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| ~~PDF:LANDSCAPE~~ |
| |
| Version : **2024.01** |
| |
| Dernière mise-à-jour : ~~LASTMOD~~ |
| |
| ======RH12409 - Gestion de l'Archivage et de la Compression====== |
| |
| =====Contenu du Module===== |
| |
| * **RH12409 - Gestion de l'Archivage et de la Compression** |
| * Contenu du Module |
| * Types de Sauvegardes |
| * Sauvegarde complète |
| * Sauvegarde différentielle |
| * Sauvegarde incrémentale |
| * Sauvegarde décrémentale |
| * Outils Classiques de Sauvegarde |
| * Préparation |
| * La Commande tar |
| * Présentation |
| * LAB #1 - Travailler avec la Commande tar |
| * La Commande GPL tar et la Compression |
| * La Commande cpio |
| * Présentation |
| * LAB #2 - Travailler avec la Commande cpio |
| * La Commande dd |
| * Présentation |
| * LAB #3 - Travailler avec la Commande dd |
| * Les Commandes dump et restore |
| * Présentation |
| * Outils Avancés de Sauvegarde |
| * Outils de Sauvegarde Unidirectionnelle |
| * Outils de Sauvegarde Multidirectionnelle |
| * Outils de Sauvegarde des Partitions |
| * LAB #4 - Que Sauvegarder en Priorité ? |
| * Sauvegarde de la Liste des Paquets |
| * Sauvegarde d'un Mémo sur la Structure du Disque Dur Système |
| * Sauvegarde d'un Mémo sur les Points de Montage du Disque Dur Système |
| * Sauvegarde du Chargeur de Démarrage |
| * GRUB Legacy |
| * GRUB 2 avec BIOS |
| * GRUB 2 avec EFI |
| * Sauvegarde des Dossiers Utilisateurs |
| * La Commande Rsync |
| * Présentation |
| * LAB #5 - Travailler avec la Commande rsync |
| * Compression |
| * La Commande gzip |
| * Présentation |
| * LAB #6 - Travaller avec la Commande gzip |
| * La Commande bzip2 |
| * Présentation |
| * LAB #7 - Travailler avec la Commande bzip2 |
| * La Commande xz |
| * Présentation |
| * LAB #8 - Travailler avec la Commande xz |
| * Autres Utilitaires |
| |
| =====Types de Sauvegardes===== |
| |
| ====Sauvegarde complète==== |
| |
| Dans ce cas on sauvegarde tous les fichiers et dossiers, toute la partition ou tout le disque : |
| |
| {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:full.png?direct&400 |}} |
| |
| La restauration nécessite : |
| |
| * La dernière sauvegarde complète. |
| |
| Avantage : |
| |
| * Restauration plus rapide et plus simple que les restaurations à partir de sauvegardes différentielles et incrémentales. |
| |
| Inconvénient : |
| |
| * Nécessite plus d'espace de stockage que les sauvegardes différentielles et incrémentales. |
| |
| ====Sauvegarde différentielle==== |
| |
| Dans ce cas on sauvegarde des données modifiées ou nouvellement ajoutées sur la base de la **dernière sauvegarde complète** : |
| |
| {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:diff.png?direct&400 |}} |
| |
| La restauration nécessite : |
| |
| * La dernière sauvegarde complète, |
| * La dernière sauvegarde différentielle. |
| |
| Avantage : |
| |
| * Restauration plus rapide que la restauration à partir d'une sauvegarde incrémentale. |
| |
| Inconvénient : |
| |
| * Nécessite plus d'espace de stockage que la sauvegarde incrémentale. |
| |
| ====Sauvegarde incrémentale==== |
| |
| Dans ce cas, on ne sauvegarde que ce qui a changé depuis la dernière sauvegarde quelle qu'elle soit (complète, différentielle ou incrémentale) : |
| |
| {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:incr.png?direct&400 |}} |
| |
| La restauration nécessite : |
| |
| * La dernière sauvegarde complète, |
| * Toutes les sauvegardes incrémentales effectuées depuis, et dans l'ordre. |
| |
| Avantage : |
| |
| * Sauvegarde plus rapide que la sauvegarde complète ou différentielle, |
| * Nécessite moins d'espace de stockage que la sauvegarde différentielle. |
| |
| Inconvénient : |
| |
| * Plus longue à restaurer. |
| |
| ====Sauvegarde décrémentale==== |
| |
| Dans ce cas on sauvegarde tous les fichiers puis on produit une sauvegarde de ce qui a changé depuis la dernière sauvegarde complète. Cette sauvegarde est appelée une sauvegarde décrémentale : |
| |
| {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:decr.png?direct&400 |}} |
| |
| La restauration nécessite : |
| |
| * La dernière sauvegarde complète. |
| |
| La restauration de J-1 nécessite : |
| |
| * La dernière sauvegarde complète, |
| * La sauvegarde décrémentale J. |
| |
| Par exemple pour obtenir un état du système J1 quand on est à J2, il convient de restaurer la sauvegarde complète de J2 qui est en réalité J2+J1 puis la sauvegarde décrémentale -J2. De cette façon et d'une manière mathématique on obtient : J2 + J1 -J2 = J1. |
| |
| Avantage : |
| |
| * Restauration plus rapide et plus simple que les restaurations à partir de sauvegardes différentielles et incrémentales. |
| |
| Inconvénient : |
| |
| * Nécessite plus de manipulation de données à chaque sauvegarde. |
| |
| =====Outils classiques de sauvegarde===== |
| |
| ====Préparation==== |
| |
| Afin de poursuivre, il convient de créer une arborescence à sauvegarder : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# mkdir -p /test/repY; mkdir /test/repZ |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# cd /test/repY; touch Y1 Y2 Y3 |
| [root@redhat9 repY]# cd /test/repZ; touch Z1 Z2 |
| [root@redhat9 repZ]# ls -lR /test |
| /test: |
| total 0 |
| drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 36 Sep 27 07:51 repY |
| drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 26 Sep 27 07:51 repZ |
| |
| /test/repY: |
| total 0 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Y1 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Y2 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Y3 |
| |
| /test/repZ: |
| total 0 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Z1 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Z2 |
| </code> |
| |
| ====La Commande tar==== |
| |
| ===Présentation=== |
| |
| Le programme **tar** a été originellement prévu pour sauvegarder sur des bandes magnétiques, d'où son nom issu de **tape archiver**. |
| |
| La commande **tar** peut sauvegarder vers : |
| |
| * un fichier spécial, par exemple le nom d'un lecteur de bande, |
| * un fichier ordinaire sur disque, |
| * la sortie standard pour être utilisé dans un pipe. |
| |
| ===Options de la Commande=== |
| |
| Les options de la commande tar sont : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 repZ]# tar --help |
| Usage: tar [OPTION...] [FILE]... |
| GNU 'tar' saves many files together into a single tape or disk archive, and can |
| restore individual files from the archive. |
| |
| Examples: |
| tar -cf archive.tar foo bar # Create archive.tar from files foo and bar. |
| tar -tvf archive.tar # List all files in archive.tar verbosely. |
| tar -xf archive.tar # Extract all files from archive.tar. |
| |
| Main operation mode: |
| -A, --catenate, --concatenate append tar files to an archive |
| -c, --create create a new archive |
| --delete delete from the archive (not on mag tapes!) |
| -d, --diff, --compare find differences between archive and file system |
| -r, --append append files to the end of an archive |
| --test-label test the archive volume label and exit |
| -t, --list list the contents of an archive |
| -u, --update only append files newer than copy in archive |
| -x, --extract, --get extract files from an archive |
| |
| Operation modifiers: |
| |
| --check-device check device numbers when creating incremental |
| archives (default) |
| -g, --listed-incremental=FILE handle new GNU-format incremental backup |
| -G, --incremental handle old GNU-format incremental backup |
| --hole-detection=TYPE technique to detect holes |
| --ignore-failed-read do not exit with nonzero on unreadable files |
| --level=NUMBER dump level for created listed-incremental archive |
| --no-check-device do not check device numbers when creating |
| incremental archives |
| --no-seek archive is not seekable |
| -n, --seek archive is seekable |
| --occurrence[=NUMBER] process only the NUMBERth occurrence of each file |
| in the archive; this option is valid only in |
| conjunction with one of the subcommands --delete, |
| --diff, --extract or --list and when a list of |
| files is given either on the command line or via |
| the -T option; NUMBER defaults to 1 |
| --sparse-version=MAJOR[.MINOR] |
| set version of the sparse format to use (implies |
| --sparse) |
| -S, --sparse handle sparse files efficiently |
| |
| Local file name selection: |
| --add-file=FILE add given FILE to the archive (useful if its name |
| starts with a dash) |
| -C, --directory=DIR change to directory DIR |
| --exclude=PATTERN exclude files, given as a PATTERN |
| --exclude-backups exclude backup and lock files |
| --exclude-caches exclude contents of directories containing |
| CACHEDIR.TAG, except for the tag file itself |
| --exclude-caches-all exclude directories containing CACHEDIR.TAG |
| --exclude-caches-under exclude everything under directories containing |
| CACHEDIR.TAG |
| --exclude-ignore=FILE read exclude patterns for each directory from |
| FILE, if it exists |
| --exclude-ignore-recursive=FILE |
| read exclude patterns for each directory and its |
| subdirectories from FILE, if it exists |
| --exclude-tag=FILE exclude contents of directories containing FILE, |
| except for FILE itself |
| --exclude-tag-all=FILE exclude directories containing FILE |
| --exclude-tag-under=FILE exclude everything under directories |
| containing FILE |
| --exclude-vcs exclude version control system directories |
| --exclude-vcs-ignores read exclude patterns from the VCS ignore files |
| --no-null disable the effect of the previous --null option |
| --no-recursion avoid descending automatically in directories |
| --no-unquote do not unquote input file or member names |
| --no-verbatim-files-from -T treats file names starting with dash as |
| options (default) |
| --null -T reads null-terminated names; implies |
| --verbatim-files-from |
| --recursion recurse into directories (default) |
| -T, --files-from=FILE get names to extract or create from FILE |
| --unquote unquote input file or member names (default) |
| --verbatim-files-from -T reads file names verbatim (no escape or option |
| handling) |
| -X, --exclude-from=FILE exclude patterns listed in FILE |
| |
| File name matching options (affect both exclude and include patterns): |
| |
| --anchored patterns match file name start |
| --ignore-case ignore case |
| --no-anchored patterns match after any '/' (default for |
| exclusion) |
| --no-ignore-case case sensitive matching (default) |
| --no-wildcards verbatim string matching |
| --no-wildcards-match-slash wildcards do not match '/' |
| --wildcards use wildcards (default for exclusion) |
| --wildcards-match-slash wildcards match '/' (default) |
| |
| Overwrite control: |
| |
| --keep-directory-symlink preserve existing symlinks to directories when |
| extracting |
| --keep-newer-files don't replace existing files that are newer than |
| their archive copies |
| -k, --keep-old-files don't replace existing files when extracting, |
| treat them as errors |
| --no-overwrite-dir preserve metadata of existing directories |
| --one-top-level[=DIR] create a subdirectory to avoid having loose files |
| extracted |
| --overwrite overwrite existing files when extracting |
| --overwrite-dir overwrite metadata of existing directories when |
| extracting (default) |
| --recursive-unlink empty hierarchies prior to extracting directory |
| --remove-files remove files after adding them to the archive |
| --skip-old-files don't replace existing files when extracting, |
| silently skip over them |
| -U, --unlink-first remove each file prior to extracting over it |
| -W, --verify attempt to verify the archive after writing it |
| |
| Select output stream: |
| |
| --ignore-command-error ignore exit codes of children |
| --no-ignore-command-error treat non-zero exit codes of children as |
| error |
| -O, --to-stdout extract files to standard output |
| --to-command=COMMAND pipe extracted files to another program |
| |
| Handling of file attributes: |
| |
| --atime-preserve[=METHOD] preserve access times on dumped files, either |
| by restoring the times after reading |
| (METHOD='replace'; default) or by not setting the |
| times in the first place (METHOD='system') |
| --clamp-mtime only set time when the file is more recent than |
| what was given with --mtime |
| --delay-directory-restore delay setting modification times and |
| permissions of extracted directories until the end |
| of extraction |
| --group=NAME force NAME as group for added files |
| --group-map=FILE use FILE to map file owner GIDs and names |
| --mode=CHANGES force (symbolic) mode CHANGES for added files |
| --mtime=DATE-OR-FILE set mtime for added files from DATE-OR-FILE |
| -m, --touch don't extract file modified time |
| --no-delay-directory-restore |
| cancel the effect of --delay-directory-restore |
| option |
| --no-same-owner extract files as yourself (default for ordinary |
| users) |
| --no-same-permissions apply the user's umask when extracting permissions |
| from the archive (default for ordinary users) |
| --numeric-owner always use numbers for user/group names |
| --owner=NAME force NAME as owner for added files |
| --owner-map=FILE use FILE to map file owner UIDs and names |
| -p, --preserve-permissions, --same-permissions |
| extract information about file permissions |
| (default for superuser) |
| --same-owner try extracting files with the same ownership as |
| exists in the archive (default for superuser) |
| --sort=ORDER directory sorting order: none (default), name or |
| inode |
| -s, --preserve-order, --same-order |
| member arguments are listed in the same order as |
| the files in the archive |
| |
| Handling of extended file attributes: |
| |
| --acls Enable the POSIX ACLs support |
| --no-acls Disable the POSIX ACLs support |
| --no-selinux Disable the SELinux context support |
| --no-xattrs Disable extended attributes support |
| --selinux Enable the SELinux context support |
| --xattrs Enable extended attributes support |
| --xattrs-exclude=MASK specify the exclude pattern for xattr keys |
| --xattrs-include=MASK specify the include pattern for xattr keys |
| |
| Device selection and switching: |
| |
| --force-local archive file is local even if it has a colon |
| -f, --file=ARCHIVE use archive file or device ARCHIVE |
| -F, --info-script=NAME, --new-volume-script=NAME |
| run script at end of each tape (implies -M) |
| -L, --tape-length=NUMBER change tape after writing NUMBER x 1024 bytes |
| -M, --multi-volume create/list/extract multi-volume archive |
| --rmt-command=COMMAND use given rmt COMMAND instead of rmt |
| --rsh-command=COMMAND use remote COMMAND instead of rsh |
| --volno-file=FILE use/update the volume number in FILE |
| |
| Device blocking: |
| |
| -b, --blocking-factor=BLOCKS BLOCKS x 512 bytes per record |
| -B, --read-full-records reblock as we read (for 4.2BSD pipes) |
| -i, --ignore-zeros ignore zeroed blocks in archive (means EOF) |
| --record-size=NUMBER NUMBER of bytes per record, multiple of 512 |
| |
| Archive format selection: |
| |
| -H, --format=FORMAT create archive of the given format |
| |
| FORMAT is one of the following: |
| gnu GNU tar 1.13.x format |
| oldgnu GNU format as per tar <= 1.12 |
| pax POSIX 1003.1-2001 (pax) format |
| posix same as pax |
| ustar POSIX 1003.1-1988 (ustar) format |
| v7 old V7 tar format |
| |
| --old-archive, --portability |
| same as --format=v7 |
| --pax-option=keyword[[:]=value][,keyword[[:]=value]]... |
