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elearning:workbooks:lpic:21:450:l107 [2022/10/07 10:30] – admin | elearning:workbooks:lpic:21:450:l107 [2022/11/01 07:28] (Version actuelle) – admin | ||
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- | ======Topic 7: System Maintenance====== | + | ~~PDF:LANDSCAPE~~ |
- | backups | + | Version : **2022.01** |
+ | |||
+ | Dernière mise-à-jour : ~~LASTMOD~~ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ======Topic 206: System Maintenance====== | ||
+ | |||
+ | =====Contenu du Module===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | * **Topic 206: System Maintenance** | ||
+ | * Contenu du Module | ||
+ | * Types de Sauvegardes | ||
+ | * Sauvegarde complète | ||
+ | * Sauvegarde différentielle | ||
+ | * Sauvegarde incrémentale | ||
+ | * Sauvegarde décrémentale | ||
+ | * Outils Classiques de Sauvegarde | ||
+ | * Préparation | ||
+ | * LAB #1 - La Commande tar | ||
+ | * 1.1 - Présentation | ||
+ | * 1.2 - Travailler avec la Commande tar | ||
+ | * 1.2 - La Commande GPL tar et la Compression | ||
+ | * LAB #2 - La Commande cpio | ||
+ | * 2.1 - Présentation | ||
+ | * 2.2 - Travailler avec la Commande cpio | ||
+ | * LAB #3 - La Commande dd | ||
+ | * 3.1 - Présentation | ||
+ | * 3.2 - Travailler avec la Commande dd | ||
+ | * Les Commandes dump et restore | ||
+ | * Présentation | ||
+ | * Outils Avancés de Sauvegarde | ||
+ | * Outils de Sauvegarde Unidirectionnelle | ||
+ | * Outils de Sauvegarde Multidirectionnelle | ||
+ | * Outils de Sauvegarde des Partitions | ||
+ | * LAB #4 - Que Sauvegarder en Priorité ? | ||
+ | * 4.1 - Sauvegarde de la Liste des Paquets | ||
+ | * 4.2 - Sauvegarde d'un Mémo sur la Structure du Disque Dur Système | ||
+ | * 4.3 - Sauvegarde d'un Mémo sur les Points de Montage du Disque Dur Système | ||
+ | * 4.4 - Sauvegarde du Chargeur de Démarrage | ||
+ | * GRUB Legacy | ||
+ | * GRUB 2 avec BIOS | ||
+ | * GRUB 2 avec EFI | ||
+ | * 4.5 - Sauvegarde des Dossiers Utilisateurs | ||
+ | * LAB #5 - Rsync | ||
+ | * 5.1 - Présentation | ||
+ | * 5.2 - Travailler avec la Commande rsync | ||
+ | * LAB #6 - Commandes Diverses | ||
+ | * 6.1- La Commande wall | ||
+ | * 6.2 - La Commande patch | ||
+ | * LAB #7 - Compiler à partir des sources | ||
+ | * 7.1 - ./ | ||
+ | * 7.2 - make | ||
+ | * 7.3 - make check | ||
+ | * 7.4 - make install | ||
+ | * Fichiers Divers | ||
+ | * /etc/motd | ||
+ | * / | ||
+ | |||
+ | =====Types de Sauvegardes===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Sauvegarde complète==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dans ce cas on sauvegarde tous les fichiers et dossiers, toute la partition ou tout le disque : | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{ : | ||
+ | |||
+ | La restauration nécessite : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * La dernière sauvegarde complète. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Avantage : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Restauration plus rapide et plus simple que les restaurations à partir de sauvegardes différentielles et incrémentales. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Inconvénient : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Nécessite plus d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Sauvegarde différentielle==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dans ce cas on sauvegarde des données modifiées ou nouvellement ajoutées sur la base de la **dernière sauvegarde complète** : | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{ : | ||
+ | |||
+ | La restauration nécessite : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * La dernière sauvegarde complète, | ||
+ | * La dernière sauvegarde différentielle. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Avantage : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Restauration plus rapide que la restauration à partir d'une sauvegarde incrémentale. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Inconvénient : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Nécessite plus d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Sauvegarde incrémentale==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dans ce cas, on ne sauvegarde que ce qui a changé depuis la dernière sauvegarde quelle qu' | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{ : | ||
+ | |||
+ | La restauration nécessite : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * La dernière sauvegarde complète, | ||
+ | * Toutes les sauvegardes incrémentales effectuées depuis, et dans l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Avantage : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Sauvegarde plus rapide que la sauvegarde complète ou différentielle, | ||
+ | * Nécessite moins d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Inconvénient : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Plus longue à restaurer. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Sauvegarde décrémentale==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dans ce cas on sauvegarde tous les fichiers puis on produit une sauvegarde de ce qui a changé depuis la dernière sauvegarde complète. Cette sauvegarde est appelée une sauvegarde décrémentale : | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{ : | ||
+ | |||
+ | La restauration nécessite : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * La dernière sauvegarde complète. | ||
+ | |||
+ | La restauration de J-1 nécessite : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * La dernière sauvegarde complète, | ||
+ | * La sauvegarde décrémentale J. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Par exemple pour obtenir un état du système J1 quand on est à J2, il convient de restaurer la sauvegarde complète de J2 qui est en réalité J2+J1 puis la sauvegarde décrémentale -J2. De cette façon et d'une manière mathématique on obtient : J2 + J1 -J2 = J1. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Avantage : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Restauration plus rapide et plus simple que les restaurations à partir de sauvegardes différentielles et incrémentales. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Inconvénient : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * Nécessite plus de manipulation de données à chaque sauvegarde. | ||
+ | |||
+ | =====Outils classiques de sauvegarde===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Préparation==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Afin de poursuivre, il convient de créer une arborescence à sauvegarder : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | root@debian11:/ | ||
+ | root@debian11:/ | ||
+ | /test: | ||
+ | total 8 | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 28 10:32 repY | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 28 10:32 repZ | ||
+ | |||
+ | / | ||
+ | total 0 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Y1 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Y2 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Y3 | ||
+ | |||
+ | / | ||
+ | total 0 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Z1 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Z2 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====LAB #1 - La Commande tar==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===1.1 - Présentation=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Le programme **tar** a été originellement prévu pour sauvegarder sur des bandes magnétiques, | ||
+ | |||
+ | La commande **tar** peut sauvegarder vers : | ||
+ | |||
+ | * un fichier spécial, par exemple le nom d'un lecteur de bande, | ||
+ | * un fichier ordinaire sur disque, | ||
+ | * la sortie standard pour être utilisé dans un pipe. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===1.2 - Travailler avec la Commande tar=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Vous allez maintenant sauvegarder votre dossier **test** ainsi que son contenu vers un fichier : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/ | ||
