disk/ | ||
| + | Q: 1 | ||
| + | E: DEVPATH=/ | ||
| + | E: DEVNAME=/ | ||
| + | E: DEVTYPE=disk | ||
| + | E: DISKSEQ=1 | ||
| + | E: MAJOR=8 | ||
| + | E: MINOR=0 | ||
| + | E: SUBSYSTEM=block | ||
| + | E: USEC_INITIALIZED=11296575 | ||
| + | E: ID_SCSI=1 | ||
| + | E: ID_VENDOR=QEMU | ||
| + | E: ID_VENDOR_ENC=QEMU\x20\x20\x20\x20 | ||
| + | E: ID_MODEL=QEMU_HARDDISK | ||
| + | E: ID_MODEL_ENC=QEMU\x20HARDDISK\x20\x20\x20 | ||
| + | E: ID_REVISION=2.5+ | ||
| + | E: ID_TYPE=disk | ||
| + | E: ID_SERIAL=0QEMU_QEMU_HARDDISK_drive-scsi0 | ||
| + | E: ID_SERIAL_SHORT=drive-scsi0 | ||
| + | E: ID_BUS=scsi | ||
| + | E: ID_PATH=pci-0000: | ||
| + | E: ID_PATH_TAG=pci-0000_01_01_0-scsi-0_0_0_0 | ||
| + | E: ID_PART_TABLE_UUID=d00dfc8a | ||
| + | E: ID_PART_TABLE_TYPE=dos | ||
| + | E: SCSI_TPGS=0 | ||
| + | E: SCSI_TYPE=disk | ||
| + | E: SCSI_VENDOR=QEMU | ||
| + | E: SCSI_VENDOR_ENC=QEMU\x20\x20\x20\x20 | ||
| + | E: SCSI_MODEL=QEMU_HARDDISK | ||
| + | E: SCSI_MODEL_ENC=QEMU\x20HARDDISK\x20\x20\x20 | ||
| + | E: SCSI_REVISION=2.5+ | ||
| + | E: ID_SCSI_INQUIRY=1 | ||
| + | E: SCSI_IDENT_LUN_VENDOR=drive-scsi0 | ||
| + | E: DEVLINKS=/ | ||
| + | E: TAGS=: | ||
| + | E: CURRENT_TAGS=: | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Les options de la commande=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de la commande udevadm sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# udevadm --help | ||
| + | udevadm [--help] [--version] [--debug] COMMAND [COMMAND OPTIONS] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Send control commands or test the device manager. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Commands: | ||
| + | info Query sysfs or the udev database | ||
| + | trigger | ||
| + | settle | ||
| + | control | ||
| + | monitor | ||
| + | test Test an event run | ||
| + | test-builtin | ||
| + | wait Wait for device or device symlink | ||
| + | lock Lock a block device | ||
| + | |||
| + | See the udevadm(8) man page for details. | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# udevadm info --help | ||
| + | udevadm info [OPTIONS] [DEVPATH|FILE] | ||
| + | |||
| + | Query sysfs or the udev database. | ||
| + | |||
| + | -h --help | ||
| + | -V --version | ||
| + | -q --query=TYPE | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | -p --path=SYSPATH | ||
| + | -n --name=NAME | ||
| + | -r --root | ||
| + | -a --attribute-walk | ||
| + | of parent devices | ||
| + | -t --tree | ||
| + | -d --device-id-of-file=FILE Print major:minor of device containing this file | ||
| + | -x --export | ||
| + | -P --export-prefix | ||
| + | -e --export-db | ||
| + | -c --cleanup-db | ||
| + | -w --wait-for-initialization[=SECONDS] | ||
| + | Wait for device to be initialized | ||
| + | | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | =====Système de fichiers /sys===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Le système de fichiers virtuel **/sys** a été introduit avec le noyau Linux **2.6**. Son rôle est de décrire le matériel pour udev. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Saisissez la commande suivante : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /sys | ||
| + | total 0 | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 170 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 module | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Chaque répertoire contient des informations : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * **block** | ||
| + | * contient des informations sur les périphériques bloc | ||
| + | * **bus** | ||
| + | * contient des informations sur les bus de données | ||
| + | * **class** | ||
| + | * contient des informations sur des classes de matériel | ||
| + | * **devices** | ||
| + | * contient des informations sur la position des périphériques sur les bus | ||
| + | * **firmware** | ||
| + | * contient, entre autre, des informations sur l' | ||
| + | * **module** | ||
| + | * contient des informations sur les modules du noyau | ||
| + | * **power** | ||
| + | * contient des informations sur la gestion de l' | ||
| + | * **fs** | ||
| + | * contient des informations sur les systèmes de fichiers | ||
| + | |||
| + | Pour illustrer ceci, saisissez la commande suivante : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | 2097152 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ce chiffre correspond aux nombre de secteurs. | ||
| + | |||
| + | =====LAB #5 - Limitation des ressources===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====5.1 - ulimit==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les ressources disponibles aux utilisateurs peuvent être limitées par l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | La commande **ulimit** gère deux types de limite, la limite //hard// en utilisant l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | La limite //soft// est la limite imposée à l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | L' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | # / | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | #This file sets the resource limits for the users logged in via PAM. | ||
| + | #It does not affect resource limits of the system services. | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | #Also note that configuration files in / | ||
| + | #which are read in alphabetical order, override the settings in this | ||
| + | #file in case the domain is the same or more specific. | ||
| + | #That means, for example, that setting a limit for wildcard domain here | ||
| + | #can be overridden with a wildcard setting in a config file in the | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | #with a user specific setting in the subdirectory. | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | #Each line describes a limit for a user in the form: | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | #< | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | #Where: | ||
| + | #< | ||
| + | # - a user name | ||
