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elearning:workbooks:centos:8:admin:l120 [2022/02/22 15:15] – adminelearning:workbooks:centos:8:admin:l120 [2022/06/05 18:00] (Version actuelle) – admin
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-======LCE602 - Compiling the Kernel and Managing Quotas======+======LCE514 - Training Validation======
  
 =====Contents===== =====Contents=====
  
-  * **LCE602 - Compiling the Kernel and Managing Quotas**+  * **LCE514 - Training Validation**
     * Contents     * Contents
-    * The Linux Kernel +    * Course Materials 
-    * LAB #1 - Modules +    * Reminder of the Training Program 
-    * LAB #2 - Compiling and Installing a Kernel and Modules +    * Training Evaluation 
-      * 2.1 - Move /home +    * Exam - Acquired knowledge
-      * 2.2 - Preparing the Environment +
-      * 2.3 - Preparing the Kernel Source Tree +
-        * The .config file +
-        * The Makefile file +
-      * 2.4 - Configuring the Kernel +
-      * 2.5 - Compiling the Kernel +
-      * 2.6 - Installing the Kernel +
-    * LAB #3 - Managing Quotas +
-      * 3.1 - The quotacheck Command +
-      * 3.2 - The edquota Command +
-      * 3.3 - The quotaon Command +
-      * 3.4 - The repquota Command +
-      * 3.5 - The quota Command +
-      * 3.6 - The warnquota Command+
  
-=====The Linux Kernel=====+=====Course Materials=====
  
-The Kernel is the part of the OS that is responsible for managing peripherals' I/O. Sometimes it is necessary to recompile the Kernel in very **specific** scenarios:+Access to the course materials, LABS and tests requires a per trainee subscription to our LMS on the Internet.
  
-  * reducing the Kernel footprint, +You have been given a **free** 365 day subscription to your Course Materials on our LMS.
-  * supporting new peripherals, +
-  * adding new functionalities, +
-  * optimising code, +
-  * correcting bugs, +
-  * using experimental functions. +
-   +
-Start by updating CentOS 8:+
  
-<code> +=====Reminder of the Training Program=====
-[root@centos8 ~]# dnf update +
-... +
-[root@centos8 ~]# reboot +
-</code>+
  
-Now identifiy the current Linux kernel:+  * **LCE500 - CentOS 8 Linux (RHEL 8 / Oracle Linux 8) - System Administrator** 
 +    * Contents 
 +    * Prerequisites 
 +      * Hardware 
 +      * Software 
 +      * Internet 
 +    * Using our infrastructure 
 +    * Training Program 
 +    * Skills Assessment
  
-<code> +  * **LCE501 - Managing Users and Groups** 
-[root@centos8 ~]# uname -r +    * Contents 
-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.x86_64 +    * Presentation 
-</code>+      * /etc/nsswitch.conf 
 +      * The getent Command 
 +      * The /etc/group and /etc/gshadow files 
 +      * The /etc/passwd and /etc/shadow files 
 +    * Commands 
 +      * Groups 
 +        * groupadd 
 +        * groupdel 
 +        * groupmod 
 +        * newgrp 
 +        * gpasswd 
 +      * Users 
 +        * useradd 
 +        * userdel 
 +        * usermod 
 +        * passwd 
 +        * chage 
 +    * Configuration 
 +    * LAB #1 - Managing Users and Groups 
 +    * LAB #2 - su and su - 
 +    * sudo
  
-=====LAB #1 - Modules=====+  * **LCE502 - Package Management** 
 +    * Contents 
 +    * LAB #1 - Compiling Software 
 +      * 1.1 - ./configure 
 +      * 1.2 - make 
 +      * 1.3 - make check 
 +      * 1.4 - make install 
 +    * LAB #2 - The rpm Command 
 +      * 2.1 - Configuration 
 +      * 2.2 - Usage 
 +    * LAB #3 - The dnf Command 
 +      * 3.1 - Presentation 
 +      * 3.2 - Configuration 
 +      * 3.3 - Repositories 
 +      * 3.4 - Searching for Packages 
 +      * 3.5 - Viewing Information on and Downloading a Package 
 +      * 3.6 - Installing a Package 
 +      * 3.7 - Updating Packages 
 +      * 3.8 - Deleting Packages 
 +    * Shared Libraries 
 +      * Presentation 
 +        * Introduction 
 +        * Shared Object Locations 
 +        * ld-linux.so.2 
 +      * The ldd Command 
 +      * The /etc/ld.so.conf File 
 +      * The ldconfig Command
  