+ | tar: Removing leading `/' from member names | ||
+ | /test/ | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Pour visualiser la **table of contents** de votre sauvegarde, utilisez la commande suivante : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/ | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x root/ | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x root/ | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- root/ | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- root/ | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x root/ | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- root/ | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- root/ | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- root/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Afin de créer une sauvegarde incrémentale, | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Modifiez maintenant deux des fichiers de votre arborescence **test** : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/ | ||
+ | root@debian11:/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Pour procéder à votre sauvegarde incrémentale, | ||
+ | |||
+ | Saisissez donc la commande suivante : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/ | ||
+ | tar: Removing leading `/' from member names | ||
+ | /test/ | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | tar: / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | tar: / | ||
+ | tar: / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
+ | **Important** - Notez l' | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Contrôlez maintenant le contenu de l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/ | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x root/ | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x root/ | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- root/ | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x root/ | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- root/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Supprimez maintenant le contenu du répertoire **test** : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
+ | **Important** - Notez que le système vous permet de supprimer le répertoire **/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Afin de pouvoir restaurer les fichiers de votre première sauvegarde, placez-vous à la racine de votre système et restaurez le contenu de votre répertoire **test** en saisissant la commande tar suivante : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/ | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | test/ | ||
+ | test/ | ||
+ | test/ | ||
+ | test/ | ||
+ | test/ | ||
+ | test/ | ||
+ | test/ | ||
+ | test/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Constatez maintenant que l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | /test: | ||
+ | total 8 | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 28 10:32 repY | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 28 10:32 repZ | ||
+ | |||
+ | / | ||
+ | total 0 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Y1 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Y2 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Y3 | ||
+ | |||
+ | / | ||
+ | total 0 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Z1 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Z2 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
+ | **Important** - Notez qu'à ce stade les fichiers **/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Restaurez maintenant votre archive incrémentale : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | test/ | ||
+ | test/ | ||
+ | test/ | ||
+ | test/ | ||
+ | test/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Constatez maintenant que l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | /test: | ||
+ | total 8 | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 28 10:32 repY | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 28 10:32 repZ | ||
+ | |||
+ | / | ||
+ | total 4 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20 Apr 28 10:35 Y1 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Y2 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Y3 | ||
+ | |||
+ | / | ||
+ | total 4 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 26 Apr 28 10:35 Z1 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Z2 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
+ | **Important** - Notez que les fichiers **/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===1.3 - La Commande GPL tar et la Compression=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dernièrement, | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Algorythme ^ Option de la commande tar ^ | ||
+ | | gzip | z | | ||
+ | | bzip2 | j | | ||
+ | | lzma | J | | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====LAB #2 - La Commande cpio==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===2.1 - Présentation=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | La commande **cpio** (Copy Input To Output). cpio peut gérer les archives au format **tar**. La différence majeure entre tar et cpio est que ce dernier stocke les chemins d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Vous allez utiliser maintenant le logiciel **cpio** pour effectuer les sauvegardes et restaurations. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===2.2 - Travailler avec la Commande cpio=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Dans un premier temps, vous devez utiliser la commande **find** pour construire une liste de fichiers à sauvegarder : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | /test | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Sauvegardez maintenant les fichiers et répertoires référencés par le fichier **/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | /test | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | 1 block | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Consultez maintenant la **table of contents** de votre sauvegarde : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | /test | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | 1 block | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Supprimez maintenant le répertoire **/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Contrôlez le bon déroulement de la suppression : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | /test: | ||
+ | total 4 | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 28 10:32 repZ | ||
+ | |||
+ | / | ||
+ | total 4 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 26 Apr 28 10:35 Z1 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Z2 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Restaurez les fichiers supprimés : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | 1 block | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
+ | **Important** - Notez l' | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Contrôlez le bon déroulement de la restauration : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | /test: | ||
+ | total 8 | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 28 10:43 repY | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 28 10:32 repZ | ||
+ | |||
+ | / | ||
+ | total 4 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 20 Apr 28 10:35 Y1 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Y2 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Y3 | ||
+ | |||
+ | / | ||
+ | total 4 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 26 Apr 28 10:35 Z1 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 10:32 Z2 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====LAB #3 - La Commande dd==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===3.1 - Présentation=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | La commande **dd** n'est pas réellement une commande de sauvegarde. | ||
+ | |||
+ | La commande **dd** copie le fichier passé en entrée dans le fichier de sortie en limitant le nombre d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | * **count** | ||