| + | # - a group name, with @group syntax | ||
| + | # - the wildcard *, for default entry | ||
| + | # - the wildcard %, can be also used with %group syntax, | ||
| + | # for maxlogin limit | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | #< | ||
| + | # - " | ||
| + | # - " | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | #< | ||
| + | # - core - limits the core file size (KB) | ||
| + | # - data - max data size (KB) | ||
| + | # - fsize - maximum filesize (KB) | ||
| + | # - memlock - max locked-in-memory address space (KB) | ||
| + | # - nofile - max number of open file descriptors | ||
| + | # - rss - max resident set size (KB) | ||
| + | # - stack - max stack size (KB) | ||
| + | # - cpu - max CPU time (MIN) | ||
| + | # - nproc - max number of processes | ||
| + | # - as - address space limit (KB) | ||
| + | # - maxlogins - max number of logins for this user | ||
| + | # - maxsyslogins - max number of logins on the system | ||
| + | # - priority - the priority to run user process with | ||
| + | # - locks - max number of file locks the user can hold | ||
| + | # - sigpending - max number of pending signals | ||
| + | # - msgqueue - max memory used by POSIX message queues (bytes) | ||
| + | # - nice - max nice priority allowed to raise to values: [-20, 19] | ||
| + | # - rtprio - max realtime priority | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | #< | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | |||
| + | #* | ||
| + | #* | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | #ftp | ||
| + | # | ||
| + | |||
| + | # End of file | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
| + | **Important** : La valeur de la limite peut être un **nombre** ou le mot **unlimited**. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Par exemple, si root inscrit les deux ligne suivantes dans le fichier / | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | ... | ||
| + | trainee | ||
| + | trainee | ||
| + | ... | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | la limite du nombre de fichiers ouverts simultanément par trainee est de 1 024. Par contre, trainee a la possibilité d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | $ ulimit -n 4096 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Pour consulter la liste des limites actuelles, il convient d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ulimit -a | ||
| + | real-time non-blocking time (microseconds, | ||
| + | core file size (blocks, -c) 0 | ||
| + | data seg size | ||
| + | scheduling priority | ||
| + | file size | ||
| + | pending signals | ||
| + | max locked memory | ||
| + | max memory size | ||
| + | open files (-n) 1024 | ||
| + | pipe size (512 bytes, -p) 8 | ||
| + | POSIX message queues | ||
| + | real-time priority | ||
| + | stack size (kbytes, -s) 8192 | ||
| + | cpu time | ||
| + | max user processes | ||
| + | virtual memory | ||
| + | file locks (-x) unlimited | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====Options de la commande==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les options de **ulimit** sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# help ulimit | ||
| + | ulimit: ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit] | ||
| + | Modify shell resource limits. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Provides control over the resources available to the shell and processes | ||
| + | it creates, on systems that allow such control. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Options: | ||
| + | -S use the `soft' resource limit | ||
| + | -H use the `hard' resource limit | ||
| + | -a all current limits are reported | ||
| + | -b the socket buffer size | ||
| + | -c the maximum size of core files created | ||
| + | -d the maximum size of a process' | ||
| + | -e the maximum scheduling priority (`nice' | ||
| + | -f the maximum size of files written by the shell and its children | ||
| + | -i the maximum number of pending signals | ||
| + | -k the maximum number of kqueues allocated for this process | ||
| + | -l the maximum size a process may lock into memory | ||
| + | -m the maximum resident set size | ||
| + | -n the maximum number of open file descriptors | ||
| + | -p the pipe buffer size | ||
| + | -q the maximum number of bytes in POSIX message queues | ||
| + | -r the maximum real-time scheduling priority | ||
| + | -s the maximum stack size | ||
| + | -t the maximum amount of cpu time in seconds | ||
| + | -u the maximum number of user processes | ||
| + | -v the size of virtual memory | ||
| + | -x the maximum number of file locks | ||
| + | -P the maximum number of pseudoterminals | ||
| + | -R the maximum time a real-time process can run before blocking | ||
| + | -T the maximum number of threads | ||
| + | |||
| + | Not all options are available on all platforms. | ||
| + | |||
| + | If LIMIT is given, it is the new value of the specified resource; the | ||
| + | special LIMIT values `soft', | ||
| + | current soft limit, the current hard limit, and no limit, respectively. | ||
| + | Otherwise, the current value of the specified resource is printed. | ||
| + | no option is given, then -f is assumed. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Values are in 1024-byte increments, except for -t, which is in seconds, | ||
| + | -p, which is in increments of 512 bytes, and -u, which is an unscaled | ||
| + | number of processes. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Exit Status: | ||
| + | Returns success unless an invalid option is supplied or an error occurs. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ====5.2 - Groupes de Contrôle==== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les **Groupes de Contrôles** (//Control Groups//) aussi appelés **CGroups**, | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les groupes de contrôle v1 sont organisés de manière hiérarchique, | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ces hiérarchies multiples et séparés sont necéssaires parce que chaque hiérarchie est attaché à un ou plusieurs **sous-système(s)** aussi appelés des **Contrôleurs de Ressources** ou simplement des **Contrôleurs**. Les contrôleurs disponibles sont : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * **blkio** - utilisé pour établir des limites sur l' | ||
