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elearning:workbooks:debian:10:utilisateur:l103 [2022/05/17 07:58] – created adminelearning:workbooks:debian:10:utilisateur:l103 [2024/03/11 09:31] (Version actuelle) – admin
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 ~~PDF:LANDSCAPE~~ ~~PDF:LANDSCAPE~~
  
-Version : **2022.01**+Version : **2024.01**
  
 Dernière mise-à-jour : ~~LASTMOD~~ Dernière mise-à-jour : ~~LASTMOD~~
  
-======LCF403 - Aide et Documentation======+======LDF403 - Aide et Documentation======
  
 =====Contenu du Module===== =====Contenu du Module=====
  
-  * **LCF403 - Aide et Documentation**+  * **LDF403 - Aide et Documentation**
     * Contenu du Module     * Contenu du Module
     * LAB #1 - Aide des Commandes     * LAB #1 - Aide des Commandes
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 <code> <code>
-[root@centos8 ~]# type ifconfig +trainee@debian11:~$ type ip 
-ifconfig is /usr/sbin/ifconfig+ip is /usr/bin/ip
 </code> </code>
  
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 <code> <code>
-[root@centos8 ~]# ifconfig --help +trainee@debian11:~$ ip --help 
-Usage: +Usage: ip [ OPTIONS ] OBJECT { COMMAND | help } 
-  ifconfig [-a] [-v] [-s] <interface> [[<AF>] <address>] +       ip [ -force ] -batch filename 
-  [add <address>[/<prefixlen>]] +where  OBJECT := { link | address | addrlabel | route | rule | neigh | ntable | 
-  [del <address>[/<prefixlen>]] +                   tunnel | tuntap | maddress | mroute | mrule | monitor | xfrm | 
-  [[-]broadcast [<address>]]  [[-]pointopoint [<address>]] +                   netns | l2tp | fou | macsec | tcp_metrics | token | netconf | ila | 
-  [netmask <address>]  [dstaddr <address>]  [tunnel <address>] +                   vrf | sr | nexthop | mptcp } 
-  [outfill <NN>] [keepalive <NN>] +       OPTIONS := { -V[ersion] | -s[tatistics] | -d[etails] | -r[esolve] | 
-  [hw <HW> <address>]  [mtu <NN>] +                    -h[uman-readable] | -iec | -j[son] | -p[retty] | 
-  [[-]trailers]  [[-]arp]  [[-]allmulti] +                    -f[amily] { inet | inet6 | mpls | bridge | link } | 
-  [multicast]  [[-]promisc] +                    -4 | -6 | -I | -D | -M | -B | -0 | 
-  [mem_start <NN>]  [io_addr <NN>]  [irq <NN>]  [media <type>] +                    -l[oops] { maximum-addr-flush-attempts } | -br[ief] | 
-  [txqueuelen <NN>] +                    -o[neline] | -t[imestamp] | -ts[hort] | -b[atch] [filename] | 
-  [[-]dynamic] +                    -rc[vbuf] [size] | -n[etns] name | -N[umeric] | -a[ll] | 
-  [up|down] ... +                    -c[olor]}
- +
-  <HW>=Hardware Type. +
-  List of possible hardware types: +
-    loop (Local Loopback) slip (Serial Line IP) cslip (VJ Serial Line IP)  +
-    slip6 (6-bit Serial Line IP) cslip6 (VJ 6-bit Serial Line IP) adaptive (Adaptive Serial Line IP)  +
-    ash (Ash) ether (Ethernet) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)  +
-    netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE) tunnel (IPIP Tunnel)  +
-    ppp (Point-to-Point Protocol) hdlc ((Cisco)-HDLC) lapb (LAPB)  +
-    arcnet (ARCnet) dlci (Frame Relay DLCI) frad (Frame Relay Access Device)  +
-    sit (IPv6-in-IPv4) fddi (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) hippi (HIPPI)  +
-    irda (IrLAP) x25 (generic X.25) infiniband (InfiniBand)  +
-    eui64 (Generic EUI-64)  +
-  <AF>=Address family. Default: inet +
-  List of possible address families: +
-    unix (UNIX Domain) inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6)  +
-    ax25 (AMPR AX.25) netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE)  +
-    ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP) ash (Ash)  +
-    x25 (CCITT X.25) +
 </code> </code>
  