+ | * le nombre | ||
+ | * **bs** | ||
+ | * la taille du bloc à copier | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===3.2 - Travailler avec la Commande dd=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Vous allez utiliser maintenant le logiciel **dd** pour effectuer une sauvegarde de votre boot.img. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Effectuez une sauvegarde des premiers 512 octets de votre disque **/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT | ||
+ | sda | ||
+ | ├─sda1 | ||
+ | ├─sda2 | ||
+ | └─sda5 | ||
+ | sdb | ||
+ | sdc | ||
+ | ├─sdc1 | ||
+ | ├─sdc2 | ||
+ | ├─sdc3 | ||
+ | ├─sdc4 | ||
+ | ├─sdc5 | ||
+ | ├─sdc6 | ||
+ | │ └─vg0-lv1 254:0 0 104M 0 lvm | ||
+ | ├─sdc7 | ||
+ | │ └─vg0-lv2 254:1 0 112M 0 lvm | ||
+ | ├─sdc8 | ||
+ | │ └─md1 | ||
+ | ├─sdc9 | ||
+ | │ └─vg0-lv2 254:1 0 112M 0 lvm | ||
+ | ├─sdc10 | ||
+ | │ └─md1 | ||
+ | ├─sdc11 | ||
+ | │ └─md1 | ||
+ | └─sdc12 | ||
+ | sr0 11:0 1 378M 0 rom | ||
+ | |||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | 512+0 records in | ||
+ | 512+0 records out | ||
+ | 512 bytes copied, 0.00214801 s, 238 kB/s | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Les Commandes dump et restore==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Présentation=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Les commandes **dump** et **restore** se basent sur le format d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Il est important de noter que le système de fichier ne doit pas être utilisé pendant le processus de dump. Pour cette raison il est normalement conseillé de démonter le système de fichiers. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Il existe 10 niveaux de dump possibles de **0** à **9**. Lors d'un dump le niveau est spécifié. Chaque fois qu'un dump est effectué, cette information est sauvegardée dans le fichier / | ||
+ | |||
+ | Par définition un dump de niveau **0** est une sauvegarde complète tandis que le dump de niveau 1 est une sauvegarde incrémentale. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Notez que les fichiers sont sauvegardés avec des nom relatifs. Ceci implique que vous devez vous positionner dans le système de fichiers lors de la restauration avec la commande **restore**. | ||
+ | |||
+ | =====Outils Avancés de Sauvegarde ===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Outils de Sauvegarde Unidirectionnelle==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ces outils sauvegardent des fichiers vers un répertoire local ou distant dans un seul sens. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ce premier tableau compare les outils par rapport aux caractéristiques et aux capacités des opérations de sauvegarde : | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Outil ^ Backend | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round todo 60%> | ||
+ | **A Faire** - Consultez la page **[[https:// | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ce deuxième tableau compare les outils triés par la date de dernière version connue : | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Outil ^ Ecrit en ^ Licence | ||
+ | | **Dar** | C++ | GPL | 2.6.2 | 09/ | ||
+ | | **Bacula (Bareos)** | C, C++ | GNU Affero General Public License v3.0 | 9.4.2 | 04/ | ||
+ | | **BackupPC** | Perl | GPL v3.0 | 4.3.0 | 25/ | ||
+ | | **luckyBackup** | C++ | GPL v3.0 | 0.5.0 | 18/ | ||
+ | | **Déjà Dup (Duplicity)** | Python | ||
+ | | **AMANDA** | C, Perl | GPL, LGPL, Apache, Amanda License | ||
+ | | **BackInTime** | Python3 | ||
+ | | **Grsync** | GTK | GPL | 1.2.6 | 15/ | ||
+ | | **Areca Backup** | Java | GPLv2 | ||
+ | | **SBackup** | GTK | GPLv2 | 0.11.6 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Outils de Sauvegarde Multidirectionnelle==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ces outils synchronisent les fichiers entre deux serveurs. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ce premier tableau compare les outils par rapport aux caractéristiques et aux capacités des opérations de sauvegarde : | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Outil ^ Backend | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round todo 60%> | ||
+ | **A Faire** - Consultez la page **[[https:// | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ce deuxième tableau compare les outils triés par la date de dernière version connue : | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Outil ^ Ecrit en ^ Licence | ||
+ | | **FreeFileSync** | Divers | ||
+ | | **unison** | OCaml | GPL v3.0 | 2.51.2 | ||
+ | | **FullSync** | Java | GPLv2 | 0.10.4 | ||
+ | | **Synkron** | C++ | GPL v2 | 1.6.2 | 25/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====Outils de Sauvegarde des Partitions==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ce premier tableau compare les outils par rapport aux caractéristiques et aux capacités des opérations de sauvegarde : | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Outil ^ Backend | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round todo 60%> | ||
+ | **A Faire** - Consultez la page **[[https:// | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ce deuxième tableau compare les outils triés par la date de dernière version connue : | ||
+ | |||
+ | ^ Outil ^ Ecrit en ^ Licence | ||
+ | | **CloneZilla** | Perl, Unix shell | GPL | 2.6.0-37 | ||
+ | | **Partclone** | C | GPL | 0.2.89 | ||
+ | | **[[https:// | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====LAB #4 - Que Sauvegarder en Priorité ?==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===4.1 - Sauvegarde de la Liste des Paquets=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Utilisez la commande **dpkg** pour créer un fichier contenant une liste des paquets installés : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Consultez le contenu de ce fichier : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | acl | ||
+ | adduser | ||
+ | adwaita-icon-theme | ||
+ | alsa-topology-conf | ||
+ | alsa-ucm-conf | ||
+ | alsa-utils | ||
+ | anacron | ||
+ | apparmor | ||
+ | apt | ||
+ | apt-listchanges | ||
+ | apt-utils | ||
+ | aspell | ||
+ | aspell-en | ||
+ | at-spi2-core | ||
+ | atril | ||
+ | atril-common | ||
+ | avahi-daemon | ||
+ | base-files | ||
+ | base-passwd | ||
+ | bash install | ||
+ | bash-completion | ||
+ | bc install | ||
+ | bind9-dnsutils | ||
+ | --More--(1%) | ||
+ | [q] | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Copiez maintenant le fichier de **/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
+ | **Important** - Il convient ensuite de sauvegarder les deux fichiers **liste-des-paquets_*** et **sources.list** sur un support externe. | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Afin de restaurer la liste des paquets, récupérez les deux fichiers | ||
+ | |||
+ | Restaurez le fichier **sources.list** : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Mettez à jour les listes des paquets disponibles : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Mettez à jour l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | |||
+ | Hit:1 http:// | ||
+ | Hit:2 http:// | ||
+ | Hit:3 http:// | ||
+ | Reading package lists... Done | ||
+ | Merging available information | ||
+ | Replacing available packages info, using / | ||
+ | Information about 58640 packages was updated. | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Restaurez le contenu du fichier **liste-des-paquets*** : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Installez ou mettez à jour tous les paquets dans le fichier **liste-des-paquets_*** : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | Reading package lists... Done | ||
+ | Building dependency tree... Done | ||
+ | Reading state information... Done | ||
+ | The following packages will be upgraded: | ||
+ | libavcodec58 libavfilter7 libavformat58 libavresample4 libavutil56 libpostproc55 | ||
+ | libswresample3 libswscale5 | ||
+ | 8 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 0 not upgraded. | ||