| + | * **cpu** - utilisé pour fournir aux tâches des groupes de contrôle accès au CPU grâce au planificateur, | ||
| + | * **cpuacct** - utilisé pour produire des rapports automatiques sur les ressources CPU utilisées par les tâches dans un groupe de contrôle, | ||
| + | * **cpuset** - utilisé pour assigner des CPU individuels sur un système multicoeur et des noeuds de mémoire à des tâches dans un groupe de contrôle, | ||
| + | * **devices** - utilisé pour autoriser ou pour refuser l' | ||
| + | * **freezer** - utilisé pour suspendre ou pour réactiver les tâches dans un groupe de contrôle, | ||
| + | * **memory** - utilisé pour établir les limites d' | ||
| + | * **net_cls** - utilisé pour repèrer les paquets réseau avec un identifiant de classe (// | ||
| + | * **perf_event** | ||
| + | * **hugetlb** - utilisé pour limiter des ressources sur des pages de mémoire virtuelle de grande taille. | ||
| + | |||
| + | A l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Pour vérifier l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# mount -l | grep cgroup | ||
| + | cgroup2 on / | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | et de consulter le contenu de ce point de montage : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l / | ||
| + | total 0 | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. | ||
| + | --w-------. | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 37 root root 0 Oct 23 13:46 system.slice | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Sous RedHat 9, **Systemd** organise les processus dans chaque CGroup. Par exemple tous les processus démarrés par le serveur Apache se trouveront dans le même CGroup, y compris les scripts CGI. Ceci implique que la gestion des ressources en utilisant des hiérarchies est couplé avec l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | En haut de l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | * le **system.slice** - l' | ||
| + | * le **user.slice** - l' | ||
| + | * le **machine.slice** - l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | En dessous des tranches peuvent se trouver : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * des **scopes** - des processus crées par **fork**, | ||
| + | * des **services** - des processus créés par une **Unité**. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Les slices peuvent être visualisés avec la commande suivante : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl list-units --type=slice | ||
| + | UNIT LOAD | ||
| + | -.slice | ||
| + | system-getty.slice | ||
| + | system-modprobe.slice | ||
| + | system-sshd\x2dkeygen.slice | ||
| + | system-systemd\x2dhibernate\x2dresume.slice loaded active active Slice / | ||
| + | system.slice | ||
| + | user-1000.slice | ||
| + | user-42.slice | ||
| + | user.slice | ||
| + | |||
| + | LOAD = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded. | ||
| + | ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB. | ||
| + | SUB = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type. | ||
| + | 9 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too. | ||
| + | To show all installed unit files use ' | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | L' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemd-cgls | more | ||
| + | Control group /: | ||
| + | -.slice | ||
| + | ├─user.slice (#1202) | ||
| + | │ → user.invocation_id: | ||
| + | │ → trusted.invocation_id: | ||
| + | │ ├─user-42.slice (#4140) | ||
| + | │ │ → user.invocation_id: | ||
| + | │ │ → trusted.invocation_id: | ||
| + | │ │ ├─session-c1.scope (#4392) | ||
| + | │ │ │ → user.invocation_id: | ||
| + | │ │ │ → trusted.invocation_id: | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1036 gdm-session-worker [pam/ | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1626 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1631 dbus-run-session -- gnome-session --autostart / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1632 dbus-daemon --nofork --print-address 4 --session | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1633 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1641 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1660 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1665 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1671 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1678 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1741 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1743 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1747 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1749 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1752 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1753 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1754 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1755 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1756 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1757 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1758 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1759 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1764 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1765 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1766 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1767 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─1887 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─2038 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─2042 ibus-daemon --panel disable -r --xim | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─2053 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─2055 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─2060 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ └─2081 / | ||