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 <code> <code>
-[root@centos8 ~]# type type+trainee@debian11:~$ type type
 type is a shell builtin type is a shell builtin
 </code> </code>
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 <code> <code>
-[root@centos8 ~]# help +trainee@debian11:~$ help 
-GNU bash, version 4.4.19(1)-release (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu)+GNU bash, version 5.1.4(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
 These shell commands are defined internally.  Type `help' to see this list. These shell commands are defined internally.  Type `help' to see this list.
 Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'. Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
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 A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled. A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
  
- job_spec [&]                                                                                     history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] or history -ps arg [arg...] + job_spec [&]                               history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history> 
- (( expression ))                                                                                 if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ else COMMANDS; ] fi + (( expression ))                           if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMM> 
- . filename [arguments]                                                                           jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args] + . filename [arguments]                     jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x > 
- :                                                                                                kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec ... or kill -l [sigspec] + :                                          kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec> 
- [ arg... ]                                                                                       let arg [arg ...] + [ arg... ]                                 let arg [arg ...] 
- [[ expression ]]                                                                                 local [option] name[=value] ... + [[ expression ]]                           local [option] name[=value] ... 
- alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ]                                                                   logout [n] + alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ]             logout [n] 
- bg [job_spec ...]                                                                                mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] > + bg [job_spec ...]                          mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origi> 
- bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u name] [-r keyseq] [-x keyseq:shell-co>  popd [-n] [+N | -N] + bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filenam>  popd [-n] [+N | -N] 
- break [n]                                                                                        printf [-v var] format [arguments] + break [n]                                  printf [-v var] format [arguments] 
- builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]]                                                                pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir] + builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]]          pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir] 
- caller [expr]                                                                                    pwd [-LP] + caller [expr]                              pwd [-LP] 
- case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esac                                       read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] > + case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) CO>  read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i t> 
- cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir]                                                                     readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array] + cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir]               readarray [-d delim] [-n count] [-O ori> 
- command [-pVv] command [arg ...]                                                                 readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -p + command [-pVv] command [arg ...]           readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or r> 
- compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist]  [-F function] [-C >  return [n] + compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A >  return [n] 
- complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DE] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist]  [-F f>  select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; done + complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DEI] [->  select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMAND> 
- compopt [-o|+o option] [-DE] [name ...]                                                          set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [--] [arg ...] + compopt [-o|+o option] [-DEI] [name ...>   set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-nam> 
- continue [n]                                                                                     shift [n] + continue [n]                               shift [n] 
- coproc [NAME] command [redirections]                                                             shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...] + coproc [NAME] command [redirections]       shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...] 
- declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...]                                                  source filename [arguments] + declare [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] [name[=val>  source filename [arguments] 
- dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N]                                                                           suspend [-f] + dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N]                     suspend [-f] 
- disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid ...]                                                        test [expr] + disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid ...>  test [expr] 
- echo [-neE] [arg ...]                                                                            time [-p] pipeline + echo [-neE] [arg ...]                      time [-p] pipeline 
- enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...]                                                     times + enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name >  times 
- eval [arg ...]                                                                                   trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...] + eval [arg ...]                             trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...] 
- exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirection ...]                                 true + exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [argument >  true 
- exit [n]                                                                                         type [-afptP] name [name ...] + exit [n]                                   type [-afptP] name [name ...] 
- export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p                                                     typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[=value] ... + export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or expor>  typeset [-aAfFgiIlnrtux] [-p] name[=val> 
- false                                                                                            ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit] + false                                      ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limi> 
- fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [command]                                 umask [-p] [-S] [mode] + fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or f>  umask [-p] [-S] [mode] 
- fg [job_spec]                                                                                    unalias [-a] name [name ...] + fg [job_spec]                              unalias [-a] name [name ...] 
- for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done                                                     unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...] + for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; >  unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...] 
- for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; done                                                    until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done + for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS;>  until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done 
- function name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; }                                           variables - Names and meanings of some shell variables + function name { COMMANDS ; } or name () >  variables - Names and meanings of some > 
- getopts optstring name [arg]                                                                     wait [-n] [id ...] + getopts optstring name [arg ...]           wait [-fn] [-p var] [id ...] 
- hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...]                                                        while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done + hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...>  while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done 
- help [-dms] [pattern ...]                                                                        { COMMANDS ; }+ help [-dms] [pattern ...]                  { COMMANDS ; }
 </code> </code>
  