+ | Need to get 8,146 kB of archives. | ||
+ | After this operation, 8,192 B of additional disk space will be used. | ||
+ | Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===4.2 - Sauvegarde d'un Mémo sur la Structure du Disque Dur Système=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/# | ||
+ | |||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | |||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | Disk /dev/sdb: 32 GiB, 34359738368 bytes, 67108864 sectors | ||
+ | Disk model: QEMU HARDDISK | ||
+ | Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes | ||
+ | Sector size (logical/ | ||
+ | I/O size (minimum/ | ||
+ | Disklabel type: dos | ||
+ | Disk identifier: 0xf2e3a71a | ||
+ | |||
+ | Device | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
+ | **Important** - Il convient ensuite de sauvegarder le fichier **structure.list** sur un support externe. | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===4.3 - Sauvegarde d'un Mémo sur les Points de Montage du Disque Dur Système=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Saisissez la commande suivante : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | |||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
+ | **Important** - Il convient ensuite de sauvegarder le fichier **montages.list** sur un support externe. | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===4.4 - Sauvegarde du Chargeur de Démarrage=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==GRUB Legacy== | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | # cp / | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==GRUB 2 avec BIOS== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Saisissez les commandes suivantes : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | # cp / | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==GRUB 2 avec EFI== | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | # cp / | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
+ | **Important** - Il convient ensuite de sauvegarder le fichier **menu.lst** ou **grub.cfg** et le fichier **device.map** sur un support externe. | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===4.5 - Sauvegarde des Dossiers Utilisateurs=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | '/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
+ | **Important** - Il convient ensuite de sauvegarder le dossier **/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====LAB #5 - Rsync==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===5.1 - Présentation=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | **Rsync** ou //Remote Sync// est un utilitaire de synchronisation de fichiers qui utilise un algorithme qui minimise la quantité de données copiée en ne copiant que les parties des fichiers qui ont été modifiées. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===5.2 - Travailler avec la Commande rsync=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Créez les répertoires **/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Créez maintenant 20 fichiers vides dans le répertoire **/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | |||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | total 0 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file1 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file10 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file11 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file12 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file13 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file14 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file15 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file16 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file17 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file18 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file19 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file2 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file20 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file3 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file4 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file5 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file6 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file7 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file8 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file9 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Installez ensuite l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Pout synchroniser les fichiers de **/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | total 0 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file1 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file10 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file11 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file12 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file13 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file14 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file15 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file16 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file17 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file18 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file19 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file2 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file20 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file3 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file4 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file5 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file6 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file7 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file8 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:36 file9 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
+ | **Important** - Notez que l' | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Supprimez les fichiers dans **/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | |||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | total 0 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Pour synchroniser les fichiers de **/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | |||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | total 0 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file1 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file10 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file11 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file12 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file13 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file14 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file15 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file16 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file17 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file18 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file19 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file2 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file20 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file3 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file4 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file5 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file6 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file7 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file8 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file9 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
+ | **Important** - Notez que non seulement l' | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | De nouveau, supprimez les fichiers dans le répertoire **/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | |||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | total 0 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Exécutez maintenant le commande suivante et constatez le résultat : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | |||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | total 4 | ||