| + | │ │ └─user@42.service … (#4212) | ||
| + | │ │ → user.delegate: | ||
| + | │ │ → trusted.delegate: | ||
| + | │ │ → user.invocation_id: | ||
| + | │ │ → trusted.invocation_id: | ||
| + | │ │ | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─pipewire-pulse.service (#4617) | ||
| + | │ │ │ │ └─1696 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ ├─wireplumber.service (#4581) | ||
| + | │ │ │ │ └─1695 / | ||
| + | │ │ │ └─pipewire.service (#4545) | ||
| + | --More-- | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | En utilisant Systemd, plusieurs ressources peuvent être limitées : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * **CPUWeight** - par défault 1024, | ||
| + | * **MemoryLimit** - limite exprimée en Mo ou en Go. Pas de valeur par défaut, | ||
| + | * **BlockIOWeight** - valeur entre 10 et 1000. Pas de valeur par défaut, | ||
| + | * **StartupCPUWeight** - comme CPUShares mais uniquement appliqué pendant le démarrage, | ||
| + | * **StartupBlockIOWeight** - comme BlockIOWeight mais uniquement appliqué pendant le démarrage, | ||
| + | * **CPUQuota** - utilisé pour limiter le temps CPU, même quand le système ne fait rien. | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
| + | **Important** : Consultez le manuel systemd.resource-control(5) pour voir les paramètres CGroup qui peuvent être passés à systemctl. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Commencez par créer le cgroup enfant **pids** dans le cgroup racine : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# mkdir / | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Placez le PID du terminal courant dans le fichier **cgroup.procs** du cgroup enfant : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# echo $$ | ||
| + | 78735 | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# echo $$ > / | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Contrôlez maintenant le contenu du fichier cgroup.procs ainsi que le nombre de PIDs dans le cgroup **pids** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | 78735 | ||
| + | 81077 | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | 2 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important > | ||
| + | **Important** - Notez que le fichier cgroup.procs contient **deux** PIDs. Le premier est celui du Shell tandis que le deuxième est celui de la commande cat. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Injectez maintenant la valeur de **5** dans le fichier **pids.max** du cgroup ** pids** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# echo 5 > / | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Lancez la commande suivante pour créer 6 pids dans le cgroup : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# for a in $(seq 1 5); do sleep 60 & done | ||
| + | [1] 81126 | ||
| + | [2] 81127 | ||
| + | [3] 81128 | ||
| + | [4] 81129 | ||
| + | -bash: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable | ||
| + | -bash: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable | ||
| + | -bash: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable | ||
| + | -bash: fork: retry: Resource temporarily unavailable | ||
| + | -bash: fork: Resource temporarily unavailable | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important > | ||
| + | **Important** - Notez qu'à la tentative de création du 6ème processus, une erreur est retournée. Le système tente ensuite 4 fois de plus puis renonce finalement avec le message d' | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Dernièrement, | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# rmdir / | ||
| + | rmdir: failed to remove '/ | ||
| + | [1] | ||
| + | [2] | ||
| + | [3]- Done sleep 60 | ||
| + | [4]+ Done sleep 60 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important > | ||
| + | **Important** - Notez qu'il n'est pas possible de supprimer un cgroup tant que celui-ci contient un processus. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Déplacez le processus du terminal courant dans le cgroup racine : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# echo $$ > / | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Il est maintenant possible de supprimer le cgroup **pids** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# rmdir / | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Il existe deux façons de limiter les ressources de la CPU : | ||
| + | |||
| + | * **CPU bandwidth**, | ||
| + | * un système de limitation basé sur un pourcentage de CPU pour un ou plusieurs processus, | ||
| + | * **CPU weight**, | ||
| + | * un système de limitation basé sur la prioritisassion d'un ou de plusieurs processus par rapports aux autres processus. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Dans l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | Commencez par créer un service appelé **foo** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# vi / | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | [Unit] | ||
| + | Description=The foo service that does nothing useful | ||
| + | After=remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target | ||
| + | |||
| + | [Service] | ||
| + | ExecStart=/ | ||
| + | ExecStop=/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | [Install] | ||
| + | WantedBy=multi-user.target | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Démarrez et activez le service : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl enable --now foo.service | ||
| + | Created symlink / | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl status foo.service | ||
| + | ● foo.service - The foo service that does nothing useful | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Main PID: 81361 (sha1sum) | ||
| + | Tasks: 1 (limit: 48800) | ||
| + | | ||