-Under normal circumstances it is however preferable to make use of the Kernel modules as opposed to recompiling the Kernel. Kernel modules can be found in the **/lib/modules/<kernel-version>** directory:+  * **LCE503 - Managing File Permissions** 
 +    * Contents 
 +    * Presentation 
 +    * Preparation 
 +    * LAB #1 - Basic Unix File Permissions 
 +      * 1.1 - Changing Permissions with chmod 
 +        * Symbolic Mode 
 +        * Octal Mode 
 +        * The umask Command 
 +      * 1.2 - Changing the Owner or the Group with chown and chgrp 
 +        * The chown Command 
 +        * The chgrp Command 
 +    * LAB #2 - Advanced Unix Permissions 
 +      * 2.1 - SUID/SGID bit 
 +      * 2.2 - Inheritance Flag 
 +      * 2.3 - Sticky bit 
 +    * LAB #3 - Extending Linux Permissions using ACLs and Attributes 
 +      * 3.1 - ACLs 
 +      * 3.2 - Attributes
  
-<code> +  * **LCE504 - Managing Disks and Filesystems** 
-[root@centos8 ~]# ls /lib/modules/`uname -r`/ +    * Contents 
-bls.conf           modules.builtin      modules.networking   System.map +    * Peripherals 
-build              modules.builtin.bin  modules.order        updates +    * Partitions 
-config             modules.dep          modules.softdep      vdso +    * Partitioning 
-kernel             modules.dep.bin      modules.symbols      vmlinuz +      * LAB #1 - Partioning your Disk with the fdisk Command 
-modules.alias      modules.devname      modules.symbols.bin  weak-updates +      * LAB #2 - Modifier les Drapeaux des Partitions avec fdisk 
-modules.alias.bin  modules.drm          source +    * Logical Volume Manager (LVM) 
-modules.block      modules.modesetting  symvers.gz +      * LAB #3 - Linear Logical Volumes 
-</code>+        * Physical Volumes (PV) 
 +        * Volume Groups (VG) and Physical Extents (PE) 
 +        * Logical Volumes (LV) 
 +      * LAB #4 - Grow a Volume 
 +      * LAB #5 - Snapshots 
 +      * LAB #6 - Deleting Volumes 
 +      * LAB #7 - Mirrored Volumes 
 +      * LAB #8 - Changing LVM Attributes 
 +      * LAB #9 - Striped Volumes 
 +      * LAB #10 - Managing Meta-data 
 +    * Journaled Filesystems 
 +      * Ext3 
 +        * Managing Ext3 
 +        * LAB #11 - Converting Ext3 to Ext2 
 +        * LAB #12 - Converting Ext2 to Ext3 
 +        * LAB #13 - Using another PArtition for the Journal 
 +        * LAB #14 - Changing the File System Check interval on an ext3 Filesystem 
 +      * Ext4 
 +        * LAB #15 - Creating an Ext4 Filesystem 
 +        * LAB #16 - Adding a Label to an Ext4 Filesystem 
 +        * LAB #17 - Converting Ext3 to Ext4 
 +      * XFS 
 +        * LAB #18 - Creating an XFS Filesystem 
 +        * LAB #19 - Adding a Label to an XFS Filesystem
  
-Commands used to manage modules are:+  * **LCE505 - Process Scheduling** 
 +    * Contents 
 +    * cron 
 +      * The /etc/crontab file 
 +      * Time Fields 
 +      * User Crontabs 
 +    * anacron 
 +    * at
  