+ | drwxr-xr-x 2 root root 4096 Apr 28 13:35 repA | ||
+ | |||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | total 0 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file1 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file10 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file11 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file12 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file13 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file14 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file15 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file16 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file17 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file18 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file19 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file2 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file20 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file3 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file4 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file5 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file6 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file7 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file8 | ||
+ | -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Apr 28 13:35 file9 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
+ | **Important** - Notez que dans ce cas, le caractère **/** est manquant après **repA** dans la commande **rsync -a /test/repA / | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Pour éviter des erreurs, la commande **rsync** vous permet de visualiser le résultat de votre commande sans exécuter la commande grâce à l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | De nouveau, supprimez les fichiers dans le répertoire **/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | |||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | total 0 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Exécutez la commande ci-dessous : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | sending incremental file list | ||
+ | ./ | ||
+ | file1 | ||
+ | file10 | ||
+ | file11 | ||
+ | file12 | ||
+ | file13 | ||
+ | file14 | ||
+ | file15 | ||
+ | file16 | ||
+ | file17 | ||
+ | file18 | ||
+ | file19 | ||
+ | file2 | ||
+ | file20 | ||
+ | file3 | ||
+ | file4 | ||
+ | file5 | ||
+ | file6 | ||
+ | file7 | ||
+ | file8 | ||
+ | file9 | ||
+ | |||
+ | sent 390 bytes received 79 bytes 938.00 bytes/sec | ||
+ | total size is 0 speedup is 0.00 (DRY RUN) | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
+ | **Important** - Notez que dans ce cas, Le résultat de la synchronisation est d' | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Maintenant, exécutez la commande ci-dessous : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | sending incremental file list | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | repA/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | sent 404 bytes received 80 bytes 968.00 bytes/sec | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important 60%> | ||
+ | **Important** - Notez que dans ce cas, Le résultat de la synchronisation est d' | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Options de la Commande=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Les options de la commande rsync sont : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | rsync version 3.2.3 protocol version 31 | ||
+ | Copyright (C) 1996-2020 by Andrew Tridgell, Wayne Davison, and others. | ||
+ | Web site: https:// | ||
+ | Capabilities: | ||
+ | 64-bit files, 64-bit inums, 64-bit timestamps, 64-bit long ints, | ||
+ | socketpairs, | ||
+ | batchfiles, inplace, append, ACLs, xattrs, optional protect-args, | ||
+ | symtimes, prealloc, stop-at, no crtimes | ||
+ | Optimizations: | ||
+ | SIMD, asm, openssl-crypto | ||
+ | Checksum list: | ||
+ | xxh128 xxh3 xxh64 (xxhash) md5 md4 none | ||
+ | Compress list: | ||
+ | zstd lz4 zlibx zlib none | ||
+ | |||
+ | rsync comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY. | ||
+ | are welcome to redistribute it under certain conditions. | ||
+ | General Public Licence for details. | ||
+ | |||
+ | rsync is a file transfer program capable of efficient remote update | ||
+ | via a fast differencing algorithm. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Usage: rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... DEST | ||
+ | or rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... [USER@]HOST: | ||
+ | or rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... [USER@]HOST:: | ||
+ | or rsync [OPTION]... SRC [SRC]... rsync:// | ||
+ | or rsync [OPTION]... [USER@]HOST: | ||
+ | or rsync [OPTION]... [USER@]HOST:: | ||
+ | or rsync [OPTION]... rsync:// | ||
+ | The ':' | ||
+ | to an rsync daemon, and require SRC or DEST to start with a module name. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Options | ||
+ | --verbose, -v increase verbosity | ||
+ | --info=FLAGS | ||
+ | --debug=FLAGS | ||
+ | --stderr=e|a|c | ||
+ | --quiet, -q suppress non-error messages | ||
+ | --no-motd | ||
+ | --checksum, -c skip based on checksum, not mod-time & size | ||
+ | --archive, -a archive mode is -rlptgoD (no -A, | ||
+ | --no-OPTION | ||
+ | --recursive, | ||
+ | --relative, -R use relative path names | ||
+ | --no-implied-dirs | ||
+ | --backup, -b | ||
+ | --backup-dir=DIR | ||
+ | --suffix=SUFFIX | ||
+ | --update, -u skip files that are newer on the receiver | ||
+ | --inplace | ||
+ | --append | ||
+ | --append-verify | ||
+ | --dirs, -d | ||
+ | --mkpath | ||
+ | --links, -l copy symlinks as symlinks | ||
+ | --copy-links, | ||
+ | --copy-unsafe-links | ||
+ | --safe-links | ||
+ | --munge-links | ||
+ | --copy-dirlinks, | ||
+ | --keep-dirlinks, | ||
+ | --hard-links, | ||
+ | --perms, -p preserve permissions | ||
+ | --executability, | ||
+ | --chmod=CHMOD | ||
+ | --acls, -A | ||
+ | --xattrs, -X | ||
+ | --owner, -o preserve owner (super-user only) | ||
+ | --group, -g preserve group | ||
+ | --devices | ||
+ | --copy-devices | ||
+ | --specials | ||
+ | -D same as --devices --specials | ||
+ | --times, -t preserve modification times | ||
+ | --atimes, -U | ||
+ | --open-noatime | ||
+ | --crtimes, -N preserve create times (newness) | ||
+ | --omit-dir-times, | ||
+ | --omit-link-times, | ||
+ | --super | ||
+ | --fake-super | ||
+ | --sparse, -S turn sequences of nulls into sparse blocks | ||
+ | --preallocate | ||
+ | --write-devices | ||
+ | --dry-run, -n perform a trial run with no changes made | ||
+ | --whole-file, | ||
+ | --checksum-choice=STR | ||
+ | --one-file-system, | ||
+ | --block-size=SIZE, | ||
+ | --rsh=COMMAND, | ||
+ | --rsync-path=PROGRAM | ||
+ | --existing | ||
+ | --ignore-existing | ||
+ | --remove-source-files | ||
+ | --del an alias for --delete-during | ||
+ | --delete | ||
+ | --delete-before | ||
+ | --delete-during | ||
+ | --delete-delay | ||
+ | --delete-after | ||
+ | --delete-excluded | ||
+ | --ignore-missing-args | ||
+ | --delete-missing-args | ||
+ | --ignore-errors | ||
+ | --force | ||
+ | --max-delete=NUM | ||
+ | --max-size=SIZE | ||
+ | --min-size=SIZE | ||
+ | --max-alloc=SIZE | ||
+ | --partial | ||
+ | --partial-dir=DIR | ||
+ | --delay-updates | ||
+ | --prune-empty-dirs, | ||
+ | --numeric-ids | ||
+ | --usermap=STRING | ||
+ | --groupmap=STRING | ||
+ | --chown=USER: | ||
+ | --timeout=SECONDS | ||
+ | --contimeout=SECONDS | ||
+ | --ignore-times, | ||
+ | --size-only | ||
+ | --modify-window=NUM, | ||
+ | --temp-dir=DIR, | ||
+ | --fuzzy, -y find similar file for basis if no dest file | ||
+ | --compare-dest=DIR | ||
+ | --copy-dest=DIR | ||
+ | --link-dest=DIR | ||
+ | --compress, -z | ||
+ | --compress-choice=STR | ||
+ | --compress-level=NUM | ||
+ | --skip-compress=LIST | ||
+ | --cvs-exclude, | ||
+ | --filter=RULE, | ||
+ | -F same as --filter=' | ||
+ | | ||
+ | --exclude=PATTERN | ||
+ | --exclude-from=FILE | ||
+ | --include=PATTERN | ||
+ | --include-from=FILE | ||