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 <code> <code>
-[root@centos8 ~]# help type+trainee@debian11:~$ help type
 type: type [-afptP] name [name ...] type: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
     Display information about command type.     Display information about command type.
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 <code> <code>
-[root@centos8 ~]# man passwd +trainee@debian11:~$ man passwd 
-BASH_BUILTINS(1)                                                                   General Commands Manual                                                                   BASH_BUILTINS(1)+PASSWD(1)                                                                                       User Commands                                                                                      PASSWD(1)
  
 NAME NAME
-       bash,  :,  ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command, compgen, complete, compopt, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, exec, exit, export, false, fc, +       passwd - change user password
-       fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout, mapfile, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt, source, suspend,  test,  times,  trap, +
-       true, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait - bash built-in commands, see bash(1)+
  
-BASH BUILTIN COMMANDS +SYNOPSIS 
-       Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by - accepts -- to signify the end of the options.  The :, true, false, and test +       passwd [options] [LOGIN]
-       builtins do not accept options and do not treat -- specially.  The exit, logout, return, break, continue, let, and shift builtins accept and process arguments beginning with -  with‐ +
-       out  requiring  --.  Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning with - as invalid options and require -- to prevent +
-       this interpretation. +
-       : [arguments] +
-              No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding arguments and performing any specified redirections.  The return status is zero.+
  
-        .  filename [arguments] +DESCRIPTION 
-       source filename [arguments] +       The passwd command changes passwords for user accounts. A normal user may only change the password for their own account, while the superuser may change the password for any account.  passwd also 
-              Read and execute commands from filename in the current shell environment and return the exit status of the last command executed from filename.  If filename does not contain a +       changes the account or associated password validity period. 
-              slash,  filenames  in PATH are used to find the directory containing filename.  The file searched for in PATH need not be executable.  When bash is not in posix mode, the cur‐ + 
-              rent directory is searched if no file is found in PATH.  If the sourcepath option to the shopt builtin command is turned off, the PATH is not searched.  If any  arguments  are +   Password Changes 
-              supplied,  they  become  the positional parameters when filename is executed.  Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged.  If the -T option is enabled, source inherits +       The user is first prompted for their old password, if one is present. This password is then encrypted and compared against the stored password. The user has only one chance to enter the correct 
-              any trap on DEBUG; if it is not, any DEBUG trap string is saved and restored around the call to source, and source unsets the DEBUG trap while it executes.  If -T is not  set, +       password. The superuser is permitted to bypass this step so that forgotten passwords may be changed. 
-              and  the sourced file changes the DEBUG trap, the new value is retained when source completes.  The return status is the status of the last command exited within the script (0 + 
-              if no commands are executed), and false if filename is not found or cannot be read.+       After the password has been entered, password aging information is checked to see if the user is permitted to change the password at this time. If not, passwd refuses to change the password and 
 +       exits. 
 + 
 +       The user is then prompted twice for a replacement password. The second entry is compared against the first and both are required to match in order for the password to be changed. 
 + 
 +       Then, the password is tested for complexity. As a general guideline, passwords should consist of 6 to 8 characters including one or more characters from each of the following sets: 
 + 
 +       •   lower case alphabetics 
 + 
 +       •   digits 0 thru 9 
 + 
 +       •   punctuation marks 
 + 
 +       Care must be taken not to include the system default erase or kill characters.  passwd will reject any password which is not suitably complex. 
 + 
 +   Hints for user passwords 
 +       The security of a password depends upon the strength of the encryption algorithm and the size of the key space. The legacy UNIX System encryption method is based on the NBS DES algorithm. More 
 +       recent methods are now recommended (see ENCRYPT_METHOD). The size of the key space depends upon the randomness of the password which is selected. 
 + 
 +       Compromises in password security normally result from careless password selection or handling. For this reason, you should not select a password which appears in a dictionary or which must be 
 +       written down. The password should also not be a proper name, your license number, birth date, or street address. Any of these may be used as guesses to violate system security. 
 + 
 +       You can find advice on how to choose a strong password on http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength 
 + 
 +OPTIONS 
 +       The options which apply to the passwd command are: 
 + 
 +       -a, --all 
 +           This option can be used only with -S and causes show status for all users. 
 + 
 +       -d, --delete 
 +           Delete a user's password (make it empty). This is a quick way to disable a password for an account. It will set the named account passwordless.
  