-  * insmod +  * **LCE506 - Archiving and Compression** 
-  * rmmod +    * Contents 
-  * lsmod +    * Traditional Backup Tools 
-  * modprobe+      * Preparation 
 +      * The tar Command 
 +        * Presentation 
 +        * LAB #1 - Working with the tar Command 
 +        * The GPL tar Commande and Compression 
 +      * The cpio Command 
 +        * Presentation 
 +        * LAB #2 - Working with the cpio Command 
 +      * The dd Command 
 +        * Presentation 
 +        * LAB #3 - Working with the dd Command 
 +      * The dump et restore Commands 
 +        * Presentation 
 +      * LAB #4 - System Backups 
 +        * Backing up the Installed Package List 
 +        * Backing up the Disk Structure 
 +        * Backing up Mount Points 
 +        * Backing up the Boot Loader 
 +          * GRUB Legacy 
 +          * GRUB 2 on BIOS 
 +          * GRUB 2 on EFI 
 +        * Backing up User Files 
 +      * Rsync 
 +        * Presentation 
 +        * LAB #5 - Working with the rsync Command 
 +    * Compression 
 +      * The gzip Command 
 +        * Presentation 
 +        * LAB #4 - Working with the gzip Command 
 +      * The bzip2 Command 
 +        * Presentation 
 +        * LAB #5 - Working with the bzip2 Command 
 +      * The xz Command 
 +        * Presentation 
 +        * LAB #6 - Working with the xz Command 
 +      * Other Compression Utilities
  
-For example :+  * **LCE507 - Process Management** 
 +    * Contents 
 +    * Presentation 
 +    * Process Types 
 +    * Process Commands 
 +      * The ps Command 
 +      * The pgrep Command 
 +      * The pstree Command 
 +      * The top Command 
 +      * The fg, bg and jobs Commands 
 +      * The wait Command 
 +      * The nice Command 
 +      * The renice Command 
 +      * The nohup Command 
 +      * The kill Command 
 +      * The pkill Command
  
-<code> +  * **LCE508 - Managing Logs** 
-[root@centos8 ~]# lsmod +    * Contents 
-Module                  Size  Used by +    * Presentation 
-xt_CHECKSUM            16384  1 +    * The dmesg Command 
-ipt_MASQUERADE         16384  3 +    * Security Logging 
-xt_conntrack           16384  1 +      * The last Command 
-ipt_REJECT             16384  2 +      * The lastlog Command 
-nft_compat             20480  16 +      * The lastb Command 
-nf_nat_tftp            16384  0 +      * The /var/log/secure File 
-nft_objref             16384  1 +    * The /var/log/audit/audit.log File 
-nf_conntrack_tftp      16384  3 nf_nat_tftp +      * Managing Audit Events 
-nft_counter            16384  33 +        * auditd 
-tun                    53248  1 +        * auditctl 
-bridge                192512  0 +      * Viewing Audit Events 
-stp                    16384  1 bridge +        * The aureport Command 
-llc                    16384  2 bridge,stp +        * The ausearch Command 
-nft_fib_inet           16384  1 +    * The /var/log/messages File 
-nft_fib_ipv4           16384  1 nft_fib_inet +    * Applications 
-nft_fib_ipv6           16384  1 nft_fib_inet +    * rsyslog 
-nft_fib                16384  3 nft_fib_ipv6,nft_fib_ipv4,nft_fib_inet +      * Priorities 
-nft_reject_inet        16384  5 +      * Facilitiess 