| control pax keywords |
| --posix same as --format=posix |
| -V, --label=TEXT create archive with volume name TEXT; at |
| list/extract time, use TEXT as a globbing pattern |
| for volume name |
| |
| Compression options: |
| |
| -a, --auto-compress use archive suffix to determine the compression |
| program |
| -I, --use-compress-program=PROG |
| filter through PROG (must accept -d) |
| -j, --bzip2 filter the archive through bzip2 |
| -J, --xz filter the archive through xz |
| --lzip filter the archive through lzip |
| --lzma filter the archive through xz --format=lzma |
| --lzop filter the archive through lzop |
| --no-auto-compress do not use archive suffix to determine the |
| compression program |
| --zstd filter the archive through zstd |
| -z, --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip filter the archive through gzip |
| -Z, --compress, --uncompress filter the archive through compress |
| |
| Local file selection: |
| |
| --backup[=CONTROL] backup before removal, choose version CONTROL |
| --hard-dereference follow hard links; archive and dump the files they |
| refer to |
| -h, --dereference follow symlinks; archive and dump the files they |
| point to |
| -K, --starting-file=MEMBER-NAME |
| begin at member MEMBER-NAME when reading the |
| archive |
| --newer-mtime=DATE compare date and time when data changed only |
| -N, --newer=DATE-OR-FILE, --after-date=DATE-OR-FILE |
| only store files newer than DATE-OR-FILE |
| --one-file-system stay in local file system when creating archive |
| -P, --absolute-names don't strip leading '/'s from file names |
| --suffix=STRING backup before removal, override usual suffix ('~' |
| unless overridden by environment variable |
| SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX) |
| |
| File name transformations: |
| |
| --strip-components=NUMBER strip NUMBER leading components from file |
| names on extraction |
| --transform=EXPRESSION, --xform=EXPRESSION |
| use sed replace EXPRESSION to transform file |
| names |
| |
| Informative output: |
| |
| --checkpoint[=NUMBER] display progress messages every NUMBERth record |
| (default 10) |
| --checkpoint-action=ACTION execute ACTION on each checkpoint |
| --full-time print file time to its full resolution |
| --index-file=FILE send verbose output to FILE |
| -l, --check-links print a message if not all links are dumped |
| --no-quote-chars=STRING disable quoting for characters from STRING |
| --quote-chars=STRING additionally quote characters from STRING |
| --quoting-style=STYLE set name quoting style; see below for valid STYLE |
| values |
| -R, --block-number show block number within archive with each message |
| |
| --show-defaults show tar defaults |
| --show-omitted-dirs when listing or extracting, list each directory |
| that does not match search criteria |
| --show-snapshot-field-ranges |
| show valid ranges for snapshot-file fields |
| --show-transformed-names, --show-stored-names |
| show file or archive names after transformation |
| --totals[=SIGNAL] print total bytes after processing the archive; |
| with an argument - print total bytes when this |
| SIGNAL is delivered; Allowed signals are: SIGHUP, |
| SIGQUIT, SIGINT, SIGUSR1 and SIGUSR2; the names |
| without SIG prefix are also accepted |
| --utc print file modification times in UTC |
| -v, --verbose verbosely list files processed |
| --warning=KEYWORD warning control |
| -w, --interactive, --confirmation |
| ask for confirmation for every action |
| |
| Compatibility options: |
| |
| -o when creating, same as --old-archive; when |
| extracting, same as --no-same-owner |
| |
| Other options: |
| |
| -?, --help give this help list |
| --restrict disable use of some potentially harmful options |
| --usage give a short usage message |
| --version print program version |
| |
| Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional |
| for any corresponding short options. |
| |
| The backup suffix is '~', unless set with --suffix or SIMPLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX. |
| The version control may be set with --backup or VERSION_CONTROL, values are: |
| |
| none, off never make backups |
| t, numbered make numbered backups |
| nil, existing numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise |
| never, simple always make simple backups |
| |
| Valid arguments for the --quoting-style option are: |
| |
| literal |
| shell |
| shell-always |
| shell-escape |
| shell-escape-always |
| c |
| c-maybe |
| escape |
| locale |
| clocale |
| |
| *This* tar defaults to: |
| --format=gnu -f- -b20 --quoting-style=escape --rmt-command=/etc/rmt |
| --rsh-command=/usr/bin/ssh |
| </code> |
| |
| ===LAB #1 - Travailler avec la Commande tar=== |
| |
| Vous allez maintenant sauvegarder votre dossier **test** ainsi que son contenu vers un fichier : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 repZ]# tar cvf /tmp/test.tar /test |
| tar: Removing leading `/' from member names |
| /test/ |
| /test/repY/ |
| /test/repY/Y1 |
| /test/repY/Y2 |
| /test/repY/Y3 |
| /test/repZ/ |
| /test/repZ/Z1 |
| /test/repZ/Z2 |
| </code> |
| |
| Pour visualiser la **table of contents** de votre sauvegarde, utilisez la commande suivante : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 repZ]# tar tvf /tmp/test.tar |
| drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2024-09-27 07:51 test/ |
| drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2024-09-27 07:51 test/repY/ |
| -rw-r--r-- root/root 0 2024-09-27 07:51 test/repY/Y1 |
| -rw-r--r-- root/root 0 2024-09-27 07:51 test/repY/Y2 |
| -rw-r--r-- root/root 0 2024-09-27 07:51 test/repY/Y3 |
| drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2024-09-27 07:51 test/repZ/ |
| -rw-r--r-- root/root 0 2024-09-27 07:51 test/repZ/Z1 |
| -rw-r--r-- root/root 0 2024-09-27 07:51 test/repZ/Z2 |
| </code> |
| |
| Afin de créer une sauvegarde incrémentale, vous avez besoin de créer un fichier qui servira de référence de date : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 repZ]# touch /tmp/dateref |
| </code> |
| |
| Modifiez maintenant deux des fichiers de votre arborescence **test** : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 repZ]# echo "CentOS est super \!" > /test/repY/Y1 |
| |
| [root@redhat9 repZ]# echo "RHEL is wonderful \!" > /test/repZ/Z1 |
| </code> |
| |
| Pour procéder à votre sauvegarde incrémentale, vous devez sauvegarder uniquement les fichiers modifiés ou créés depuis la création de votre fichier **/tmp/dateref**. |
| |
| Saisissez donc la commande suivante : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 repZ]# tar -cvf /tmp/incremental.tar -N /tmp/dateref /test |
| tar: Removing leading `/' from member names |
| /test/ |
| /test/repY/ |
| /test/repY/Y1 |
| tar: /test/repY/Y2: file is unchanged; not dumped |
| tar: /test/repY/Y3: file is unchanged; not dumped |
| /test/repZ/ |
| /test/repZ/Z1 |
| tar: /test/repZ/Z2: file is unchanged; not dumped |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Notez l'utilisation de l'option **-N** avec l’argument **/tmp/dateref** qui permet d'identifier les fichiers modifiés ou créés depuis la création de **/tmp/dateref**. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| Contrôlez maintenant le contenu de l'archive **/tmp/incremental.tar** : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 repZ]# tar tvf /tmp/incremental.tar |
| drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2024-09-27 07:51 test/ |
| drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2024-09-27 07:51 test/repY/ |
| -rw-r--r-- root/root 20 2024-09-27 07:58 test/repY/Y1 |
| drwxr-xr-x root/root 0 2024-09-27 07:51 test/repZ/ |
| -rw-r--r-- root/root 21 2024-09-27 07:58 test/repZ/Z1 |
| </code> |
| |
| Supprimez maintenant le contenu du répertoire **test** : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# rm -rf /test/* |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Notez que le système vous permet de supprimer le répertoire **/test/repZ**, or vous vous situez dans ce même répertoire ! |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| Afin de pouvoir restaurer les fichiers de votre première sauvegarde, placez-vous à la racine de votre système et restaurez le contenu de votre répertoire **test** en saisissant la commande tar suivante : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# cd / |
| [root@redhat9 /]# tar xvf /tmp/test.tar |
| test/ |
| test/repY/ |
| test/repY/Y1 |
| test/repY/Y2 |
| test/repY/Y3 |
| test/repZ/ |
| test/repZ/Z1 |
| test/repZ/Z2 |
| </code> |
| |
| Constatez maintenant que l'opération s'est bien déroulée : |
| |
| <code> |
| root@redhat9 /]# ls -lR /test |
| /test: |
| total 0 |
| drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 36 Sep 27 07:51 repY |
| drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 26 Sep 27 07:51 repZ |
| |
| /test/repY: |
| total 0 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Y1 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Y2 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Y3 |
| |
| /test/repZ: |
| total 0 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Z1 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Z2 |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Notez qu'à ce stade les fichiers **/test/repY/Y1** et **/test/repZ/Z1** sont vides. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| Restaurez maintenant votre archive incrémentale : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# tar xvf /tmp/incremental.tar |
| test/ |
| test/repY/ |
| test/repY/Y1 |
| test/repZ/ |
| test/repZ/Z1 |
| </code> |
| |
| Constatez maintenant que l'opération s'est bien déroulée : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# ls -lR /test |
| /test: |
| total 0 |
| drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 36 Sep 27 07:51 repY |
| drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 26 Sep 27 07:51 repZ |
| |
| /test/repY: |
| total 4 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 20 Sep 27 07:58 Y1 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Y2 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Y3 |
| |
| /test/repZ: |
| total 4 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21 Sep 27 07:58 Z1 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Z2 |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Notez que les fichiers **/test/repY/Y1** et **/test/repZ/Z1** sont maintenant non-vides. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| ===La Commande GPL tar et la Compression=== |
| |
| Dernièrement, la commande tar peut archiver en utilisant des algorithmes de compression : |
| |
| ^ Algorythme ^ Option de la commande tar ^ |
| | gzip | z | |
| | bzip2 | j | |
| | lzma | J | |
| |
| ====La Commande cpio==== |
| |
| ===Présentation=== |
| |
| La commande **cpio** (Copy Input To Output). cpio peut gérer les archives au format **tar**. La différence majeure entre tar et cpio est que ce dernier stocke les chemins d'accès aux fichiers sauvgardés en même temps que les fichiers eux-mêmes. Ceci implique que dans le cas où le chemin absolu a été spécifié lors de la sauvegarde, il est impossible de restaurer un fichier à un autre emplacement que son emplacement d'origine. |
| |
| Vous allez utiliser maintenant le logiciel **cpio** pour effectuer les sauvegardes et restaurations. |
| |
| ===Options de la Commande=== |
| |
| Les options de la commande **cpio** sont : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# cpio --help |
| Usage: cpio [OPTION...] [destination-directory] |
| GNU `cpio' copies files to and from archives |
| |
| Examples: |
| # Copy files named in name-list to the archive |
| cpio -o < name-list [> archive] |
| # Extract files from the archive |
| cpio -i [< archive] |
| # Copy files named in name-list to destination-directory |
| cpio -p destination-directory < name-list |
| |
| Main operation mode: |
| -i, --extract Extract files from an archive (run in copy-in |
| mode) |
| -o, --create Create the archive (run in copy-out mode) |
| -p, --pass-through Run in copy-pass mode |
| -t, --list Print a table of contents of the input |
| |
| Operation modifiers valid in any mode: |
| |
| --block-size=BLOCK-SIZE Set the I/O block size to BLOCK-SIZE * 512 |
| bytes |
| -B Set the I/O block size to 5120 bytes |
| -c Identical to "-H newc", use the new (SVR4) |
| portable format. If you wish the old portable |
| (ASCII) archive format, use "-H odc" instead. |
| -C, --io-size=NUMBER Set the I/O block size to the given NUMBER of |
| bytes |
| -D, --directory=DIR Change to directory DIR |
| --force-local Archive file is local, even if its name contains |
| colons |
| -H, --format=FORMAT Use given archive FORMAT |
| --quiet Do not print the number of blocks copied |
| -R, --owner=[USER][:.][GROUP] Set the ownership of all files created to the |
| specified USER and/or GROUP |
| -v, --verbose Verbosely list the files processed |
| -V, --dot Print a "." for each file processed |
| -W, --warning=FLAG Control warning display. Currently FLAG is one of |
| 'none', 'truncate', 'all'. Multiple options |
| accumulate. |
| |
| Operation modifiers valid in copy-in and copy-out modes |
| |
| -F, --file=[[USER@]HOST:]FILE-NAME |
| Use this FILE-NAME instead of standard input or |
| output. Optional USER and HOST specify the user |
| and host names in case of a remote archive |
| -M, --message=STRING Print STRING when the end of a volume of the |
| backup media is reached |
| --rsh-command=COMMAND Use COMMAND instead of rsh |
| |
| Operation modifiers valid only in copy-in mode: |
| |
| -b, --swap Swap both halfwords of words and bytes of |
| halfwords in the data. Equivalent to -sS |
| -f, --nonmatching Only copy files that do not match any of the given |
| patterns |
| -I [[USER@]HOST:]FILE-NAME Archive filename to use instead of standard input. |
| Optional USER and HOST specify the user and host |
| names in case of a remote archive |
| -n, --numeric-uid-gid In the verbose table of contents listing, show |
| numeric UID and GID |
| -r, --rename Interactively rename files |
| -s, --swap-bytes Swap the bytes of each halfword in the files |
| -S, --swap-halfwords Swap the halfwords of each word (4 bytes) in the |
| files |
| --to-stdout Extract files to standard output |
| |
| -E, --pattern-file=FILE Read additional patterns specifying filenames to |
| extract or list from FILE |
| --only-verify-crc When reading a CRC format archive, only verify the |
| checksum of each file in the archive, don't |
| actually extract the files |
| |
| Operation modifiers valid only in copy-out mode: |
| |
| -A, --append Append to an existing archive. |
| --device-independent, --reproducible |
| Create device-independent (reproducible) archives |
| --ignore-devno Don't store device numbers |
| -O [[USER@]HOST:]FILE-NAME Archive filename to use instead of standard |
| output. Optional USER and HOST specify the user |
| and host names in case of a remote archive |
| --renumber-inodes Renumber inodes |
| |
| Operation modifiers valid only in copy-pass mode: |
| |
| -l, --link Link files instead of copying them, when |
| possible |
| |
| Operation modifiers valid in copy-in and copy-out modes: |
| |
| --absolute-filenames Do not strip file system prefix components from |
| the file names |
| --no-absolute-filenames Create all files relative to the current |
| directory |
| |
| Operation modifiers valid in copy-out and copy-pass modes: |
| |