-       alias [-p] [name[=value] ...] +       -e, --expire 
-              Alias with no arguments or with the -p option prints the list of aliases in the form alias name=value on standard output.  When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for +           Immediately expire an account's password. This in effect can force a user to change their password at the user's next login.
-              each name whose value is given.  A trailing space in value causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.  For each name in the argument +
-              list for which no value is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed.  Alias returns true unless a name is given for which no alias has been defined.+
  
-       bg [jobspec ...] +       -h, --help 
-              Resume each suspended job jobspec in the background, as if it had been started with &.  If jobspec is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is used.   bg  jobspec +           Display help message and exit.
-              returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, any specified jobspec was not found or was started without job control.+
  
-       bind [-m keymap] [-lpsvPSVX] +       -i, --inactive INACTIVE 
-       bind [-m keymap] [-q function] [-u function] [-r keyseq] +           This option is used to disable an account after the password has been expired for a number of days. After a user account has had an expired password for INACTIVE days, the user may no longer 
-       bind [-m keymap] -f filename +           sign on to the account. 
-       bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command + Manual page passwd(1) line 1 (press h for help or q to quit)
-       bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name +
-       bind [-m keymap] keyseq:readline-command +
-              Display  current readline key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a readline function or macro, or set a readline variable.  Each non-option argument is a command as +
-              it would appear in .inputrc, but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.  Options, if supplied, have the  follow‐ +
- Manual page help(1) line 1 (press h for help or q to quit)+
 </code> </code>
  
Ligne 215: Ligne 213:
  
 ^ Section ^ Contenu ^ ^ Section ^ Contenu ^
-| NOM | Nom et rôle de la commande |+| NOM / NAME | Nom et rôle de la commande |
 | SYNOPSIS | Syntaxe de la commande, paramètres et arguments | | SYNOPSIS | Syntaxe de la commande, paramètres et arguments |
 | DESCRIPTION | Mode d'emploi et les arguments principaux | | DESCRIPTION | Mode d'emploi et les arguments principaux |
Ligne 256: Ligne 254:
  
 <code> <code>
-[root@centos8 ~]# whereis passwd +trainee@debian11:~$ whereis passwd 
-passwd: /usr/bin/passwd /etc/passwd /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1.gz /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz+passwd: /usr/bin/passwd /etc/passwd /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1ssl.gz /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1.gz /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz
 </code> </code>
  
Ligne 263: Ligne 261:
      