-nf_reject_ipv4         16384  2 nft_reject_inet,ipt_REJECT +      * The /etc/rsyslog.conf File 
-nf_reject_ipv6         16384  1 nft_reject_inet +        * Modules 
-nft_reject             16384  1 nft_reject_inet +        * Global Directives 
-nft_ct                 20480  19 +        * Rules 
-nf_tables_set          49152  21 +          * Facility.Priority 
-nft_chain_nat          16384  12 +          * Facility!Priority 
-nf_nat                 45056  3 ipt_MASQUERADE,nf_nat_tftp,nft_chain_nat +          * Facility=Priority 
-nf_conntrack          172032  6 xt_conntrack,nf_nat,nf_conntrack_tftp,nft_ct,ipt_MASQUERADE,nf_nat_tftp +          * Using the * Wildcard 
-nf_defrag_ipv6         20480  1 nf_conntrack +          * n Facilities with Identical Priorities 
-nf_defrag_ipv4         16384  1 nf_conntrack +          * n Selectors with Identical Actions 
-ip_set                 49152  0 +    * The logger Command 
-nf_tables             172032  414 nft_ct,nft_compat,nft_reject_inet,nft_fib_ipv6,nft_objref,nft_fib_ipv4,nft_counter,nft_chain_nat,nf_tables_set,nft_reject,nft_fib,nft_fib_inet +    * The logrotate Command 
-nfnetlink              16384  4 nft_compat,nf_tables,ip_set +    * journald 
-sunrpc                540672  1 +      * Using Journald 
-ext4                  761856  1 +        * Application Specific Messages 
-mbcache                16384  1 ext4 +        * Boot Messages 
-jbd2                  131072  1 ext4 +        * Priority Specific Messages 
-virtio_balloon         20480  0 +        * Messages from a Specific Date Range 
-pcspkr                 16384  0 +        * Real Time Messages 
-i2c_piix4              24576  0 +        * Searching with Key Words
-joydev                 24576  0 +
-ip_tables              28672  0 +
-xfs                  1515520  1 +
-libcrc32c              16384  4 nf_conntrack,nf_nat,nf_tables,xfs +
-sr_mod                 28672  0 +
-sd_mod                 53248  3 +
-cdrom                  65536  1 sr_mod +
-t10_pi                 16384  1 sd_mod +
-sg                     40960  0 +
-ata_generic            16384  0 +
-bochs_drm              16384  1 +
-drm_vram_helper        28672  1 bochs_drm +
-drm_kms_helper        233472  4 drm_vram_helper,bochs_drm +
-syscopyarea            16384  1 drm_kms_helper +
-sysfillrect            16384  1 drm_kms_helper +
-sysimgblt              16384  1 drm_kms_helper +
-fb_sys_fops            16384  1 drm_kms_helper +
-drm_ttm_helper         16384  1 drm_vram_helper +
-ttm                   114688  2 drm_vram_helper,drm_ttm_helper +
-drm                   569344  7 drm_kms_helper,drm_vram_helper,bochs_drm,drm_ttm_helper,ttm +
-ahci                   40960  2 +
-libahci                40960  1 ahci +
-virtio_net             53248  0 +
-net_failover           24576  1 virtio_net +
-ata_piix               36864  0 +
-serio_raw              16384  0 +
-failover               16384  1 net_failover +
-libata                270336  4 ata_piix,libahci,ahci,ata_generic +
-dm_mirror              28672  0 +
-dm_region_hash         20480  1 dm_mirror +
-dm_log                 20480  2 dm_region_hash,dm_mirror +
-dm_mod                151552  8 dm_log,dm_mirror +
-fuse                  151552  3 +
-</code>+
  