| -0, --null Filenames in the list are delimited by null |
| characters instead of newlines |
| -a, --reset-access-time Reset the access times of files after reading |
| them |
| -L, --dereference Dereference symbolic links (copy the files |
| that they point to instead of copying the links). |
| |
| Operation modifiers valid in copy-in and copy-pass modes: |
| |
| -d, --make-directories Create leading directories where needed |
| -m, --preserve-modification-time |
| Retain previous file modification times when |
| creating files |
| --no-preserve-owner Do not change the ownership of the files |
| --sparse Write files with large blocks of zeros as sparse |
| files |
| -u, --unconditional Replace all files unconditionally |
| |
| -?, --help give this help list |
| --usage give a short usage message |
| --version print program version |
| |
| Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional |
| for any corresponding short options. |
| |
| Report bugs to <bug-cpio@gnu.org>. |
| </code> |
| |
| ===LAB #2 - Travailler avec la Commande cpio=== |
| |
| Dans un premier temps, vous devez utiliser la commande **find** pour construire une liste de fichiers à sauvegarder : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# find /test > /tmp/cpio.list |
| [root@redhat9 /]# cat /tmp/cpio.list |
| /test |
| /test/repY |
| /test/repY/Y2 |
| /test/repY/Y3 |
| /test/repY/Y1 |
| /test/repZ |
| /test/repZ/Z2 |
| /test/repZ/Z1 |
| </code> |
| |
| Sauvegardez maintenant les fichiers et répertoires référencés par le fichier **/tmp/cpio.list** : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# cpio -ov < /tmp/cpio.list > /tmp/test.cpio |
| /test |
| /test/repY |
| /test/repY/Y2 |
| /test/repY/Y3 |
| /test/repY/Y1 |
| /test/repZ |
| /test/repZ/Z2 |
| /test/repZ/Z1 |
| 1 block |
| </code> |
| |
| Consultez maintenant la **table of contents** de votre sauvegarde : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# cpio -it < /tmp/test.cpio |
| /test |
| /test/repY |
| /test/repY/Y2 |
| /test/repY/Y3 |
| /test/repY/Y1 |
| /test/repZ |
| /test/repZ/Z2 |
| /test/repZ/Z1 |
| 1 block |
| </code> |
| |
| Supprimez maintenant le répertoire **/test/repY** et son contenu : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# rm -rf /test/repY |
| </code> |
| |
| Contrôlez le bon déroulement de la suppression : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# ls -lR /test |
| /test: |
| total 0 |
| drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 26 Sep 27 07:51 repZ |
| |
| /test/repZ: |
| total 4 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21 Sep 27 07:58 Z1 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Z2 |
| </code> |
| |
| Restaurez les fichiers supprimés : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# cpio -ivdum "/test/repY/*" < /tmp/test.cpio |
| /test/repY/Y2 |
| /test/repY/Y3 |
| /test/repY/Y1 |
| 1 block |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Notez l'utilisation de la chaîne **"/test/repY/*"** qui permet de rechercher uniquement le répertoire **repY** ainsi que les fichiers **Y1**, **Y2** et **Y3** dans l'archive test.cpio. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| Contrôlez le bon déroulement de la restauration : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# ls -lR /test |
| /test: |
| total 0 |
| drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 36 Sep 27 08:10 repY |
| drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 26 Sep 27 07:51 repZ |
| |
| /test/repY: |
| total 4 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 20 Sep 27 07:58 Y1 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Y2 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Y3 |
| |
| /test/repZ: |
| total 4 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21 Sep 27 07:58 Z1 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 07:51 Z2 |
| </code> |
| |
| ====La Commande dd==== |
| |
| ===Présentation=== |
| |
| La commande **dd** n'est pas réellement une commande de sauvegarde. |
| |
| La commande **dd** copie le fichier passé en entrée dans le fichier de sortie en limitant le nombre d'octets copiés par l'utilisation de deux options : |
| |
| * **count** |
| * le nombre |
| * **bs** |
| * la taille du bloc à copier |
| |
| ===Options de la Commande=== |
| |
| Les options de la commande **dd** sont : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# dd --help |
| Usage: dd [OPERAND]... |
| or: dd OPTION |
| Copy a file, converting and formatting according to the operands. |
| |
| bs=BYTES read and write up to BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512); |
| overrides ibs and obs |
| cbs=BYTES convert BYTES bytes at a time |
| conv=CONVS convert the file as per the comma separated symbol list |
| count=N copy only N input blocks |
| ibs=BYTES read up to BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) |
| if=FILE read from FILE instead of stdin |
| iflag=FLAGS read as per the comma separated symbol list |
| obs=BYTES write BYTES bytes at a time (default: 512) |
| of=FILE write to FILE instead of stdout |
| oflag=FLAGS write as per the comma separated symbol list |
| seek=N skip N obs-sized blocks at start of output |
| skip=N skip N ibs-sized blocks at start of input |
| status=LEVEL The LEVEL of information to print to stderr; |
| 'none' suppresses everything but error messages, |
| 'noxfer' suppresses the final transfer statistics, |
| 'progress' shows periodic transfer statistics |
| |
| N and BYTES may be followed by the following multiplicative suffixes: |
| c=1, w=2, b=512, kB=1000, K=1024, MB=1000*1000, M=1024*1024, xM=M, |
| GB=1000*1000*1000, G=1024*1024*1024, and so on for T, P, E, Z, Y. |
| Binary prefixes can be used, too: KiB=K, MiB=M, and so on. |
| |
| Each CONV symbol may be: |
| |
| ascii from EBCDIC to ASCII |
| ebcdic from ASCII to EBCDIC |
| ibm from ASCII to alternate EBCDIC |
| block pad newline-terminated records with spaces to cbs-size |
| unblock replace trailing spaces in cbs-size records with newline |
| lcase change upper case to lower case |
| ucase change lower case to upper case |
| sparse try to seek rather than write all-NUL output blocks |
| swab swap every pair of input bytes |
| sync pad every input block with NULs to ibs-size; when used |
| with block or unblock, pad with spaces rather than NULs |
| excl fail if the output file already exists |
| nocreat do not create the output file |
| notrunc do not truncate the output file |
| noerror continue after read errors |
| fdatasync physically write output file data before finishing |
| fsync likewise, but also write metadata |
| |
| Each FLAG symbol may be: |
| |
| append append mode (makes sense only for output; conv=notrunc suggested) |
| direct use direct I/O for data |
| directory fail unless a directory |
| dsync use synchronized I/O for data |
| sync likewise, but also for metadata |
| fullblock accumulate full blocks of input (iflag only) |
| nonblock use non-blocking I/O |
| noatime do not update access time |
| nocache Request to drop cache. See also oflag=sync |
| noctty do not assign controlling terminal from file |
| nofollow do not follow symlinks |
| count_bytes treat 'count=N' as a byte count (iflag only) |
| skip_bytes treat 'skip=N' as a byte count (iflag only) |
| seek_bytes treat 'seek=N' as a byte count (oflag only) |
| |
| Sending a USR1 signal to a running 'dd' process makes it |
| print I/O statistics to standard error and then resume copying. |
| |
| Options are: |
| |
| --help display this help and exit |
| --version output version information and exit |
| |
| GNU coreutils online help: <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/> |
| Full documentation <https://www.gnu.org/software/coreutils/dd> |
| or available locally via: info '(coreutils) dd invocation' |
| </code> |
| |
| ===LAB #3 - Travailler avec la Commande dd=== |
| |
| Vous allez utiliser maintenant le logiciel **dd** pour effectuer une sauvegarde de votre MBR et de la table des partitions. |
| |
| Effectuez une sauvegarde de votre MBR qui se trouve dans les premiers 446 octets de votre disque **/dev/sda** : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/mbr.save bs=1 count=446 |
| 446+0 records in |
| 446+0 records out |
| 446 bytes copied, 0.00114645 s, 389 kB/s |
| </code> |
| |
| Effectuez maintenant une sauvegarde de votre table des partitions qui se trouve dans les 64 octets après les 446 précédemment sauvegardés : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# dd if=/dev/sda of=/tmp/tblpart.save bs=1 count=64 skip=446 |
| 64+0 records in |
| 64+0 records out |
| 64 bytes copied, 0.000282251 s, 227 kB/s |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Notez l'utilisation de l'option **skip** qui permet de positionner le début de la sauvegarde au 447ième octet. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| ====Les Commandes dump et restore==== |
| |
| ===Présentation=== |
| |
| Les commandes **dump** et **restore** se basent sur le format d'enregistrement des données ( ext3 ). Pour cette raison il n'est pas possible de sauvegarder des répertoires à l'intérieur d'un système de fichiers mais uniquement des systèmes de fichiers complets. |
| |
| Il est important de noter que le système de fichier ne doit pas être utilisé pendant le processus de dump. Pour cette raison il est normalement conseillé de démonter le système de fichiers. |
| |
| Il existe 10 niveaux de dump possibles de **0** à **9**. Lors d'un dump le niveau est spécifié. Chaque fois qu'un dump est effectué, cette information est sauvegardée dans le fichier /etc/dumpdates. |
| |
| Par définition un dump de niveau **0** est une sauvegarde complète tandis que le dump de niveau 1 est une sauvegarde incrémentale. |
| |
| Notez que les fichiers sont sauvegardés avec des nom relatifs. Ceci implique que vous devez vous positionner dans le système de fichiers lors de la restauration avec la commande **restore**. |
| |
| =====Outils Avancés de Sauvegarde ===== |
| |
| ====Outils de Sauvegarde Unidirectionnelle==== |
| |
| Ces outils sauvegardent des fichiers vers un répertoire local ou distant dans un seul sens. |
| |
| Ce premier tableau compare les outils par rapport aux caractéristiques et aux capacités des opérations de sauvegarde : |
| |
| ^ Outil ^ Backend ^ Sauvegarde différentielle ^ Sauvegarde incrémentale ^ Sauvegarde décrémentale ^ Planification incorporée ^ Restauration incorporée ^ Chiffrement ^ Compression ^ Site ^ |
| | **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Maryland_Automatic_Network_Disk_Archiver|AMANDA]]** | tar, gzip | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[http://www.amanda.org/|AMANDA]]**| |
| | **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Areca_Backup|Areca Backup]]** | Aucun | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[http://www.areca-backup.org/|Areca Backup]]** | |
| | **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacula|bacula (Bareos)]]** | MySQL | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[https://www.bacula.org/|bacula]]** | |
| | **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Back_in_Time_(Linux_software)|BackInTime]]** | rsync, diff, meld | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | **[[https://github.com/bit-team/backintime| BackInTime]]** | |
| | **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BackupPC|BackupPC]]** | rsync, samba, tar | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[https://backuppc.github.io/backuppc/|BackupPC]]** | |
| | **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_(disk_archiver)|Dar]]** | Aucun | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[http://dar.linux.free.fr/|Dar]]** | |
| | **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplicity_(software)|Déjà Dup]]** | duplicity | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | **[[http://duplicity.nongnu.org/| Duplicity]]** | |
| | **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grsync|Grsync]]** | rsync | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | **[[http://www.opbyte.it/grsync/|Grsync]]** | |
| | **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LuckyBackup|luckyBackup]]** | rsync | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | **[[https://sourceforge.net/projects/luckybackup/|luckyBackup]]** | |
| | **[[https://launchpad.net/sbackup|SBackup]]** | Aucun | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[https://sourceforge.net/projects/sbackup/|SBackup]]** | |
| |
| <WRAP center round todo 60%> |
| **A Faire** - Consultez la page **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_backup_software|List of backup software]]** sur Wikipedia pour plus d'informations. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| Ce deuxième tableau compare les outils triés par la date de dernière version connue : |
| |
| ^ Outil ^ Ecrit en ^ Licence ^ Dernière Version ^ Date Version ^ Linux ^ Windows ^ Mac ^ Site Web ^ |
| | **Dar** | C++ | GPL | 2.6.2 | 09/02/2019 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[http://dar.linux.free.fr/|Dar]]** | |
| | **Bacula (Bareos)** | C, C++ | GNU Affero General Public License v3.0 | 9.4.2 | 04/02/2019 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[https://www.bacula.org/|bacula]]** | |
| | **BackupPC** | Perl | GPL v3.0 | 4.3.0 | 25/11/2018 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[https://backuppc.github.io/backuppc/|BackupPC]]** | |
| | **luckyBackup** | C++ | GPL v3.0 | 0.5.0 | 18/11/2018 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[https://sourceforge.net/projects/luckybackup/|luckyBackup]]** | |
| | **Déjà Dup (Duplicity)** | Python | GPL | 0.7.18.2 | 17/11/2018 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[http://duplicity.nongnu.org/| Duplicity]]** | |
| | **AMANDA** | C, Perl | GPL, LGPL, Apache, Amanda License | 3.5.1 | 01/12/2017 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[http://www.amanda.org/|AMANDA]]**| |
| | **BackInTime** | Python3 | GPL | 1.1.24 | 07/11/2017 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | **[[https://github.com/bit-team/backintime| BackInTime]]** | |
| | **Grsync** | GTK | GPL | 1.2.6 | 15/03/2016 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[http://www.opbyte.it/grsync/|Grsync]]** | |
| | **Areca Backup** | Java | GPLv2 | 7.5 | 26/08/2015 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[http://www.areca-backup.org/|Areca Backup]]** | |
| | **SBackup** | GTK | GPLv2 | 0.11.6 | 24/02/2014 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | **[[https://sourceforge.net/projects/sbackup/|SBackup]]** | |
| |
| ====Outils de Sauvegarde Multidirectionnelle==== |
| |
| Ces outils synchronisent les fichiers entre deux serveurs. |
| |
| Ce premier tableau compare les outils par rapport aux caractéristiques et aux capacités des opérations de sauvegarde : |
| |
| ^ Outil ^ Backend ^ Sauvegarde différentielle ^ Sauvegarde incrémentale ^ Sauvegarde décrémentale ^ Planification incorporée ^ Restauration incorporée ^ Chiffrement ^ Compression ^ |
| | **[[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/FullSync|FullSync]]** | smb, ftp, sftp | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | S/O | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | |
| | **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeFileSync|FreeFileSync]]** | Aucun | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | S/O | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | |
| | **[[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unison_(logiciel)|unison]]** | SSH, RSH | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | S/O | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | |
| | **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synkron|Synkron]]** | Aucun | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | |
| |
| <WRAP center round todo 60%> |
| **A Faire** - Consultez la page **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_file_synchronization_software|Comparison of file synchronization software]]** sur Wikipedia pour plus d'informations.. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| Ce deuxième tableau compare les outils triés par la date de dernière version connue : |
| |
| ^ Outil ^ Ecrit en ^ Licence ^ Dernière Version ^ Date Version ^ Linux ^ Windows ^ Mac ^ Site Web ^ |
| | **FreeFileSync** | Divers | GPL v3.0 | 10.8 | 05/01/2019 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[https://freefilesync.org/|FreeFileSync]]** | |
| | **unison** | OCaml | GPL v3.0 | 2.51.2 | 27/01/2018 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[https://www.cis.upenn.edu/~bcpierce/unison/|unison]]** | |
| | **FullSync** | Java | GPLv2 | 0.10.4 | 05/04/2016 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | **[[https://fullsync.sourceforge.io/|FullSync]]** | |
| | **Synkron** | C++ | GPL v2 | 1.6.2 | 25/01/2011 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[http://synkron.sourceforge.net/|Synkron]]** | |
| |
| ====Outils de Sauvegarde des Partitions==== |
| |
| Ce premier tableau compare les outils par rapport aux caractéristiques et aux capacités des opérations de sauvegarde : |
| |
| ^ Outil ^ Backend ^ Sauvegarde différentielle ^ Sauvegarde incrémentale ^ Sauvegarde décrémentale ^ Planification incorporée ^ Restauration incorporée ^ Chiffrement ^ Compression ^ |
| | **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clonezilla|CloneZilla]]** | SSH, samba, NFS | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | |
| | **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partclone|Partclone]]** | Aucun | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | |
| | **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partimage|partimage]]** | Aucun | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | |
| |
| <WRAP center round todo 60%> |
| **A Faire** - Consultez la page **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_disk_cloning_software|Comparison of disk cloning software]]** sur Wikipedia pour plus d'informations. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| Ce deuxième tableau compare les outils triés par la date de dernière version connue : |
| |
| ^ Outil ^ Ecrit en ^ Licence ^ Dernière Version ^ Date Version ^ Linux ^ Windows ^ Mac ^ Site Web ^ |
| | **CloneZilla** | Perl, Unix shell | GPL | 2.6.0-37 | 10/01/2019 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[https://clonezilla.org/|CloneZilla]]** | |
| | **Partclone** | C | GPL | 0.2.89 | 05/07/2016 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | **[[https://partclone.org/|Partclone]]** | |
| | **[[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partimage|partimage]]** | C | GPL | 0.6.9 | 25/07/2010 | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:accept.png?nolink |}} | {{ :elearning:workbooks:debian:6:senior:cancel.png?nolink |}} | **[[http://www.partimage.org/|Partimage]]** | |
| |
| ====LAB #4 - Que Sauvegarder en Priorité ?==== |
| |
| ===Sauvegarde de la Liste des Paquets=== |
| |
| Supprimez les fichiers de verrouillage de la base de données RPM : |
| |
| <code> |
| root@redhat9 /]# rm -f /var/lib/rpm/__db* |
| </code> |
| |
| Sauvegardez les bases de données RPM : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# tar czvf $(hostname).rpmdatabase.tar.gz /var/lib/rpm |
| tar: Removing leading `/' from member names |
| /var/lib/rpm/ |
| /var/lib/rpm/rpmdb.sqlite |
| /var/lib/rpm/rpmdb.sqlite-wal |
| /var/lib/rpm/rpmdb.sqlite-shm |
| /var/lib/rpm/.rpm.lock |
| </code> |
| |
| Pour sauvegarder la liste des paquets à l'identique en termes de version, utilisez la commande RPM : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# rpm -qa > liste-des-paquets_`hostname`_`date +%Y-%m-%d-%H-%M` |
| </code> |
| |
| Consultez le contenu de ce fichier : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# more liste-des-paquets_redhat9.ittraining.loc_2024-09-27-08-15 |
| fonts-filesystem-2.0.5-7.el9.1.noarch |
| xkeyboard-config-2.33-2.el9.noarch |
| abattis-cantarell-fonts-0.301-4.el9.noarch |
| yelp-xsl-40.2-1.el9.noarch |
| mozilla-filesystem-1.9-30.el9.x86_64 |
| google-noto-fonts-common-20201206-4.el9.noarch |
| foomatic-db-filesystem-4.0-72.20210209.el9.noarch |
| adobe-mappings-cmap-20171205-12.el9.noarch |
| subscription-manager-rhsm-certificates-20220623-1.el9.noarch |
| libreport-filesystem-2.15.2-6.el9.noarch |
| adobe-mappings-cmap-deprecated-20171205-12.el9.noarch |
| adobe-source-code-pro-fonts-2.030.1.050-12.el9.1.noarch |
| dejavu-sans-mono-fonts-2.37-18.el9.noarch |
| dejavu-sans-fonts-2.37-18.el9.noarch |
| langpacks-core-font-en-3.0-16.el9.noarch |
| google-droid-sans-fonts-20200215-11.el9.2.noarch |
| thai-scalable-fonts-common-0.7.2-5.el9.noarch |
| redhat-indexhtml-9-4.el9_2.noarch |
| poppler-data-0.4.9-9.el9.noarch |
| mobile-broadband-provider-info-20210805-2.el9.noarch |
| man-pages-overrides-9.0.0.0-1.el9.noarch |
| hunspell-filesystem-1.7.0-11.el9.x86_64 |
| hplip-common-3.21.2-6.el9.x86_64 |
| gawk-all-langpacks-5.1.0-6.el9.x86_64 |
| adwaita-cursor-theme-40.1.1-3.el9.noarch |
| adobe-mappings-pdf-20180407-10.el9.noarch |
| vim-filesystem-8.2.2637-20.el9_1.noarch |
| rhsm-icons-6-1.el9.noarch |
| filesystem-3.16-2.el9.x86_64 |
| urw-base35-fonts-common-20200910-6.el9.noarch |
| basesystem-11-13.el9.noarch |
| quota-nls-4.06-6.el9.noarch |
| publicsuffix-list-dafsa-20210518-3.el9.noarch |
| pkgconf-m4-1.7.3-10.el9.noarch |
| popt-1.18-8.el9.x86_64 |
| xz-libs-5.2.5-8.el9_0.x86_64 |
| libxcrypt-4.4.18-3.el9.x86_64 |
| bzip2-libs-1.0.8-8.el9.x86_64 |
| libzstd-1.5.1-2.el9.x86_64 |
| libpng-1.6.37-12.el9.x86_64 |
| libcap-ng-0.8.2-7.el9.x86_64 |
| libicu-67.1-9.el9.x86_64 |
| libunistring-0.9.10-15.el9.x86_64 |
| libgpg-error-1.42-5.el9.x86_64 |
| libseccomp-2.5.2-2.el9.x86_64 |
| lcms2-2.12-3.el9.x86_64 |
| readline-8.1-4.el9.x86_64 |
| libwayland-client-1.21.0-1.el9.x86_64 |
| libwayland-server-1.21.0-1.el9.x86_64 |
| jansson-2.14-1.el9.x86_64 |
| libxkbcommon-1.0.3-4.el9.x86_64 |
| libwayland-egl-1.21.0-1.el9.x86_64 |
| keyutils-libs-1.6.3-1.el9.x86_64 |
| libdhash-0.5.0-53.el9.x86_64 |
| libXau-1.0.9-8.el9.x86_64 |
| --More--(4%) |
| [q] |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Il convient ensuite de sauvegarder les deux fichiers **liste-des-paquets_*** et **$(hostname).rpmdatabase.tar.gz** sur un support externe. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| Afin de restaurer les sauvegardes, récupérez les deux fichiers **liste-des-paquets_*** et **$(hostname).rpmdatabase.tar.gz** du support externe à la racine du système de fichiers : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# cp liste-des-paquets_redhat9.ittraining.loc_2024-09-27-08-15 redhat9.ittraining.loc.rpmdatabase.tar.gz / |
| </code> |
| |
| Placez-vous à la racine du système de fichiers et restaurez les bases de données RPM : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# tar xvf redhat9.ittraining.loc.rpmdatabase.tar.gz |
| var/lib/rpm/ |
| var/lib/rpm/rpmdb.sqlite |
| var/lib/rpm/rpmdb.sqlite-wal |
| var/lib/rpm/rpmdb.sqlite-shm |
| var/lib/rpm/.rpm.lock |
| </code> |
| |
| Utilisez YUM pour restaurer les paquets : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# dnf -y install -y $(cat liste-des-paquets_redhat9.ittraining.loc_2024-09-27-08-15) |
| </code> |
| |
| ===Sauvegarde d'un Mémo sur la Structure du Disque Dur Système=== |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 /]# cd ~ |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# fdisk -l /dev/sda > structure.list |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# cat structure.list |
| Disk /dev/sda: 50 GiB, 53687091200 bytes, 104857600 sectors |
| Disk model: QEMU HARDDISK |
| Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes |
| Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes |
| I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes |
| Disklabel type: dos |
| Disk identifier: 0xd00dfc8a |
| |
| Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type |
| /dev/sda1 * 2048 2099199 2097152 1G 83 Linux |
| /dev/sda2 2099200 104857599 102758400 49G 8e Linux LVM |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Il convient ensuite de sauvegarder le fichier **structure.list** sur un support externe. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| ===Sauvegarde d'un Mémo sur les Points de Montage du Disque Dur Système=== |
| |
| Saisissez la commande suivante : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# df -h | grep "^/dev/" > montages.list |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# cat montages.list |
| /dev/mapper/rhel-root 44G 7.8G 37G 18% / |
| /dev/sda1 1014M 398M 617M 40% /boot |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Il convient ensuite de sauvegarder le fichier **montages.list** sur un support externe. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| ===Sauvegarde du Chargeur de Démarrage=== |
| |
| ==GRUB Legacy== |
| |
| # cp /boot/grub/menu.lst grubmenu.lst |
| |
| ==GRUB 2 avec BIOS== |
| |
| Saisissez les commandes suivantes : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# cp /boot/grub2/grub.cfg grub.cfg |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# cp /boot/grub2/device.map device.map |
| </code> |
| |
| ==GRUB 2 avec EFI== |
| |
| <code> |
| # cp /boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg grub.cfg |
| # cp /boot/grub2/device.map device.map |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Il convient ensuite de sauvegarder le fichier **menu.lst** ou **grub.cfg** et le fichier **device.map** sur un support externe. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| ===Sauvegarde des Dossiers Utilisateurs=== |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# cp -apv /home/ . |
| '/home/' -> './home' |
| '/home/trainee' -> './home/trainee' |
| '/home/trainee/training' -> './home/trainee/training' |
| '/home/trainee/training/f1' -> './home/trainee/training/f1' |
| '/home/trainee/training/f2' -> './home/trainee/training/f2' |
| '/home/trainee/training/f3' -> './home/trainee/training/f3' |
| '/home/trainee/training/f4' -> './home/trainee/training/f4' |
| '/home/trainee/training/f5' -> './home/trainee/training/f5' |
| '/home/trainee/training/f52' -> './home/trainee/training/f52' |
| '/home/trainee/training/f62' -> './home/trainee/training/f62' |
| '/home/trainee/training/a100' -> './home/trainee/training/a100' |
| '/home/trainee/training/f' -> './home/trainee/training/f' |
| '/home/trainee/training/f.txt' -> './home/trainee/training/f.txt' |
| '/home/trainee/training/f123.txt' -> './home/trainee/training/f123.txt' |
| '/home/trainee/training/f123123.txt' -> './home/trainee/training/f123123.txt' |
| '/home/trainee/training/f123123123.txt' -> './home/trainee/training/f123123123.txt' |
| '/home/trainee/training/file' -> './home/trainee/training/file' |
| '/home/trainee/training/user_check' -> './home/trainee/training/user_check' |
| '/home/trainee/bin' -> './home/trainee/bin' |
| '/home/trainee/bin/myscript' -> './home/trainee/bin/myscript' |
| '/home/trainee/Desktop' -> './home/trainee/Desktop' |
| '/home/trainee/Documents' -> './home/trainee/Documents' |
| '/home/trainee/.config' -> './home/trainee/.config' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/ibus' -> './home/trainee/.config/ibus' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/ibus/bus' -> './home/trainee/.config/ibus/bus' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/ibus/bus/5a35a3eb625c45cea1d33535723e791f-unix-wayland-0' -> './home/trainee/.config/ibus/bus/5a35a3eb625c45cea1d33535723e791f-unix-wayland-0' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/user-dirs.dirs' -> './home/trainee/.config/user-dirs.dirs' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/user-dirs.locale' -> './home/trainee/.config/user-dirs.locale' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/evolution' -> './home/trainee/.config/evolution' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/evolution/sources' -> './home/trainee/.config/evolution/sources' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/evolution/sources/system-proxy.source' -> './home/trainee/.config/evolution/sources/system-proxy.source' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/gtk-3.0' -> './home/trainee/.config/gtk-3.0' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/gtk-3.0/bookmarks' -> './home/trainee/.config/gtk-3.0/bookmarks' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/.gsd-keyboard.settings-ported' -> './home/trainee/.config/.gsd-keyboard.settings-ported' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/gnome-initial-setup-done' -> './home/trainee/.config/gnome-initial-setup-done' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/goa-1.0' -> './home/trainee/.config/goa-1.0' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/pulse' -> './home/trainee/.config/pulse' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/pulse/cookie' -> './home/trainee/.config/pulse/cookie' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/dconf' -> './home/trainee/.config/dconf' |
| '/home/trainee/.config/dconf/user' -> './home/trainee/.config/dconf/user' |
| '/home/trainee/codes' -> './home/trainee/codes' |
| '/home/trainee/codes/exit.txt' -> './home/trainee/codes/exit.txt' |