 <code> <code>
-[root@centos8 ~]# man 5 passwd +trainee@debian11:~$ man 5 passwd 
-PASSWD(5)                                                                         Linux Programmer's Manual                                                                         PASSWD(5)+PASSWD(5)                                                                               File Formats and Conversions                                                                               PASSWD(5)
  
 NAME NAME
-       passwd - password file+       passwd - the password file
  
 DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION
-       The /etc/passwd file is a text file that describes user login accounts for the system.  It should have read permission allowed for all users (many utilities, like ls(1) use it to map +       /etc/passwd contains one line for each user account, with seven fields delimited by colons (“:”). These fields are:
-       user IDs to usernames), but write access only for the superuser.+
  
-       In the good old days there was no great problem with this general read permission.  Everybody could read the encrypted passwords, but the hardware was too slow to crack a well-chosen +       •   login name
-       password, and moreover the basic assumption used to be that of a friendly user-community.  These days many people run some version of the shadow password suite, where /etc/passwd has +
-       an 'x' character in the password field, and the encrypted passwords are in /etc/shadow, which is readable by the superuser only.+
  
-       If the encrypted password, whether in /etc/passwd or in /etc/shadow, is an empty string, login is allowed without even asking for a password.  Note that  this  functionality  may  be +       •   optional encrypted password
-       intentionally disabled in applications, or configurable (for example using the "nullok" or "nonull" arguments to pam_unix.so).+
  
-       If the encrypted password in /etc/passwd is "*NP*" (without the quotes), the shadow record should be obtained from an NIS+ server.+       •   numerical user ID
  
-       Regardless  of whether shadow passwords are used, many system administrators use an asterisk (*) in the encrypted password field to make sure that this user can not authenticate him- +       •   numerical group ID
-       or herself using a password.  (But see NOTES below.)+
  
-       If you create a new login, first put an asterisk (*) in the password field, then use passwd(1) to set it.+       •   user name or comment field
  
-       Each line of the file describes a single user, and contains seven colon-separated fields:+       •   user home directory
  
-           name:password:UID:GID:GECOS:directory:shell+       •   optional user command interpreter
  
-       The field are as follows:+       If the password field is a lower-case “x”, then the encrypted password is actually stored in the shadow(5) file instead; there must be a corresponding line in the /etc/shadow file, or else the user 
 +       account is invalid.
  
-       name        This is the user's login name.  It should not contain capital letters.+       The encrypted password field may be empty, in which case no password is required to authenticate as the specified login name. However, some applications which read the /etc/passwd file may decide 
 +       not to permit any access at all if the password field is blank.
  
-       password    This is either the encrypted user password, an asterisk (*), or the letter 'x'.  (See pwconv(8) for an explanation of 'x'.)+       A password field which starts with an exclamation mark means that the password is locked. The remaining characters on the line represent the password field before the password was locked.
  
-       UID         The privileged root login account (superuser) has the user ID 0.+       Refer to crypt(3) for details on how this string is interpreted.
  
-       GID         This is the numeric primary group ID for this user.  (Additional groups for the user are defined in the system group file; see group(5)).+       If the password field contains some string that is not a valid result of crypt(3), for instance ! or *, the user will not be able to use a unix password to log in (but the user may log in the 
 +       system by other means).
  
-       GECOS       This field (sometimes called the "comment field") is optional and used only for informational purposes.  Usually, it contains the full username.  Some programs (for exam‐ +       The comment field is used by various system utilities, such as finger(1).
-                   ple, finger(1)) display information from this field.+
  