| + | CPU: 10.270s | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | Oct 23 13:59:27 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Started The foo service that does nothing useful. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Utilisez la commande **ps** pour voir le pourcentage de la CPU utilisé par ce service : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ps -p 81361 -o pid, | ||
| + | PID COMMAND | ||
| + | 81361 sha1sum | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Créez maintenant un autre service dénommé **bar** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# vi / | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | [Unit] | ||
| + | Description=The bar service that does nothing useful | ||
| + | After=remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target | ||
| + | |||
| + | [Service] | ||
| + | ExecStart=/ | ||
| + | ExecStop=/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | [Install] | ||
| + | WantedBy=multi-user.target | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Démarrez et activez le service : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl enable --now bar.service | ||
| + | Created symlink / | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl status bar.service | ||
| + | ● bar.service - The bar service that does nothing useful | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | Main PID: 81448 (md5sum) | ||
| + | Tasks: 1 (limit: 48800) | ||
| + | | ||
| + | CPU: 21.195s | ||
| + | | ||
| + | | ||
| + | |||
| + | Oct 23 14:01:46 redhat9.ittraining.loc systemd[1]: Started The bar service that does nothing useful. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Utilisez la commande **ps** pour voir le pourcentage de la CPU utilisé par ce service : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ps -p 81448 -o pid, | ||
| + | PID COMMAND | ||
| + | 81448 md5sum | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Vérifiez maintenant la présence des contrôleurs **cpuset** et **cpu** dans l' | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | cpuset cpu io memory hugetlb pids rdma misc | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Activez maintenant le contrôleur **cpuset** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | cpu io memory pids | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# echo " | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | cpuset cpu io memory pids | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Créez le cgroup **enfant** appelé **FooBar** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# mkdir / | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l / | ||
| + | total 0 | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cgroup.controllers | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cgroup.events | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cgroup.freeze | ||
| + | --w-------. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cgroup.kill | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cgroup.max.depth | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cgroup.max.descendants | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cgroup.procs | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cgroup.stat | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cgroup.subtree_control | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cgroup.threads | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cgroup.type | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cpu.idle | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cpu.max | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cpu.max.burst | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cpuset.cpus | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cpuset.cpus.effective | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cpuset.cpus.exclusive | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cpuset.cpus.exclusive.effective | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cpuset.cpus.partition | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cpuset.mems | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cpuset.mems.effective | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cpu.stat | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cpu.weight | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 cpu.weight.nice | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 io.bfq.weight | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 io.latency | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 io.max | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 io.stat | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.current | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.events | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.events.local | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.high | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.low | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.max | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.min | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.numa_stat | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.oom.group | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.peak | ||
| + | --w-------. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.reclaim | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.stat | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.swap.current | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.swap.events | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.swap.high | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.swap.max | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.swap.peak | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.zswap.current | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 memory.zswap.max | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 pids.current | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 pids.events | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 pids.max | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:06 pids.peak | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Activez les contrôleurs **cpuset** et **cpu** pour le cgroup **FooBar** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# echo " | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# echo " | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | cpuset cpu io memory pids | ||