+ | --files-from=FILE | ||
+ | --from0, -0 all *-from/ | ||
+ | --protect-args, | ||
+ | --copy-as=USER[: | ||
+ | --address=ADDRESS | ||
+ | --port=PORT | ||
+ | --sockopts=OPTIONS | ||
+ | --blocking-io | ||
+ | --outbuf=N|L|B | ||
+ | --stats | ||
+ | --8-bit-output, | ||
+ | --human-readable, | ||
+ | --progress | ||
+ | -P same as --partial --progress | ||
+ | --itemize-changes, | ||
+ | --remote-option=OPT, | ||
+ | --out-format=FORMAT | ||
+ | --log-file=FILE | ||
+ | --log-file-format=FMT | ||
+ | --password-file=FILE | ||
+ | --early-input=FILE | ||
+ | --list-only | ||
+ | --bwlimit=RATE | ||
+ | --stop-after=MINS | ||
+ | --stop-at=y-m-dTh: | ||
+ | --write-batch=FILE | ||
+ | --only-write-batch=FILE | ||
+ | --read-batch=FILE | ||
+ | --protocol=NUM | ||
+ | --iconv=CONVERT_SPEC | ||
+ | --checksum-seed=NUM | ||
+ | --ipv4, -4 | ||
+ | --ipv6, -6 | ||
+ | --version, -V print the version + other info and exit | ||
+ | --help, -h (*) show this help (* -h is help only on its own) | ||
+ | |||
+ | Use "rsync --daemon --help" | ||
+ | Please see the rsync(1) and rsyncd.conf(5) man pages for full documentation. | ||
+ | See https:// | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | =====LAB #6 - Commandes Diverses===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====6.1- La Commande wall==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | La commande **wall** | ||
+ | |||
+ | Envoyez un message : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | trainee@debian11: | ||
+ | Password: fenestros | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | |||
+ | Broadcast message from trainee@debian11 (pts/1) (Thu Jun 2 11:09:04 2022): | ||
+ | |||
+ | this is a message from root | ||
+ | |||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round todo> | ||
+ | **A faire** : Utilisez l' | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====6.2 - La commande patch==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | La commande **patch** est utilisée pour appliquer des modifications à un fichier à partir d'un fichier patch qui contient les différences entre le contenu de l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | La commande patch n'est pas installée par défaut sous Debian 11 : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Créez les fichiers / | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | # Starting comment | ||
+ | ^ This line will be used to demonstrate the use of fgrep | ||
+ | fenestrOS | ||
+ | fenestros | ||
+ | # Another comment | ||
+ | 555-5555 | ||
+ | f | ||
+ | |||
+ | .fenestros | ||
+ | |||
+ | .fe | ||
+ | |||
+ | £ | ||
+ | # End comment | ||
+ | |||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | fenestrOS | ||
+ | fenestros | ||
+ | 555-5555 | ||
+ | f | ||
+ | .fenestros | ||
+ | .fe | ||
+ | £ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Afin de créer un fichier de patch, il convient d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | root@debian11:/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | L' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/ | ||
+ | --- greptest | ||
+ | +++ greptest1 | ||
+ | @@ -1,14 +1,7 @@ | ||
+ | -# Starting comment | ||
+ | -^ This line will be used to demonstrate the use of fgrep | ||
+ | | ||
+ | | ||
+ | -# Another comment | ||
+ | | ||
+ | f | ||
+ | - | ||
+ | | ||
+ | - | ||
+ | .fe | ||
+ | - | ||
+ | £ | ||
+ | -# End comment | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Procédez maintenant à l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/ | ||
+ | patching file greptest | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Contrôlez maintenant le contenu du fichier **greptest** : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11:/ | ||
+ | fenestrOS | ||
+ | fenestros | ||
+ | 555-5555 | ||
+ | f | ||
+ | .fenestros | ||
+ | .fe | ||
+ | £ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round todo> | ||
+ | **A faire** : Utilisez l' | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | =====LAB #7 - Compiler à partir des sources===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | Historiquement il était nécessaire d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Pour commencer, installez les outils dont vous aurez besoin : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Pour comprendre ce qui est la compilation d'un logiciel, commencez par télécharger le logiciel hello : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | --2022-04-25 13: | ||
+ | Resolving ftp.gnu.org (ftp.gnu.org)... 209.51.188.20, | ||
+ | Connecting to ftp.gnu.org (ftp.gnu.org)|209.51.188.20|: | ||
+ | HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK | ||
+ | Length: 389363 (380K) [application/ | ||
+ | Saving to: ‘hello-2.1.1.tar.gz’ | ||
+ | |||
+ | hello-2.1.1.tar.gz | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2022-04-25 13:38:58 (864 KB/s) - ‘hello-2.1.1.tar.gz’ saved [389363/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Ensuite désarchivez le logiciel : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Changez de répertoire : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | ABOUT-NLS | ||
+ | aclocal.m4 | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | A l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | We are pleased to announce the version 2.1 release of GNU Hello. | ||
+ | All reported bugs in previous test releases have been fixed. | ||
+ | Some bugs surely remain. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The GNU implementation of this classic program is brought to you by | ||
+ | the efforts of several people, including Mike Haertel, David MacKenzie, | ||
+ | Jan Brittenson, Roland McGrath, Charles Hannum, and The King. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The basic algorithm is described in: "The C Programming Language", | ||
+ | B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie, Prentice-Hall, | ||
+ | the program is an enhancement of the one published in that book. | ||
+ | |||
+ | See the file INSTALL for building and installation instructions. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Please send all bug reports by electronic mail to: | ||
+ | bug-gnu-hello@gnu.org | ||
+ | |||
+ | GNU Hello is free software. | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Visualisez donc ce dernier : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, | ||
+ | Inc. | ||
+ | |||
+ | This file is free documentation; | ||
+ | unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify it. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Basic Installation | ||
+ | ================== | ||
+ | |||
+ | These are generic installation instructions. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The `configure' | ||
+ | various system-dependent variables used during compilation. | ||
+ | those values to create a `Makefile' | ||
+ | It may also create one or more `.h' files containing system-dependent | ||
+ | definitions. | ||
+ | you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, | ||
+ | file `config.log' | ||
+ | debugging `configure' | ||
+ | |||
+ | It can also use an optional file (typically called `config.cache' | ||
+ | and enabled with `--cache-file=config.cache' | ||
+ | the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring. | ||
+ | disabled by default to prevent problems with accidental use of stale | ||
+ | cache files.) | ||
+ | |||
+ | If you need to do unusual things to compile the package, please try | ||
+ | to figure out how `configure' | ||
+ | diffs or instructions to the address given in the `README' | ||
+ | be considered for the next release. | ||
+ | some point `config.cache' | ||
+ | may remove or edit it. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The file `configure.ac' | ||
+ | `configure' | ||
+ | `configure.ac' | ||
+ | a newer version of `autoconf' | ||
+ | |||
+ | The simplest way to compile this package is: | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. `cd' to the directory containing the package' | ||
+ | | ||