-                   GECOS  stands for "General Electric Comprehensive Operating System", which was renamed to GCOS when GE's large systems division was sold to Honeywell.  Dennis Ritchie has +       The home directory field provides the name of the initial working directory. The login program uses this information to set the value of the $HOME environmental variable. 
-                   reported: "Sometimes we sent printer output or batch jobs to the GCOS machine.  The gcos field in the password file was a place to stash the information for  the  $IDENT‐+ 
 +       The command interpreter field provides the name of the user's command language interpreter, or the name of the initial program to execute. The login program uses this information to set the value 
 +       of the $SHELL environmental variable. If this field is empty, it defaults to the value /bin/sh. 
 + 
 +FILES 
 +       /etc/passwd 
 +           User account information. 
 + 
 +       /etc/shadow 
 +           optional encrypted password file 
 + 
 +       /etc/passwd- 
 +           Backup file for /etc/passwd. 
 + 
 +           Note that this file is used by the tools of the shadow toolsuite, but not by all user and password management tools. 
 + 
 +SEE ALSO 
 +       crypt(3), getent(1), getpwnam(3), login(1), passwd(1), pwck(8), pwconv(8), pwunconv(8), shadow(5), su(1), sulogin(8). 
 + 
 +shadow-utils 4.8.1                                                                               02/07/2020                                                                                        PASSWD(5)
  Manual page passwd(5) line 1 (press h for help or q to quit)  Manual page passwd(5) line 1 (press h for help or q to quit)
 </code> </code>
Ligne 318: Ligne 332:
  
 <code> <code>
-[root@centos8 ~]# mandb +trainee@debian11:~$ su - 
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/overrides... +Password: fenestros 
-Updating index cache for path `/usr/share/man/overrides/man3'. Wait...done. + 
-Checking for stray cats under /usr/share/man/overrides... +root@debian11:~# which mandb 
-Checking for stray cats under /var/cache/man/overrides... +/usr/bin/mandb 
-...+ 
 +root@debian11:~# mandb 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/zh_CN... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/zh_CN... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/hr... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/hr... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/id... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/id... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/zh_TW... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/zh_TW... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/pl... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/pl... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/es... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/es... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/cs... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/cs... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/fi... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/fi... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/de... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/de... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/pt_BR... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/pt_BR... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/it... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/it... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/da... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/da... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ko... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ko... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/sr... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/sr... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/sl... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/sl... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/hu... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/hu... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ro... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ro... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ru... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ru... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/sv... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/sv... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/pt...
 Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/pt... Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/pt...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/local/share/man... +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ja... 
-Processing manual pages under /usr/local/share/man...+Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ja... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/tr... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/tr... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/fr... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/fr... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/uk... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/uk... 
 +Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/nl... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/nl... 
 +Processing manual pages under /usr/local/man...
 0 man subdirectories contained newer manual pages. 0 man subdirectories contained newer manual pages.
 0 manual pages were added. 0 manual pages were added.
 0 stray cats were added. 0 stray cats were added.
-17 old database entries were purged.+0 old database entries were purged.
 </code> </code>
  
Ligne 336: Ligne 401:
  
 <code> <code>
-[root@centos8 ~]# whatis passwd +root@debian11:~# whatis passwd 
-openssl-passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes +passwd (1)           - change user password 
-passwd (1)           - update user's authentication tokens +passwd (1ssl)        - compute password hashes 
-passwd (5)           - password file+passwd (5)           - the password file
 </code> </code>
  
Ligne 347: Ligne 412:
  