-To add a module, you can use either the **insmod** or the **modprobe** command. The latter also manages the dependencies of the to-be-installed module:+  * **LCE509 - Printer Management**  
 +    * Contents 
 +    * Cups 
 +      * Protocols 
 +      * Packages 
 +      * Daemon 
 +      * The /etc/cups/cupsd.conf File 
 +      * Filters 
 +      * Backends 
 +      * Logs 
 +      * Printers 
 +      * Administration 
 +        * The lpstat Command 
 +        * The lpadmin Command 
 +        * The accept et cupsenable Commands 
 +        * Classes 
 +        * The /etc/cups/printers.conf File 
 +        * The /etc/cups/classes.conf File 
 +        * The cancel Command 
 +        * The lpmove Command 
 +        * Web Interface
  
-<code> +  * **LCE510 - System Startup and Shutdown** 
-[root@centos8 ~]# modprobe bonding +    * Contents 
-[root@centos8 ~]# lsmod | more +    * System Startup 
-Module                  Size  Used by +      * Boot Loader 
-bonding               196608  0 +        * BIOS Systems 
-xt_CHECKSUM            16384  1 +        * EFI Systems 
-ipt_MASQUERADE         16384  3 +        * GRUB 2 
-xt_conntrack           16384  1 +          * The /boot/grub/grub.cfg File 
-ipt_REJECT             16384  2 +          * The /etc/default/grub file 
-nft_compat             20480  16 +          * Files in the /etc/grub.d directory 
-nf_nat_tftp            16384  0 +      * Initramfs 
-nft_objref             16384  1 +        * The init Script  
-nf_conntrack_tftp      16384  3 nf_nat_tftp +      * Kernel Booting Process 
-nft_counter            16384  33 +    * Systemd 
-tun                    53248  1 +      * LAB #1 - The systemctl Command 
-bridge                192512  0 +      * LAB #2 - Configuration Files 
-stp                    16384  1 bridge +        * 2.1 - Default Configuration Files 
-llc                    16384  2 bridge,stp +        * 2.1 - Overloading Default Configuration Files 
-nft_fib_inet           16384  1 +      * LAB #3 - The systemd-analyze Command 
-nft_fib_ipv4           16384  1 nft_fib_inet +      * LAB #4 - Targets 
-nft_fib_ipv6           16384  1 nft_fib_inet +        * 4.1 - Checking the Target Dependencies 
-nft_fib                16384  3 nft_fib_ipv6,nft_fib_ipv4,nft_fib_inet +        * 4.2 - The Default Target 
-nft_reject_inet        16384  5 +          * Checking the Default Target 
-nf_reject_ipv4         16384  2 nft_reject_inet,ipt_REJECT +          * Changing the Default Target 
-nf_reject_ipv6         16384  1 nft_reject_inet +          * Changing the Default Target for the Current Session 
---More-- +      * LAB #5 - Managing Services 
-</code> +        * 5.1 - Single Service Instances 
- +        * 5.2 - Multiple Instance Services 
-To delete a module, you can use either the **rmmod** command or the **modprobe -r** command. The latter also deletes any unused dependencies of the deleted module: +        * 5.3 - Disallowing Modifications to a Service Status 
- +    * LAB #6 - System Shutdown 
-<code> +      * 6.1 - The shutdown Command 
-[root@centos8 ~]# modprobe -r bonding +      * 6.2 - The reboot Command 
-[root@centos8 ~]# lsmod | more +      * 6.3 - The halt Command 
-Module                  Size  Used by +      * 6.4 - The poweroff Command
-xt_CHECKSUM            16384  1 +
-ipt_MASQUERADE         16384  3 +
-xt_conntrack           16384  1 +
-ipt_REJECT             16384  2 +
-nft_compat             20480  16 +
-nf_nat_tftp            16384  0 +
-nft_objref             16384  1 +
-nf_conntrack_tftp      16384  3 nf_nat_tftp +
-nft_counter            16384  33 +
-tun                    53248  1 +
-bridge                192512  0 +
-stp                    16384  1 bridge +
-llc                    16384  2 bridge,stp +
-nft_fib_inet           16384  1 +
-nft_fib_ipv4           16384  1 nft_fib_inet +
-nft_fib_ipv6           16384  1 nft_fib_inet +
-nft_fib                16384  3 nft_fib_ipv6,nft_fib_ipv4,nft_fib_inet +
-nft_reject_inet        16384  5 +
-nf_reject_ipv4         16384  2 nft_reject_inet,ipt_REJECT +
-nf_reject_ipv6         16384  1 nft_reject_inet +