| + | cpuset cpu | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important > | ||
| + | **Important** - Notez qu'il n'est pas possible d' | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Créez maintenant le répertoire **/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# mkdir / | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l / | ||
| + | total 0 | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cgroup.controllers | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cgroup.events | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cgroup.freeze | ||
| + | --w-------. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cgroup.kill | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cgroup.max.depth | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cgroup.max.descendants | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cgroup.procs | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cgroup.stat | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cgroup.subtree_control | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cgroup.threads | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cgroup.type | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cpu.idle | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cpu.max | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cpu.max.burst | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cpuset.cpus | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cpuset.cpus.effective | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cpuset.cpus.exclusive | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cpuset.cpus.exclusive.effective | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cpuset.cpus.partition | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cpuset.mems | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cpuset.mems.effective | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cpu.stat | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cpu.weight | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:08 cpu.weight.nice | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important > | ||
| + | **Important** - Le répertoire **/ | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | De façon à ce que les deux processus issus des services **foo** et **bar** se font concurrence sur la même CPU, injectez la valeur de **1** dans le fichier **/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# echo " | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | 1 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important > | ||
| + | **Important** - Notez que dans les faits, le contrôleur **cpu** n'est activé **que** dans le cas où le cgroup contient au moins 2 processus qui se font concurrence sur la même CPU. | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Mettez en place une limitation des ressources de la CPU avec la commande suivante : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# echo " | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important > | ||
| + | **Important** - Dans la commande ci-dessus, le premier nombre est un quota en microsecondes pendant lequel les processus dans le cgroup peuvent s' | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Ajoutez maintenant les processus des services **foo** et **bar** au cgroup **FooBar** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# echo " | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# echo " | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Vérifiez la prise en compte par le système de la commande précédente : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | 0::/ | ||
| + | 0::/ | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | Dernièrement, | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | top - 14:14:12 up 22: | ||
| + | Tasks: 205 total, | ||
| + | %Cpu(s): | ||
| + | MiB Mem : | ||
| + | MiB Swap: | ||
| + | |||
| + | PID USER PR NI VIRT RES SHR S %CPU %MEM TIME+ COMMAND | ||
| + | 81361 root 20 | ||
| + | 81448 root 20 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===5.3 - La Commande systemctl set-property=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Comme déjà vu, systemd organise les processus dans des **slices**, par exemple les utilisateurs sont regroupés dans **/ | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l / | ||
| + | total 0 | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cgroup.controllers | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cgroup.events | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cgroup.freeze | ||
| + | --w-------. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cgroup.kill | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cgroup.max.depth | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cgroup.max.descendants | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cgroup.procs | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cgroup.stat | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:01 cgroup.subtree_control | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cgroup.threads | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cgroup.type | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cpu.idle | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cpu.max | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cpu.max.burst | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:05 cpuset.cpus | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:05 cpuset.cpus.effective | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:05 cpuset.cpus.exclusive | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:05 