 <code> <code>
-[root@centos8 ~]# apropos passwd+root@debian11:~# apropos passwd
 chgpasswd (8)        - update group passwords in batch mode chgpasswd (8)        - update group passwords in batch mode
 chpasswd (8)         - update passwords in batch mode chpasswd (8)         - update passwords in batch mode
-fgetpwent_r (3)      - get passwd file entry reentrantly 
-getpwent_r (3)       - get passwd file entry reentrantly 
 gpasswd (1)          - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow gpasswd (1)          - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
-grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - Generate a PBKDF2 password hash. +grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - generate hashed password for GRUB
-lpasswd (1)          - Change group or user password+
 openssl-passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes openssl-passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes
 pam_localuser (8)    - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd pam_localuser (8)    - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd
-passwd (1)           - update user's authentication tokens +passwd (1)           - change user password 
-passwd (5)           - password file +passwd (1ssl)        - compute password hashes 
-passwd2des (3)       - RFS password encryption +passwd (5)           - the password file 
-pwhistory_helper (8) - Helper binary that transfers password hashes from passwd or shadow to opasswd +update-passwd (8)    - safely update /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group 
-smbpasswd (5)        - The Samba encrypted password file +</code> 
-sslpasswd (1ssl)     - compute password hashes+ 
 +<code> 
 +root@debian11:~# man -k passwd 
 +chgpasswd (8)        - update group passwords in batch mode 
 +chpasswd (8)         - update passwords in batch mode 
 +gpasswd (1)          - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow 
 +grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - generate hashed password for GRUB 
 +openssl-passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes 
 +pam_localuser (8)    - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd 
 +passwd (1)           - change user password 
 +passwd (1ssl)        - compute password hashes 
 +passwd (5)           - the password file 
 +update-passwd (8)    - safely update /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group
 </code> </code>
  
 Le résultat est une liste de commandes suivies par une description brève de celles-ci. Le résultat est une liste de commandes suivies par une description brève de celles-ci.
  
-<WRAP center round important 60%>+<WRAP center round important>
 **Important** - Notez que les numéros entre parenthèses indiquent les sections disponibles. **Important** - Notez que les numéros entre parenthèses indiquent les sections disponibles.
 </WRAP> </WRAP>
Ligne 391: Ligne 465:
 | q | Quitter le système **info**. | | q | Quitter le système **info**. |
  
-Pour accéder au premier nœud, utilisez la commande suivante :+La commande **info** n'est pas installée par défaut dans Debian 11. Commencez donc par l'installer :
  
 <code> <code>
-[root@centos8 ~]# info+root@debian11:~# apt update 
 +Hit:1 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye InRelease 
 +Get:2 http://deb.debian.org/debian bullseye-updates InRelease [39.4 kB] 
 +Get:3 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security InRelease [44.1 kB] 
 +Get:4 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security/main Sources [121 kB] 
 +Get:5 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security/main amd64 Packages [148 kB] 
 +Get:6 http://security.debian.org/debian-security bullseye-security/main Translation-en [91.5 kB] 
 +Fetched 444 kB in 1s (651 kB/s)                                   
 +Reading package lists... Done 
 +Building dependency tree... Done 
 +Reading state information... Done 
 +16 packages can be upgraded. Run 'apt list --upgradable' to see them. 
 + 
 +root@debian11:~# apt -y install info
 ... ...
 +</code>
 +
 +Pour accéder au premier nœud, utilisez la commande suivante :
 +
 +<code>
 +root@debian11:~# info
 File: dir,      Node: Top,      This is the top of the INFO tree. File: dir,      Node: Top,      This is the top of the INFO tree.
  
Ligne 407: Ligne 500:
  
 * Menu: * Menu:
- 
-Archiving 
-* Cpio: (cpio).                 Copy-in-copy-out archiver to tape or disk. 
-* Tar: (tar).                   Making tape (or disk) archives. 
  
 Basics Basics
-* Bash: (bash).                 The GNU Bourne-Again SHell. 
 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options. * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
 * Coreutils: (coreutils).       Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities. * Coreutils: (coreutils).       Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats. * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
-* Ed: (ed).                     The GNU line editor 
 * File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions. * File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions.
                                 Access modes.                                 Access modes.
 * Finding files: (find).        Operating on files matching certain criteria. * Finding files: (find).        Operating on files matching certain criteria.
-* time: (time).                 GNU time Utility 
  