| '/home/trainee/.local' -> './home/trainee/.local' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share' -> './home/trainee/.local/share' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/addressbook' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/addressbook' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/addressbook/system' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/addressbook/system' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/addressbook/system/contacts.db' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/addressbook/system/contacts.db' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/addressbook/system/photos' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/addressbook/system/photos' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/addressbook/trash' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/addressbook/trash' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/mail' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/mail' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/mail/trash' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/mail/trash' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/tasks' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/tasks' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/tasks/system' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/tasks/system' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/tasks/system/tasks.ics' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/tasks/system/tasks.ics' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/tasks/trash' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/tasks/trash' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/calendar' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/calendar' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/calendar/trash' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/calendar/trash' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/calendar/system' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/calendar/system' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/calendar/system/calendar.ics' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/calendar/system/calendar.ics' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/memos' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/memos' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/memos/trash' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/evolution/memos/trash' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/applications' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/applications' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/icc' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/icc' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/icc/edid-bb6ad72dc802b000932c73ad20996ae5.icc' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/icc/edid-bb6ad72dc802b000932c73ad20996ae5.icc' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/sounds' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/sounds' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/refs' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/refs' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/refs/heads' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/refs/heads' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/refs/mirrors' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/refs/mirrors' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/refs/remotes' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/refs/remotes' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/objects' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/objects' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/config' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/config' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/tmp' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/tmp' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/tmp/cache' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/tmp/cache' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/extensions' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/extensions' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/state' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/repo/state' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/.changed' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/.changed' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/db' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/flatpak/db' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/pki' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/pki' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/pki/nssdb' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/pki/nssdb' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/keyrings' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/keyrings' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/keyrings/login.keyring' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/keyrings/login.keyring' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/keyrings/user.keystore' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/keyrings/user.keystore' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/gnome-shell' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/gnome-shell' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/gnome-shell/gnome-overrides-migrated' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/gnome-shell/gnome-overrides-migrated' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/gnome-shell/application_state' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/gnome-shell/application_state' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/gvfs-metadata' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/gvfs-metadata' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/gvfs-metadata/home' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/gvfs-metadata/home' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/gvfs-metadata/root' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/gvfs-metadata/root' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/gvfs-metadata/home-6f6e2002.log' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/gvfs-metadata/home-6f6e2002.log' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/gvfs-metadata/root-47507e37.log' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/gvfs-metadata/root-47507e37.log' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/gnome-settings-daemon' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/gnome-settings-daemon' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/share/gnome-settings-daemon/input-sources-converted' -> './home/trainee/.local/share/gnome-settings-daemon/input-sources-converted' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/state' -> './home/trainee/.local/state' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/state/wireplumber' -> './home/trainee/.local/state/wireplumber' |
| '/home/trainee/.local/state/wireplumber/restore-stream' -> './home/trainee/.local/state/wireplumber/restore-stream' |
| '/home/trainee/Downloads' -> './home/trainee/Downloads' |
| '/home/trainee/Music' -> './home/trainee/Music' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache' -> './home/trainee/.cache' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/event-sound-cache.tdb.5a35a3eb625c45cea1d33535723e791f.x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu' -> './home/trainee/.cache/event-sound-cache.tdb.5a35a3eb625c45cea1d33535723e791f.x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/gstreamer-1.0' -> './home/trainee/.cache/gstreamer-1.0' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/gstreamer-1.0/registry.x86_64.bin' -> './home/trainee/.cache/gstreamer-1.0/registry.x86_64.bin' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/appstream' -> './home/trainee/.cache/appstream' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/35' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/35' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/35/fdf1af19fe3030e69e8f1eb8e8b27af5336130' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/35/fdf1af19fe3030e69e8f1eb8e8b27af5336130' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/37' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/37' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/37/e5792d1d01536d5334b02004e37fb0e4447734' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/37/e5792d1d01536d5334b02004e37fb0e4447734' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/db' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/db' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/db/61eeaba3f7216beef1a6584479498f1a1bcc6e' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/db/61eeaba3f7216beef1a6584479498f1a1bcc6e' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/89' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/89' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/89/e5753098f3e9b475aea4ee27559d24e8a477cd' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/89/e5753098f3e9b475aea4ee27559d24e8a477cd' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/89/f6154a1a3badafdf80810f15b7fcdcf76055f7' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/89/f6154a1a3badafdf80810f15b7fcdcf76055f7' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/29' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/29' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/29/192c9c298ee4c8c9fbf0ec63ef2235bd284281' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/29/192c9c298ee4c8c9fbf0ec63ef2235bd284281' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/ba' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/ba' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/ba/c8c6c30bb2fd3a6ad51b81489fba57176bdb63' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/ba/c8c6c30bb2fd3a6ad51b81489fba57176bdb63' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/80' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/80' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/80/51554895958b09bfcc357550bff8c7c91d3f13' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/80/51554895958b09bfcc357550bff8c7c91d3f13' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/de' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/de' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/de/594a26def33b0ccfc9b9af4ee0d1f15e01af73' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/de/594a26def33b0ccfc9b9af4ee0d1f15e01af73' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/2c' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/2c' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/2c/58c677aeedca2646d85af2feeaa58bcaba11cd' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/2c/58c677aeedca2646d85af2feeaa58bcaba11cd' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/66' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/66' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/66/189cc50668aeaf9534cda7798d819feafd56c7' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/66/189cc50668aeaf9534cda7798d819feafd56c7' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/6e' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/6e' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/6e/590e396934a1b10561cef716c8f8e4ab789a36' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/6e/590e396934a1b10561cef716c8f8e4ab789a36' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/ed' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/ed' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/ed/48dbafa506e7835391085c2b2979ffad8a8940' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/ed/48dbafa506e7835391085c2b2979ffad8a8940' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/56' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/56' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/56/520536fab9c4bd7b65662bdcc0099f3d1fd090' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/56/520536fab9c4bd7b65662bdcc0099f3d1fd090' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/7b' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/7b' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/7b/b2b9a86dde20d2ffe0c14d344d36dfae760c54' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/7b/b2b9a86dde20d2ffe0c14d344d36dfae760c54' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/17' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/17' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/17/7d02a06d53b04eae8fb946e8bff91c951d8dc3' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/17/7d02a06d53b04eae8fb946e8bff91c951d8dc3' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/2f' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/2f' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/2f/5b6e06b2728ebe3fa7976bcea3474fed301b2b' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/2f/5b6e06b2728ebe3fa7976bcea3474fed301b2b' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/d0' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/d0' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/d0/6fca52ab2f687b8e6f4c135e084e39bcb0c859' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/d0/6fca52ab2f687b8e6f4c135e084e39bcb0c859' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/9e' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/9e' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/9e/d50ad4e45ed562c3e7b4570526c4cc8154f214' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/9e/d50ad4e45ed562c3e7b4570526c4cc8154f214' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/6c' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/6c' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/6c/2e2e9047a693755c7cfdc286874dc0e3e30b4e' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/6c/2e2e9047a693755c7cfdc286874dc0e3e30b4e' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/6c/3101d0fdf7a12f96507b4ac96b83de38448541' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/6c/3101d0fdf7a12f96507b4ac96b83de38448541' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/d3' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/d3' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/d3/075b420db4b80da890c1576f69ba7758421738' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/d3/075b420db4b80da890c1576f69ba7758421738' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/e2' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/e2' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/e2/eda2c17a911182ce0675a982c19d7ec332fe48' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/e2/eda2c17a911182ce0675a982c19d7ec332fe48' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/3c' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/3c' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/3c/5cfbfcea5eaa35a106d2bad38d8d89c7da4759' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/3c/5cfbfcea5eaa35a106d2bad38d8d89c7da4759' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/61' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/61' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/61/d347702600b207e1d67f23f11f089553172512' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/61/d347702600b207e1d67f23f11f089553172512' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/03' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/03' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/03/d956db16f83ba111f7e395ca2e6b7b3f83ff46' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/03/d956db16f83ba111f7e395ca2e6b7b3f83ff46' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/a4' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/a4' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/a4/a2550d53877cc1471892b1bec5444abc719ef8' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/a4/a2550d53877cc1471892b1bec5444abc719ef8' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/ab' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/ab' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/ab/d56ebc4a54bcc4e49aa3dde4fddb884ff797c1' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/ab/d56ebc4a54bcc4e49aa3dde4fddb884ff797c1' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/b1' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/b1' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/b1/8414b51e1825350f6af7ba143d082ba6e91338' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/b1/8414b51e1825350f6af7ba143d082ba6e91338' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/c8' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/c8' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/c8/d3f9f8d81fa2bafb1e8e03193e8861047adcde' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/c8/d3f9f8d81fa2bafb1e8e03193e8861047adcde' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/df' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/df' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/df/ad5863cff76ca47fcea0a47b9f8d81bf57c605' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/df/ad5863cff76ca47fcea0a47b9f8d81bf57c605' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/index' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/index' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/fc' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/fc' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/fc/0a9b98f3ab91773422fdf596d8b90aa3f0319f' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/fc/0a9b98f3ab91773422fdf596d8b90aa3f0319f' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/0f' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/0f' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/0f/30c6ae612cca20f942383cf6c3d207a5fa23cc' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/0f/30c6ae612cca20f942383cf6c3d207a5fa23cc' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/0f/10bb2c604d0ef8a698a506a297cc7a72885e1f' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/0f/10bb2c604d0ef8a698a506a297cc7a72885e1f' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/9a' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/9a' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/9a/32ee45d4531554f10a8184bf639fdf0a072fba' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/9a/32ee45d4531554f10a8184bf639fdf0a072fba' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/9a/3061c95eb9135ea46575ef514f2fae7f4711cc' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/9a/3061c95eb9135ea46575ef514f2fae7f4711cc' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/06' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/06' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/06/3c901c6133c1b0568bb9b8ff1d4a35af6d8df4' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/06/3c901c6133c1b0568bb9b8ff1d4a35af6d8df4' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/7c' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/7c' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/7c/40694e298e691a0e7ac606cb160097a65c5fe9' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/7c/40694e298e691a0e7ac606cb160097a65c5fe9' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/77' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/77' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/77/390cf9430a3344e71ec336b898ff0af5362f27' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/77/390cf9430a3344e71ec336b898ff0af5362f27' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/57' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/57' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/57/b7f8fa574271b61ecbd67cfdbf0fbfa4e7309f' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/57/b7f8fa574271b61ecbd67cfdbf0fbfa4e7309f' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/78' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/78' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/78/37d600b50e8a23efed7bcb298703d700c4bdde' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/78/37d600b50e8a23efed7bcb298703d700c4bdde' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/08' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/08' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/08/c25769e6f0d114ee11363b6a006276457ba0fe' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/08/c25769e6f0d114ee11363b6a006276457ba0fe' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/52' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/52' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/52/675f8b2f5bf87b675ae31f54f2b3c412721c24' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/52/675f8b2f5bf87b675ae31f54f2b3c412721c24' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/72' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/72' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/72/6f5d4d61d416fbce8e03f0ba6f3be83b7617ef' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/72/6f5d4d61d416fbce8e03f0ba6f3be83b7617ef' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/1d' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/1d' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/1d/16707620c6d057cc29f510df219eae84cb9433' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/1d/16707620c6d057cc29f510df219eae84cb9433' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/da' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/da' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/da/35509cf05c257db6419f61347e3abcbfb47931' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/da/35509cf05c257db6419f61347e3abcbfb47931' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/b2' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/b2' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/b2/cfbf371328300a5b5d686da17d3722ea1ea680' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/b2/cfbf371328300a5b5d686da17d3722ea1ea680' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/3d' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/3d' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/3d/e830f90f2d4d3d79bba17a59903ad4aa4736ed' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/3d/e830f90f2d4d3d79bba17a59903ad4aa4736ed' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/53' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/53' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/53/5db4be69e145c6708f2d30c70b5a292464c990' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/53/5db4be69e145c6708f2d30c70b5a292464c990' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/e7' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/e7' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/e7/b2552c608263fa6b536e5aba787ce66bbb222b' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/e7/b2552c608263fa6b536e5aba787ce66bbb222b' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/59' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/59' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/59/87c57c825b5080423c1f92ee06f23998a21164' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/59/87c57c825b5080423c1f92ee06f23998a21164' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/04' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/04' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/04/7e399922091e12b6b1038ffd9d65cb8a8d4e52' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/04/7e399922091e12b6b1038ffd9d65cb8a8d4e52' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/5e' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/5e' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/5e/c3362db3becd652b156ef7cef7b65a14000175' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/5e/c3362db3becd652b156ef7cef7b65a14000175' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/4b' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/4b' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/4b/c7bfac6ba6440df22b676247a760ea33ef00e9' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/4b/c7bfac6ba6440df22b676247a760ea33ef00e9' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/38' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/38' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/38/ab4c0ec5a2678353a62e2adb585cac57621027' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/38/ab4c0ec5a2678353a62e2adb585cac57621027' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/f0' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/f0' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/f0/23c0293a789bd41028bbe52116a8050da78300' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/f0/23c0293a789bd41028bbe52116a8050da78300' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/f0/fe14587cf5f14504a4d663d50b842ab6708459' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/f0/fe14587cf5f14504a4d663d50b842ab6708459' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/0a' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/0a' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/0a/2e07fbab5189565440428bc82a0b3716f1c7f9' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/0a/2e07fbab5189565440428bc82a0b3716f1c7f9' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/21' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/21' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/21/f7c9c648eaf6ad5386e464adf635c5fcbda019' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/21/f7c9c648eaf6ad5386e464adf635c5fcbda019' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/41' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/41' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/41/c7d27f4328971dfae62cbeeb047f4051f58de2' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/41/c7d27f4328971dfae62cbeeb047f4051f58de2' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/2b' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/2b' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/2b/a8165b2be71340b0d73b74a10311320d6c8cf2' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/2b/a8165b2be71340b0d73b74a10311320d6c8cf2' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/13' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/13' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/13/b31a6f63cea64dc9bbe84ea28710f135184274' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/13/b31a6f63cea64dc9bbe84ea28710f135184274' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/c4' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/c4' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/c4/9bbd97238c5299a3e74ac9606194a6bbe48334' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/c4/9bbd97238c5299a3e74ac9606194a6bbe48334' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/63' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/63' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/63/9e6e421d46d0b2e7802b4919b10a7c3cfb5a57' -> './home/trainee/.cache/mesa_shader_cache/63/9e6e421d46d0b2e7802b4919b10a7c3cfb5a57' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/ibus' -> './home/trainee/.cache/ibus' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/flatpak' -> './home/trainee/.cache/flatpak' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/flatpak/system-cache' -> './home/trainee/.cache/flatpak/system-cache' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/evolution' -> './home/trainee/.cache/evolution' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/evolution/addressbook' -> './home/trainee/.cache/evolution/addressbook' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/evolution/addressbook/trash' -> './home/trainee/.cache/evolution/addressbook/trash' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/evolution/mail' -> './home/trainee/.cache/evolution/mail' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/evolution/mail/trash' -> './home/trainee/.cache/evolution/mail/trash' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/evolution/sources' -> './home/trainee/.cache/evolution/sources' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/evolution/sources/trash' -> './home/trainee/.cache/evolution/sources/trash' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/evolution/calendar' -> './home/trainee/.cache/evolution/calendar' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/evolution/calendar/trash' -> './home/trainee/.cache/evolution/calendar/trash' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/evolution/memos' -> './home/trainee/.cache/evolution/memos' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/evolution/memos/trash' -> './home/trainee/.cache/evolution/memos/trash' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/evolution/tasks' -> './home/trainee/.cache/evolution/tasks' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/evolution/tasks/trash' -> './home/trainee/.cache/evolution/tasks/trash' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software' -> './home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/appstream' -> './home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/appstream' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/appstream/components.xmlb' -> './home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/appstream/components.xmlb' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/flatpak-system-default' -> './home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/flatpak-system-default' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/flatpak-system-default/components.xmlb' -> './home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/flatpak-system-default/components.xmlb' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/flatpak-user-user' -> './home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/flatpak-user-user' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/flatpak-user-user/components.xmlb' -> './home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/flatpak-user-user/components.xmlb' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/odrs' -> './home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/odrs' |
| '/home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/odrs/ratings.json' -> './home/trainee/.cache/gnome-software/odrs/ratings.json' |
| '/home/trainee/.bash_logout' -> './home/trainee/.bash_logout' |
| '/home/trainee/.exrc' -> './home/trainee/.exrc' |
| '/home/trainee/.viminfo' -> './home/trainee/.viminfo' |
| '/home/trainee/vitext' -> './home/trainee/vitext' |
| '/home/trainee/aac' -> './home/trainee/aac' |
| '/home/trainee/abc' -> './home/trainee/abc' |
| '/home/trainee/bca' -> './home/trainee/bca' |
| '/home/trainee/xyz' -> './home/trainee/xyz' |
| '/home/trainee/.lesshst' -> './home/trainee/.lesshst' |
| '/home/trainee/errorlog' -> './home/trainee/errorlog' |
| '/home/trainee/file' -> './home/trainee/file' |
| '/home/trainee/file1' -> './home/trainee/file1' |
| '/home/trainee/file2' -> './home/trainee/file2' |
| '/home/trainee/list' -> './home/trainee/list' |
| '/home/trainee/typescript' -> './home/trainee/typescript' |
| '/home/trainee/Templates' -> './home/trainee/Templates' |
| '/home/trainee/Pictures' -> './home/trainee/Pictures' |
| '/home/trainee/.bash_profile' -> './home/trainee/.bash_profile' |
| '/home/trainee/.bashrc' -> './home/trainee/.bashrc' |
| '/home/trainee/.bash_history' -> './home/trainee/.bash_history' |
| '/home/trainee/Public' -> './home/trainee/Public' |
| '/home/trainee/Videos' -> './home/trainee/Videos' |
| '/home/trainee/.mozilla' -> './home/trainee/.mozilla' |
| '/home/trainee/.mozilla/extensions' -> './home/trainee/.mozilla/extensions' |
| '/home/trainee/.mozilla/plugins' -> './home/trainee/.mozilla/plugins' |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Il convient ensuite de sauvegarder le dossier **/root/home** sur un support externe. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| ====La Commande Rsync==== |
| |
| ===Présentation=== |
| |
| **Rsync** ou //Remote Sync// est un utilitaire de synchronisation de fichiers qui utilise un algorithme qui minimise la quantité de données copiée en ne copiant que les parties des fichiers qui ont été modifiées. |
| |
| ===LAB #5 - Travailler avec la Commande rsync=== |
| |
| Créez les répertoires **/test/repA** et mkdir **/test/repB** : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# mkdir -p /test/repA; mkdir /test/repB |
| </code> |
| |
| Créez maintenant 20 fichiers vides dans le répertoire **/test/repA** : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# touch /test/repA/file{1..20} |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /test/repA/ |