+ | using `csh' on an old version of System V, you might need to type | ||
+ | `sh ./ | ||
+ | | ||
+ | |||
+ | | ||
+ | | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Type `make' to compile the package. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 3. Optionally, type `make check' to run any self-tests that come with | ||
+ | the package. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 4. Type `make install' | ||
+ | | ||
+ | |||
+ | 5. You can remove the program binaries and object files from the | ||
+ | --More--(26%) | ||
+ | [q] <<<<<<<<<<<< | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | La procédure expliquée est celle utilisée pour la plupart des installations manuelles, à savoir la saisie des quatre commandes suivantes. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====7.1 - ./ | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important> | ||
+ | **Important** : **configure** est un script chargé de créer les **// | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | checking for a BSD-compatible install... / | ||
+ | checking whether build environment is sane... yes | ||
+ | checking for gawk... no | ||
+ | checking for mawk... mawk | ||
+ | checking whether make sets ${MAKE}... no | ||
+ | checking for gcc... gcc | ||
+ | checking for C compiler default output... a.out | ||
+ | checking whether the C compiler works... yes | ||
+ | checking whether we are cross compiling... no | ||
+ | checking for suffix of executables... | ||
+ | checking for suffix of object files... o | ||
+ | checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes | ||
+ | checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes | ||
+ | checking for style of include used by make... none | ||
+ | checking dependency style of gcc... none | ||
+ | checking for strerror in -lcposix... no | ||
+ | checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E | ||
+ | checking for ANSI C header files... yes | ||
+ | checking for sys/ | ||
+ | checking for sys/ | ||
+ | checking for stdlib.h... yes | ||
+ | checking for string.h... yes | ||
+ | checking for memory.h... yes | ||
+ | checking for strings.h... yes | ||
+ | checking for inttypes.h... yes | ||
+ | checking for stdint.h... yes | ||
+ | checking for unistd.h... yes | ||
+ | checking for string.h... (cached) yes | ||
+ | checking fcntl.h usability... yes | ||
+ | checking fcntl.h presence... yes | ||
+ | checking for fcntl.h... yes | ||
+ | checking sys/file.h usability... yes | ||
+ | checking sys/file.h presence... yes | ||
+ | checking for sys/ | ||
+ | checking sys/param.h usability... yes | ||
+ | checking sys/param.h presence... yes | ||
+ | checking for sys/ | ||
+ | checking for working alloca.h... yes | ||
+ | checking for alloca... yes | ||
+ | checking for struct stat.st_blksize... yes | ||
+ | checking for msgfmt... no | ||
+ | checking for gmsgfmt... : | ||
+ | checking for xgettext... no | ||
+ | checking for msgmerge... no | ||
+ | checking build system type... x86_64-unknown-linux | ||
+ | checking host system type... x86_64-unknown-linux | ||
+ | checking for ranlib... ranlib | ||
+ | checking for gcc option to accept ANSI C... none needed | ||
+ | checking for an ANSI C-conforming const... yes | ||
+ | checking for inline... inline | ||
+ | checking for off_t... yes | ||
+ | checking for size_t... yes | ||
+ | checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes | ||
+ | checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes | ||
+ | checking for getpagesize... yes | ||
+ | checking for working mmap... yes | ||
+ | checking whether we are using the GNU C Library 2.1 or newer... yes | ||
+ | checking for ld used by GCC... / | ||
+ | checking if the linker (/ | ||
+ | checking for shared library run path origin... done | ||
+ | checking for iconv... yes | ||
+ | checking argz.h usability... yes | ||
+ | checking argz.h presence... yes | ||
+ | checking for argz.h... yes | ||
+ | checking limits.h usability... yes | ||
+ | checking limits.h presence... yes | ||
+ | checking for limits.h... yes | ||
+ | checking locale.h usability... yes | ||
+ | checking locale.h presence... yes | ||
+ | checking for locale.h... yes | ||
+ | checking nl_types.h usability... yes | ||
+ | checking nl_types.h presence... yes | ||
+ | checking for nl_types.h... yes | ||
+ | checking malloc.h usability... yes | ||
+ | checking malloc.h presence... yes | ||
+ | checking for malloc.h... yes | ||
+ | checking stddef.h usability... yes | ||
+ | checking stddef.h presence... yes | ||
+ | checking for stddef.h... yes | ||
+ | checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes | ||
+ | checking for string.h... (cached) yes | ||
+ | checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes | ||
+ | checking for sys/ | ||
+ | checking for feof_unlocked... yes | ||
+ | checking for fgets_unlocked... yes | ||
+ | checking for getc_unlocked... yes | ||
+ | checking for getcwd... yes | ||
+ | checking for getegid... yes | ||
+ | checking for geteuid... yes | ||
+ | checking for getgid... yes | ||
+ | checking for getuid... yes | ||
+ | checking for mempcpy... yes | ||
+ | checking for munmap... yes | ||
+ | checking for putenv... yes | ||
+ | checking for setenv... yes | ||
+ | checking for setlocale... yes | ||
+ | checking for stpcpy... yes | ||
+ | checking for strcasecmp... yes | ||
+ | checking for strdup... yes | ||
+ | checking for strtoul... yes | ||
+ | checking for tsearch... yes | ||
+ | checking for __argz_count... yes | ||
+ | checking for __argz_stringify... yes | ||
+ | checking for __argz_next... yes | ||
+ | checking for iconv declaration... | ||
+ | | ||
+ | checking for nl_langinfo and CODESET... yes | ||
+ | checking for LC_MESSAGES... yes | ||
+ | checking for bison... no | ||
+ | checking whether NLS is requested... yes | ||
+ | checking whether included gettext is requested... no | ||
+ | checking for GNU gettext in libc... yes | ||
+ | checking for perl... perl | ||
+ | configure: creating ./ | ||
+ | config.status: | ||
+ | config.status: | ||
+ | config.status: | ||
+ | config.status: | ||
+ | config.status: | ||
+ | config.status: | ||
+ | config.status: | ||
+ | config.status: | ||
+ | config.status: | ||
+ | config.status: | ||
+ | config.status: | ||
+ | config.status: | ||
+ | config.status: | ||
+ | config.status: | ||
+ | config.status: | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====7.2 - make==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important> | ||
+ | **Important** : **make** sert à appeler des commandes créant des fichiers nécessaires à l' | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Notez que la commande **make** n'est pas installée. Installez la commande : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | -bash: make: command not found | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Exécutez maintenant la commande **make** : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | make all-recursive | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | Making all in contrib | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making all in doc | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making all in intl | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making all in po | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making all in src | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | source=' | ||
+ | depfile=' | ||
+ | depmode=none /bin/bash ../depcomp \ | ||
+ | gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/ | ||
+ | source=' | ||
+ | depfile=' | ||
+ | depmode=none /bin/bash ../depcomp \ | ||
+ | gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/ | ||
+ | source=' | ||
+ | depfile=' | ||
+ | depmode=none /bin/bash ../depcomp \ | ||
+ | gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/ | ||
+ | source=' | ||
+ | depfile=' | ||
+ | depmode=none /bin/bash ../depcomp \ | ||
+ | gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/ | ||