cpuset.cpus.exclusive.effective | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:05 cpuset.cpus.partition | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:05 cpuset.mems | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:05 cpuset.mems.effective | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cpu.stat | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cpu.weight | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 cpu.weight.nice | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 io.bfq.weight | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 io.latency | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 io.max | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 io.stat | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.current | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.events | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.events.local | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.high | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.low | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.max | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.min | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.numa_stat | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.oom.group | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.peak | ||
| + | --w-------. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.reclaim | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.stat | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.swap.current | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.swap.events | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.swap.high | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.swap.max | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.swap.peak | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.zswap.current | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 memory.zswap.max | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 pids.current | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 pids.events | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 pids.max | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 22 15:36 pids.peak | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 0 Oct 23 14:14 user-1000.slice | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 0 Oct 22 15:37 user-42.slice | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | et les processus d'un utilisateur spécifique dans un slice dénommé **user-UID.slice** : | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l / | ||
| + | total 0 | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 cgroup.controllers | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 cgroup.events | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 cgroup.freeze | ||
| + | --w-------. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 cgroup.kill | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 cgroup.max.depth | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 cgroup.max.descendants | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 cgroup.procs | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 cgroup.stat | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 14:01 cgroup.subtree_control | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 cgroup.threads | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 cgroup.type | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 cpu.stat | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.current | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.events | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.events.local | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.high | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.low | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.max | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.min | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.numa_stat | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.oom.group | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.peak | ||
| + | --w-------. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.reclaim | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.stat | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.swap.current | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.swap.events | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.swap.high | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.swap.max | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.swap.peak | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.zswap.current | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 memory.zswap.max | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 pids.current | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 pids.events | ||
| + | -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 pids.max | ||
| + | -r--r--r--. 1 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 pids.peak | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 0 Oct 23 12:40 session-2395.scope | ||
| + | drwxr-xr-x. 5 trainee trainee 0 Oct 23 12:45 user@1000.service | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | De ce fait, il est possible d' | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==CPU== | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl set-property user-1000.slice CPUQuota=40% | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | 40000 100000 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Mémoire== | ||
| + | |||
| + | < | ||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# systemctl set-property user-1000.slice MemoryMax=1G | ||
| + | |||
| + | [root@redhat9 ~]# cat / | ||
| + | 1073741824 | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | <WRAP center round important > | ||
| + | **Important** - Notez que l' | ||
| + | </ | ||
| + | |||
| + | ----- | ||
| + | Copyright © 2024 Hugh Norris. | ||