| total 0 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file1 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file10 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file11 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file12 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file13 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file14 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file15 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file16 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file17 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file18 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file19 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file2 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file20 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file3 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file4 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file5 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file6 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file7 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file8 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file9 |
| </code> |
| |
| Pout synchroniser les fichiers de **/test/repA** vers le répertoire **/test/repB**, utilisez l'option **-r** de la commande rsync : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# rsync -r /test/repA/ /test/repB |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /test/repB/ |
| total 0 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file1 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file10 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file11 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file12 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file13 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file14 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file15 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file16 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file17 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file18 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file19 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file2 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file20 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file3 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file4 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file5 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file6 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file7 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file8 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:45 file9 |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Notez que l'horodatage des fichiers synchronisés n'a pas été préservé. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| Supprimez les fichiers dans **/test/repB** : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# rm -rf /test/repB/* |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /test/repB/ |
| total 0 |
| </code> |
| |
| Pour synchroniser les fichiers de **/test/repA** vers le répertoire **/test/repB**, utilisez l'option **-a** de la commande rsync : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# rsync -a /test/repA/ /test/repB |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /test/repB/ |
| total 0 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file1 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file10 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file11 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file12 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file13 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file14 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file15 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file16 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file17 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file18 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file19 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file2 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file20 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file3 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file4 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file5 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file6 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file7 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file8 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file9 |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Notez que non seulement l'option **-a** de la commande **rsync** synchronise les fichiers d'une manière récursive, toute comme l'option **-r**, mais elle préserve aussi les fichiers spéciaux, les liens symboliques, les permissions, les propriétaires, les groupes ainsi que les dates de modification des fichiers. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| De nouveau, supprimez les fichiers dans le répertoire **/test/repB** : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# rm -rf /test/repB/* |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /test/repB/ |
| total 0 |
| </code> |
| |
| Exécutez maintenant le commande suivante et constatez le résultat : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# rsync -a /test/repA /test/repB |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /test/repB/ |
| total 4 |
| drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Sep 27 11:43 repA |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /test/repB/repA/ |
| total 0 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file1 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file10 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file11 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file12 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file13 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file14 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file15 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file16 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file17 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file18 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file19 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file2 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file20 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file3 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file4 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file5 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file6 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file7 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file8 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Sep 27 11:43 file9 |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Notez que dans ce cas, le caractère **/** est manquant après **repA** dans la commande **rsync -a /test/repA /test/repB**. Le résultat est la synchronisation du **répertoire** **/test/repA** vers **/test/repB**. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| Pour éviter des erreurs, la commande **rsync** vous permet de visualiser le résultat de votre commande sans exécuter la commande grâce à l'utilisation des options **-n** et **-r**. |
| |
| De nouveau, supprimez les fichiers dans le répertoire **/test/repB** : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# rm -rf /test/repB/* |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /test/repB/ |
| total 0 |
| </code> |
| |
| Exécutez la commande ci-dessous : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# rsync -anv /test/repA/ /test/repB |
| sending incremental file list |
| ./ |
| file1 |
| file10 |
| file11 |
| file12 |
| file13 |
| file14 |
| file15 |
| file16 |
| file17 |
| file18 |
| file19 |
| file2 |
| file20 |
| file3 |
| file4 |
| file5 |
| file6 |
| file7 |
| file8 |
| file9 |
| |
| sent 387 bytes received 79 bytes 932.00 bytes/sec |
| total size is 0 speedup is 0.00 (DRY RUN) |
| |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /test/repB/ |
| total 0 |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Notez que dans ce cas, le résultat de la synchronisation est d'envoyer le **contenu** du répertoire **/test/repA** vers **/test/repB**. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| Maintenant, exécutez la commande ci-dessous : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# rsync -anv /test/repA /test/repB |
| sending incremental file list |
| repA/ |
| repA/file1 |
| repA/file10 |
| repA/file11 |
| repA/file12 |
| repA/file13 |
| repA/file14 |
| repA/file15 |
| repA/file16 |
| repA/file17 |
| repA/file18 |
| repA/file19 |
| repA/file2 |
| repA/file20 |
| repA/file3 |
| repA/file4 |
| repA/file5 |
| repA/file6 |
| repA/file7 |
| repA/file8 |
| repA/file9 |
| |
| sent 397 bytes received 80 bytes 954.00 bytes/sec |
| total size is 0 speedup is 0.00 (DRY RUN) |
| |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /test/repB/ |
| total 0 |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Notez que dans ce cas, le résultat de la synchronisation est d'envoyer le répertoire **/test/repA** vers **/test/repB**. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| ===Options de la Commande=== |
| |
| Les options de la commande rsync sont : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# rsync --help |
| rsync version 3.2.3 protocol version 31 |
| Copyright (C) 1996-2020 by Andrew Tridgell, Wayne Davison, and others. |
| Web site: https://rsync.samba.org/ |
| Capabilities: |
| 64-bit files, 64-bit inums, 64-bit timestamps, 64-bit long ints, |
| socketpairs, hardlinks, hardlink-specials, symlinks, IPv6, atimes, |
| batchfiles, inplace, append, ACLs, xattrs, optional protect-args, iconv, |
| symtimes, prealloc, stop-at, no crtimes |
| Optimizations: |
| SIMD, asm, openssl-crypto |
| Checksum list: |
| md5 md4 none |
| Compress list: |
| zstd lz4 zlibx zlib none |
| |
| rsync comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. This is free software, and you |
| are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions. See the GNU |
| General Public Licence for details. |
| |
| rsync is a file transfer program capable of efficient remote update |
| via a fast differencing algorithm. |
| |
| Usage: rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... DEST |
| or rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... [USER@]HOST:DEST |
| or rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... [USER@]HOST::DEST |
| or rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/DEST |
| or rsync [OPTION]... [USER@]HOST:SRC [DEST] |
| or rsync [OPTION]... [USER@]HOST::SRC [DEST] |
| or rsync [OPTION]... rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/SRC [DEST] |
| The ':' usages connect via remote shell, while '::' & 'rsync://' usages connect |
| to an rsync daemon, and require SRC or DEST to start with a module name. |
| |
| Options |
| --verbose, -v increase verbosity |
| --info=FLAGS fine-grained informational verbosity |
| --debug=FLAGS fine-grained debug verbosity |
| --stderr=e|a|c change stderr output mode (default: errors) |
| --quiet, -q suppress non-error messages |
| --no-motd suppress daemon-mode MOTD |
| --checksum, -c skip based on checksum, not mod-time & size |
| --archive, -a archive mode; equals -rlptgoD (no -H,-A,-X) |
| --no-OPTION turn off an implied OPTION (e.g. --no-D) |
| --recursive, -r recurse into directories |
| --relative, -R use relative path names |
| --no-implied-dirs don't send implied dirs with --relative |
| --backup, -b make backups (see --suffix & --backup-dir) |
| --backup-dir=DIR make backups into hierarchy based in DIR |
| --suffix=SUFFIX backup suffix (default ~ w/o --backup-dir) |
| --update, -u skip files that are newer on the receiver |
| --inplace update destination files in-place |
| --append append data onto shorter files |
| --append-verify --append w/old data in file checksum |
| --dirs, -d transfer directories without recursing |
| --mkpath create the destination's path component |
| --links, -l copy symlinks as symlinks |
| --copy-links, -L transform symlink into referent file/dir |
| --copy-unsafe-links only "unsafe" symlinks are transformed |
| --safe-links ignore symlinks that point outside the tree |
| --munge-links munge symlinks to make them safe & unusable |
| --copy-dirlinks, -k transform symlink to dir into referent dir |
| --keep-dirlinks, -K treat symlinked dir on receiver as dir |
| --hard-links, -H preserve hard links |
| --perms, -p preserve permissions |
| --executability, -E preserve executability |
| --chmod=CHMOD affect file and/or directory permissions |
| --acls, -A preserve ACLs (implies --perms) |
| --xattrs, -X preserve extended attributes |
| --owner, -o preserve owner (super-user only) |
| --group, -g preserve group |
| --devices preserve device files (super-user only) |
| --copy-devices copy device contents as regular file |
| --specials preserve special files |
| -D same as --devices --specials |
| --times, -t preserve modification times |
| --atimes, -U preserve access (use) times |
| --open-noatime avoid changing the atime on opened files |
| --crtimes, -N preserve create times (newness) |
| --omit-dir-times, -O omit directories from --times |
| --omit-link-times, -J omit symlinks from --times |
| --super receiver attempts super-user activities |
| --fake-super store/recover privileged attrs using xattrs |
| --sparse, -S turn sequences of nulls into sparse blocks |
| --preallocate allocate dest files before writing them |
| --write-devices write to devices as files (implies --inplace) |
| --dry-run, -n perform a trial run with no changes made |
| --whole-file, -W copy files whole (w/o delta-xfer algorithm) |
| --checksum-choice=STR choose the checksum algorithm (aka --cc) |
| --one-file-system, -x don't cross filesystem boundaries |
| --block-size=SIZE, -B force a fixed checksum block-size |
| --rsh=COMMAND, -e specify the remote shell to use |
| --rsync-path=PROGRAM specify the rsync to run on remote machine |
| --existing skip creating new files on receiver |
| --ignore-existing skip updating files that exist on receiver |
| --remove-source-files sender removes synchronized files (non-dir) |
| --del an alias for --delete-during |
| --delete delete extraneous files from dest dirs |
| --delete-before receiver deletes before xfer, not during |
| --delete-during receiver deletes during the transfer |
| --delete-delay find deletions during, delete after |
| --delete-after receiver deletes after transfer, not during |
| --delete-excluded also delete excluded files from dest dirs |
| --ignore-missing-args ignore missing source args without error |
| --delete-missing-args delete missing source args from destination |
| --ignore-errors delete even if there are I/O errors |
| --force force deletion of dirs even if not empty |
| --max-delete=NUM don't delete more than NUM files |
| --max-size=SIZE don't transfer any file larger than SIZE |
| --min-size=SIZE don't transfer any file smaller than SIZE |
| --max-alloc=SIZE change a limit relating to memory alloc |
| --partial keep partially transferred files |
| --partial-dir=DIR put a partially transferred file into DIR |
| --delay-updates put all updated files into place at end |