+ | gcc -g -O2 -o hello hello.o version.o getopt.o getopt1.o | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making all in man | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | perl help2man --name=" | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making all in m4 | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making all in tests | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====7.3 - make check==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important> | ||
+ | **Important** : **make check** permet de vérifier si la commande **make** a bien fonctionné. | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | Making check in contrib | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making check in doc | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making check in intl | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making check in po | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making check in src | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making check in man | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making check in m4 | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making check in tests | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make check-TESTS | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | PASS: hello-1 | ||
+ | PASS: world-1 | ||
+ | PASS: nothing-1 | ||
+ | ================== | ||
+ | All 3 tests passed | ||
+ | ================== | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====7.4 - make install==== | ||
+ | |||
+ | <WRAP center round important> | ||
+ | **Important** : **make install** sert à installer le logiciel. | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | Making install in contrib | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making install in doc | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | /bin/bash ../ | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making install in intl | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | if test " | ||
+ | && | ||
+ | /bin/sh `case " | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | @LIBTOOL@ --mode=install \ | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | else \ | ||
+ | : ; \ | ||
+ | fi | ||
+ | if test ' | ||
+ | test yes != no || /bin/sh `case " | ||
+ | temp=/ | ||
+ | dest=/ | ||
+ | if test -f / | ||
+ | orig=/ | ||
+ | sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \ | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | rm -f $temp; \ | ||
+ | else \ | ||
+ | if test yes = no; then \ | ||
+ | orig=charset.alias; | ||
+ | sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \ | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | rm -f $temp; \ | ||
+ | fi; \ | ||
+ | fi; \ | ||
+ | /bin/sh `case " | ||
+ | test -f / | ||
+ | && orig=/ | ||
+ | || orig=./ | ||
+ | temp=/ | ||
+ | dest=/ | ||
+ | sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \ | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | rm -f $temp; \ | ||
+ | else \ | ||
+ | : ; \ | ||
+ | fi | ||
+ | if test " | ||
+ | /bin/sh `case " | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | dists=" | ||
+ | for file in $dists; do \ | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | done; \ | ||
+ | chmod a+x / | ||
+ | dists=" | ||
+ | for file in $dists; do \ | ||
+ | if test -f $file; then dir=.; else dir=.; fi; \ | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | done; \ | ||
+ | dists=" | ||
+ | for file in $dists; do \ | ||
+ | rm -f / | ||
+ | done; \ | ||
+ | else \ | ||
+ | : ; \ | ||
+ | fi | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making install in po | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | /bin/sh `case " | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing ca.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing da.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing de.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing de_DE.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing el.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing eo.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing es.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing et.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing fi.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing fr.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing gl.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing he.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing hr.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing hu.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing id.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing it.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing ja.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing ko.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing lv.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing nb.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing nl.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing nn.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing pl.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing pt.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing pt_BR.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing ru.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing sk.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing sl.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing sv.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing tr.gmo as / | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | installing uk.gmo as / | ||
+ | if test " | ||
+ | /bin/sh `case " | ||
+ | for file in Makefile.in.in Makevars remove-potcdate.sin quot.sed boldquot.sed en@quot.header en@boldquot.header insert-header.sin Rules-quot | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | done; \ | ||
+ | else \ | ||
+ | : ; \ | ||
+ | fi | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making install in src | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | /bin/bash ../ | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making install in man | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | /bin/bash ../ | ||
+ | mkdir -p -- / | ||
+ | / | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making install in m4 | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | Making install in tests | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Entering directory '/ | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[2]: Nothing to be done for ' | ||
+ | make[2]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | make[1]: Leaving directory '/ | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Il convient maintenant de tester le nouveau logiciel : | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | root@debian11: | ||
+ | Hello, world! | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Le logiciel hello a été correctement installé. | ||
+ | |||
+ | =====Fichiers Divers===== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Le fichier **/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | trainee@debian11: | ||
+ | |||
+ | The programs included with the Debian GNU/Linux system are free software; | ||
+ | the exact distribution terms for each program are described in the | ||
+ | individual files in / | ||
+ | |||
+ | Debian GNU/Linux comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY, to the extent | ||
+ | permitted by applicable law. | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ====/ | ||
+ | |||
+ | Le fichier /etc/issue est un fichier de texte qui accepte certaines séquences d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Il existe aussi le fichier **issue.net** pouvant être utilisé lors de connexions à distance. Néanmoins, SSH va l' | ||
+ | |||
+ | Toutes les séquences d' | ||
+ | |||
+ | < | ||
+ | b | ||
+ | d | ||
+ | s | ||
+ | l | ||
+ | m | ||
+ | n | ||
+ | d' | ||
+ | o | ||
+ | r | ||
+ | t | ||
+ | u | ||
+ | U | ||
+ | d' | ||
+ | v | ||
+ | </ | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | ----- | ||
+ | Copyright © 2022 Hugh Norris. | ||
- | patch | ||
- | compile |