 Compression Compression
------Info: (dir)Top, 307 lines --Top------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +* Gzip: (gzip).                 General (de)compression of files (lzw). 
-Welcome to Info version 6.5.  Type H for help, h for tutorial.+ 
 +Development 
 +* SSIP: (ssip).                 Speech Synthesis Interface Protocol. 
 +* Speech Dispatcher: (speech-dispatcher). 
 +                                Speech Dispatcher. 
 + 
 +Editors 
 +* nano: (nano).                 Small and friendly text editor. 
 + 
 +GNU organization 
 +* Maintaining Findutils: (find-maint). 
 +                                Maintaining GNU findutils 
 + 
 +GNU Utilities 
 +* dirmngr-client: (gnupg).      X.509 CRL and OCSP client. 
 +* dirmngr: (gnupg).             X.509 CRL and OCSP server. 
 +* gpg-agent: (gnupg).           The secret key daemon. 
 +* gpg2: (gnupg).                OpenPGP encryption and signing tool. 
 +* gpgsm: (gnupg).               S/MIME encryption and signing tool. 
 + 
 +Individual utilities 
 +* arch: (coreutils)arch invocation.             Print machine hardware name. 
 +* b2sum: (coreutils)b2sum invocation.           Print or check BLAKE2 digests. 
 +* base32: (coreutils)base32 invocation.         Base32 encode/decode data. 
 +* base64: (coreutils)base64 invocation.         Base64 encode/decode data. 
 +* basename: (coreutils)basename invocation.     Strip directory and suffix. 
 +* basenc: (coreutils)basenc invocation.         Encoding/decoding of data. 
 +* cat: (coreutils)cat invocation.               Concatenate and write files. 
 +* chcon: (coreutils)chcon invocation.           Change SELinux CTX of files. 
 +* chgrp: (coreutils)chgrp invocation.           Change file groups. 
 +* chmod: (coreutils)chmod invocation.           Change access permissions. 
 +* chown: (coreutils)chown invocation.           Change file owners and groups. 
 +* chroot: (coreutils)chroot invocation.         Specify the root directory. 
 +* cksum: (coreutils)cksum invocation.           Print POSIX CRC checksum. 
 +* cmp: (diffutils)Invoking cmp.                 Compare 2 files byte by byte. 
 +-----Info: (dir)Top, 204 lines --Top------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 
 +Welcome to Info version 6.7.  Type H for help, h for tutorial.
 </code> </code>
 +
 +Pour accéder au tutoriel concernant l'utilisation de la commande, appuyez sur la touche **h** :
 +
 +<code>
 +Next: Stand-alone Info,  Up: (dir)
 +
 +Stand-alone GNU Info
 +********************
 +
 +This documentation describes the stand-alone Info reader which you can
 +use to read Info documentation.
 +
 +   If you are new to the Info reader, then you can get started by typing
 +'H' for a list of basic key bindings.  You can read through the rest of
 +this manual by typing <SPC> and <DEL> (or <Space> and <Backspace>) to
 +move forwards and backwards in it.
 +
 +* Menu:
 +
 +* Stand-alone Info::            What is Info?
 +* Invoking Info::               Options you can pass on the command line.
 +* Cursor Commands::             Commands which move the cursor within a node.
 +* Scrolling Commands::          Commands for reading the text within a node.
 +* Node Commands::               Commands for selecting a new node.
 +* Searching Commands::          Commands for searching an Info file.
 +* Index Commands::              Commands for looking up in indices.
 +* Xref Commands::               Commands for selecting cross-references.
 +* Window Commands::             Commands which manipulate multiple windows.
 +* Printing Nodes::              How to print out the contents of a node.
 +* Miscellaneous Commands::      A few commands that defy categorization.
 +* Variables::                   How to change the default behavior of Info.
 +* Colors and Styles::           Customize the colors used by Info.
 +* Custom Key Bindings::         How to define your own key-to-command bindings.
 +* Index::                       Global index.
 +</code>
 +
 +Pour quitter, utilisez la touche **q**.
  
 ----- -----
-Copyright © 2022 Hugh Norris.+Copyright © 2024 Hugh Norris.

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