| --prune-empty-dirs, -m prune empty directory chains from file-list |
| --numeric-ids don't map uid/gid values by user/group name |
| --usermap=STRING custom username mapping |
| --groupmap=STRING custom groupname mapping |
| --chown=USER:GROUP simple username/groupname mapping |
| --timeout=SECONDS set I/O timeout in seconds |
| --contimeout=SECONDS set daemon connection timeout in seconds |
| --ignore-times, -I don't skip files that match size and time |
| --size-only skip files that match in size |
| --modify-window=NUM, -@ set the accuracy for mod-time comparisons |
| --temp-dir=DIR, -T create temporary files in directory DIR |
| --fuzzy, -y find similar file for basis if no dest file |
| --compare-dest=DIR also compare destination files relative to DIR |
| --copy-dest=DIR ... and include copies of unchanged files |
| --link-dest=DIR hardlink to files in DIR when unchanged |
| --compress, -z compress file data during the transfer |
| --compress-choice=STR choose the compression algorithm (aka --zc) |
| --compress-level=NUM explicitly set compression level (aka --zl) |
| --skip-compress=LIST skip compressing files with suffix in LIST |
| --cvs-exclude, -C auto-ignore files in the same way CVS does |
| --filter=RULE, -f add a file-filtering RULE |
| -F same as --filter='dir-merge /.rsync-filter' |
| repeated: --filter='- .rsync-filter' |
| --exclude=PATTERN exclude files matching PATTERN |
| --exclude-from=FILE read exclude patterns from FILE |
| --include=PATTERN don't exclude files matching PATTERN |
| --include-from=FILE read include patterns from FILE |
| --files-from=FILE read list of source-file names from FILE |
| --from0, -0 all *-from/filter files are delimited by 0s |
| --protect-args, -s no space-splitting; wildcard chars only |
| --copy-as=USER[:GROUP] specify user & optional group for the copy |
| --address=ADDRESS bind address for outgoing socket to daemon |
| --port=PORT specify double-colon alternate port number |
| --sockopts=OPTIONS specify custom TCP options |
| --blocking-io use blocking I/O for the remote shell |
| --outbuf=N|L|B set out buffering to None, Line, or Block |
| --stats give some file-transfer stats |
| --8-bit-output, -8 leave high-bit chars unescaped in output |
| --human-readable, -h output numbers in a human-readable format |
| --progress show progress during transfer |
| -P same as --partial --progress |
| --itemize-changes, -i output a change-summary for all updates |
| --remote-option=OPT, -M send OPTION to the remote side only |
| --out-format=FORMAT output updates using the specified FORMAT |
| --log-file=FILE log what we're doing to the specified FILE |
| --log-file-format=FMT log updates using the specified FMT |
| --password-file=FILE read daemon-access password from FILE |
| --early-input=FILE use FILE for daemon's early exec input |
| --list-only list the files instead of copying them |
| --bwlimit=RATE limit socket I/O bandwidth |
| --stop-after=MINS Stop rsync after MINS minutes have elapsed |
| --stop-at=y-m-dTh:m Stop rsync at the specified point in time |
| --write-batch=FILE write a batched update to FILE |
| --only-write-batch=FILE like --write-batch but w/o updating dest |
| --read-batch=FILE read a batched update from FILE |
| --protocol=NUM force an older protocol version to be used |
| --iconv=CONVERT_SPEC request charset conversion of filenames |
| --checksum-seed=NUM set block/file checksum seed (advanced) |
| --ipv4, -4 prefer IPv4 |
| --ipv6, -6 prefer IPv6 |
| --version, -V print the version + other info and exit |
| --help, -h (*) show this help (* -h is help only on its own) |
| |
| Use "rsync --daemon --help" to see the daemon-mode command-line options. |
| Please see the rsync(1) and rsyncd.conf(5) man pages for full documentation. |
| See https://rsync.samba.org/ for updates, bug reports, and answers |
| </code> |
| |
| =====Compression===== |
| |
| ====La Commande gzip==== |
| |
| ===Présentation=== |
| |
| La commande **gzip** est un utilitaire de compression sous GNU/Linux. La commande **gunzip** est un utilitaire de décompression sous GNU/Linux. |
| |
| ===Options des Commandes=== |
| |
| Les options de la commande **gzip** sont : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# gzip --help |
| Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]... |
| Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place). |
| |
| Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. |
| |
| -c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged |
| -d, --decompress decompress |
| -f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links |
| -h, --help give this help |
| -k, --keep keep (don't delete) input files |
| -l, --list list compressed file contents |
| -L, --license display software license |
| -n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and timestamp |
| -N, --name save or restore the original name and timestamp |
| -q, --quiet suppress all warnings |
| -r, --recursive operate recursively on directories |
| --rsyncable make rsync-friendly archive |
| -S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files |
| --synchronous synchronous output (safer if system crashes, but slower) |
| -t, --test test compressed file integrity |
| -v, --verbose verbose mode |
| -V, --version display version number |
| -1, --fast compress faster |
| -9, --best compress better |
| |
| With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. |
| |
| Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>. |
| </code> |
| |
| Les options de la commande **gunzip** sont : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# gunzip --help |
| Usage: /usr/bin/gunzip [OPTION]... [FILE]... |
| Uncompress FILEs (by default, in-place). |
| |
| Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. |
| |
| -c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged |
| -f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links |
| -k, --keep keep (don't delete) input files |
| -l, --list list compressed file contents |
| -n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and timestamp |
| -N, --name save or restore the original name and timestamp |
| -q, --quiet suppress all warnings |
| -r, --recursive operate recursively on directories |
| -S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files |
| --synchronous synchronous output (safer if system crashes, but slower) |
| -t, --test test compressed file integrity |
| -v, --verbose verbose mode |
| --help display this help and exit |
| --version display version information and exit |
| |
| With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. |
| |
| Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>. |
| </code> |
| |
| ===LAB #6 - Travailler avec la Commande gzip=== |
| |
| Utilisez **gzip** pour compresser votre fichier tar : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# gzip /tmp/test.tar |
| </code> |
| |
| Constatez la taille du fichier **test.tar.gz** : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /tmp/test.tar.gz |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 222 Sep 27 07:57 /tmp/test.tar.gz |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Notez que le fichier compressé a été créé dans le même répertoire que le fichier source et que le fichier source a disparu. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| Décompressez le fichier test.tar.gz : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# gunzip /tmp/test.tar.gz |
| </code> |
| |
| ====La Commande bzip2==== |
| |
| ===Présentation=== |
| |
| La commande **bzip2** est un utilitaire de compression sous GNU/Linux. La commande **bunzip2** est un utilitaire de décompression sous GNU/Linux. |
| |
| ===Options des Commandes=== |
| |
| Les options de la commande **bzip2** sont : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# bzip2 --help |
| bzip2, a block-sorting file compressor. Version 1.0.8, 13-Jul-2019. |
| |
| usage: bzip2 [flags and input files in any order] |
| |
| -h --help print this message |
| -d --decompress force decompression |
| -z --compress force compression |
| -k --keep keep (don't delete) input files |
| -f --force overwrite existing output files |
| -t --test test compressed file integrity |
| -c --stdout output to standard out |
| -q --quiet suppress noncritical error messages |
| -v --verbose be verbose (a 2nd -v gives more) |
| -L --license display software version & license |
| -V --version display software version & license |
| -s --small use less memory (at most 2500k) |
| -1 .. -9 set block size to 100k .. 900k |
| --fast alias for -1 |
| --best alias for -9 |
| |
| If invoked as `bzip2', default action is to compress. |
| as `bunzip2', default action is to decompress. |
| as `bzcat', default action is to decompress to stdout. |
| |
| If no file names are given, bzip2 compresses or decompresses |
| from standard input to standard output. You can combine |
| short flags, so `-v -4' means the same as -v4 or -4v, &c. |
| </code> |
| |
| Les options de la commande **bunzip2** sont : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# bunzip2 --help |
| bzip2, a block-sorting file compressor. Version 1.0.8, 13-Jul-2019. |
| |
| usage: bunzip2 [flags and input files in any order] |
| |
| -h --help print this message |
| -d --decompress force decompression |
| -z --compress force compression |
| -k --keep keep (don't delete) input files |
| -f --force overwrite existing output files |
| -t --test test compressed file integrity |
| -c --stdout output to standard out |
| -q --quiet suppress noncritical error messages |
| -v --verbose be verbose (a 2nd -v gives more) |
| -L --license display software version & license |
| -V --version display software version & license |
| -s --small use less memory (at most 2500k) |
| -1 .. -9 set block size to 100k .. 900k |
| --fast alias for -1 |
| --best alias for -9 |
| |
| If invoked as `bzip2', default action is to compress. |
| as `bunzip2', default action is to decompress. |
| as `bzcat', default action is to decompress to stdout. |
| |
| If no file names are given, bzip2 compresses or decompresses |
| from standard input to standard output. You can combine |
| short flags, so `-v -4' means the same as -v4 or -4v, &c.0 |
| </code> |
| |
| ===LAB #7 - Travailler avec la Commande bzip2=== |
| |
| Utilisez **bzip2** pour compresser votre fichier tar : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# bzip2 /tmp/test.tar |
| </code> |
| |
| Constatez la taille du fichier **tar.bz2** : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /tmp | grep test.tar.bz |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 207 Sep 27 07:57 test.tar.bz2 |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Notez que le fichier compressé a été créé dans le même répertoire que le fichier source et que le fichier source a disparu. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| Décompressez le fichier tar.bz2 : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# bunzip2 /tmp/test.tar.bz2 |
| </code> |
| |
| ====La Commande xz==== |
| |
| ===Présentation=== |
| |
| La commande **xz** est un utilitaire de compression sous GNU/Linux. D'autres commandes sont : |
| |
| * **unxz** - équivalent à **xz --decompress**. |
| * **xzcat** - équivalent à **xz --decompress --stdout**. |
| * **lzma** - équivalent à **xz --format=lzma**. |
| * **unlzma** - équivalent à **xz --format=lzma --decompress**. |
| * **lzcat** - équivalent à** xz --format=lzma --decompress --stdout**. |
| |
| La commande xz ne compressera pas le fichier si : |
| |
| * le fichier n'est pas de type standard |
| * le fichier est un lien symbolique |
| * le fichier est un lien physique |
| * le fichier possède le sticky bit, le SUID bit ou le SGID bit |
| * le fichier possède déjà une extension .xz ou .lzma |
| |
| La commande xz ne décompressera pas le fichier si : |
| |
| * le fichier ne possède pas d'extension .xz ou .lzma |
| |
| ===Options des Commandes=== |
| |
| Les options de la commande **xz** sont : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# xz --help |
| Usage: xz [OPTION]... [FILE]... |
| Compress or decompress FILEs in the .xz format. |
| |
| -z, --compress force compression |
| -d, --decompress force decompression |
| -t, --test test compressed file integrity |
| -l, --list list information about .xz files |
| -k, --keep keep (don't delete) input files |
| -f, --force force overwrite of output file and (de)compress links |
| -c, --stdout write to standard output and don't delete input files |
| -0 ... -9 compression preset; default is 6; take compressor *and* |
| decompressor memory usage into account before using 7-9! |
| -e, --extreme try to improve compression ratio by using more CPU time; |
| does not affect decompressor memory requirements |
| -T, --threads=NUM use at most NUM threads; the default is 1; set to 0 |
| to use as many threads as there are processor cores |
| -q, --quiet suppress warnings; specify twice to suppress errors too |
| -v, --verbose be verbose; specify twice for even more verbose |
| -h, --help display this short help and exit |
| -H, --long-help display the long help (lists also the advanced options) |
| -V, --version display the version number and exit |
| |
| With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input. |
| |
| Report bugs to <lasse.collin@tukaani.org> (in English or Finnish). |
| XZ Utils home page: <https://tukaani.org/xz/> |
| </code> |
| |
| ===LAB #8 - Travailler avec la Commande xz=== |
| |
| Utilisez **xz** pour compresser votre fichier tar : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# xz /tmp/test.tar |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Notez que le fonctionnement par défaut de la commande est identique à celui de l'option **-z**. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| Constatez la présence du fichier **test.tar.xz** : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /tmp | grep test.tar.xz |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 236 Sep 27 07:57 test.tar.xz |
| </code> |
| |
| <WRAP center round important 60%> |
| **Important** - Notez que le fichier compressé a été créé dans le même répertoire que le fichier source et que le fichier source a disparu. Le fichier source peut être maintenue si l'option **--keep** est spécifiée. Si le fichier test.tar.xz avait déjà existé, la commande aurait échouée avec un message d'erreur. L'extension du fichier est **.xz**, cependant la commande peut aussi gérer l'extension **.lzma**. |
| </WRAP> |
| |
| Décompressez le fichier test.tar.xz : |
| |
| <code> |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# xz -d /tmp/test.tar.xz |
| [root@redhat9 ~]# ls -l /tmp | grep test |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 160 Sep 25 16:05 greptest |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 49 Sep 25 16:05 greptest1 |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 687556 Sep 25 16:08 sedtest |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 512 Sep 27 08:08 test.cpio |
| -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 10240 Sep 27 07:57 test.tar |
| </code> |
| |
| ====Autres Utilitaires==== |
| |
| Il existe d'autres utilitaires pour la compression, chacun produisant un fichier ayant une extension spécifique : |
| |
| ^ Outil ^ Extension ^ Commande de Compression ^ Commande de Décompression ^ |
| | compress | .Z | compress | uncompress | |
| | rar | .rar | rar | unrar | |
| | zip | .zip | zip | unzip | |
| |
| ----- |
| Copyright © 2024 Hugh Norris. |