-nft_reject             16384  1 nft_reject_inet +
---More-- +
-</code> +
- +
-Module dependencies are resolved by the modprobe command by using the **/lib/modules/<kernel-version>/modules.dep** file. This latter can be created by using the **depmod** command: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# more /lib/modules/`uname -r`/modules.dep +
-kernel/arch/x86/events/amd/power.ko.xz: +
-kernel/arch/x86/events/intel/intel-uncore.ko.xz: +
-kernel/arch/x86/events/intel/intel-cstate.ko.xz: +
-kernel/arch/x86/events/rapl.ko.xz: +
-kernel/arch/x86/kernel/cpu/mce/mce-inject.ko.xz: +
-kernel/arch/x86/crypto/des3_ede-x86_64.ko.xz: kernel/crypto/des_generic.ko.xz +
-kernel/arch/x86/crypto/camellia-x86_64.ko.xz: +
-kernel/arch/x86/crypto/blowfish-x86_64.ko.xz: kernel/crypto/blowfish_common.ko.xz +
-kernel/arch/x86/crypto/twofish-x86_64.ko.xz: kernel/crypto/twofish_common.ko.xz +
-kernel/arch/x86/crypto/twofish-x86_64-3way.ko.xz: kernel/arch/x86/crypto/twofish-x86_64.ko. +
-xz kernel/crypto/twofish_common.ko.xz +
-kernel/arch/x86/crypto/chacha20-x86_64.ko.xz: kernel/crypto/chacha20_generic.ko.xz +
-kernel/arch/x86/crypto/serpent-sse2-x86_64.ko.xz: kernel/crypto/serpent_generic.ko.xz +
-kernel/arch/x86/crypto/ghash-clmulni-intel.ko.xz: +
-kernel/arch/x86/crypto/crc32c-intel.ko.xz: +
-kernel/arch/x86/crypto/crc32-pclmul.ko.xz: +
-kernel/arch/x86/crypto/sha512-ssse3.ko.xz: kernel/crypto/sha512_generic.ko.xz +
-kernel/arch/x86/crypto/crct10dif-pclmul.ko.xz: +
-kernel/arch/x86/crypto/poly1305-x86_64.ko.xz: kernel/crypto/poly1305_generic.ko.xz +
-kernel/arch/x86/crypto/camellia-aesni-avx-x86_64.ko.xz: kernel/arch/x86/crypto/camellia-x86 +
-_64.ko.xz +
-kernel/arch/x86/crypto/cast5-avx-x86_64.ko.xz: kernel/crypto/cast5_generic.ko.xz kernel/cry +
---More--(0%) +
-</code> +
- +
-To see information about a specific module, use the **modinfo** command: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# modinfo bonding +
-filename:       /lib/modules/4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.x86_64/kernel/drivers/net/bonding/bonding.ko.xz +
-author:         Thomas Davis, tadavis@lbl.gov and many others +
-description:    Ethernet Channel Bonding Driver +
-license:        GPL +
-alias:          rtnl-link-bond +
-rhelversion:    8.4 +
-srcversion:     445F4CC9A2F7E64E3A87FD0 +
-depends:         +
-intree:         Y +
-name:           bonding +
-vermagic:       4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.x86_64 SMP mod_unload modversions  +
-sig_id:         PKCS#7 +
-signer:         CentOS kernel signing key +
-sig_key:        3B:5A:0A:B8:8E:4A:51:C0:AA:FF:97:FD:CB:94:D6:B6:D2:46:B8:17 +
-sig_hashalgo:   sha256 +
-signature:      B2:3A:20:BE:2B:F3:E0:5A:1A:74:0E:69:76:40:2A:D4:80:10:2C:5A: +
-                B7:F1:1E:7A:71:13:29:F0:0A:4A:28:EE:81:33:C8:C2:5C:BD:FF:E4: +
-                3F:A9:15:A3:9A:0E:A7:98:9E:99:06:23:10:47:D3:B2:48:B3:F1:61: +
-                BE:4B:B0:FC:62:B9:3B:D6:64:CC:E3:29:01:4D:91:92:32:FD:EB:54: +
-                44:F1:2C:1B:23:30:F1:3E:EE:69:EA:94:54:D9:A0:8D:16:53:F5:20: +
-                DE:38:A0:13:E8:2F:89:66:CB:11:D7:AA:30:37:7B:EC:DF:A1:69:29: +
-                7F:4E:80:4D:34:6E:F2:07:01:FA:18:23:94:58:10:C6:97:27:68:B9: +
-                D8:08:5E:9D:00:17:F4:1B:48:BE:CA:BF:5C:5A:A8:6D:36:EE:3F:95: +
-                BA:BE:59:82:EE:7B:CA:BB:32:1E:E3:05:ED:C9:C2:C8:10:64:B9:29: +
-                B8:09:4B:79:42:65:1A:FA:99:96:BA:7E:2D:6E:75:F1:91:0E:F4:9A: +
-                8F:11:10:9F:70:BD:35:06:BE:F0:4C:D8:AB:D5:C4:E1:B3:A2:2A:CA: +
-                58:CA:9E:16:1D:0C:BE:9C:37:A1:82:20:6F:24:CD:23:63:F7:F5:BC: +
-                6E:81:14:F0:52:DA:04:0E:9D:CC:17:60:2D:B0:D8:BD:6E:2C:AD:E7: +
-                50:48:49:B6:57:96:AC:FD:A4:29:33:01:43:92:32:88:A2:AC:CB:93: +
-                2F:C3:29:F3:01:77:84:00:AB:AA:C8:59:43:F1:DA:90:7B:5F:9A:A9: +
-                CA:60:97:34:85:5E:98:56:73:03:0D:D7:8D:A6:AB:51:D4:8C:92:91: +
-                0C:0A:BA:6B:92:01:16:FE:8B:86:80:11:5F:8E:21:BD:C2:2F:02:58: +
-                A6:CF:6C:E3:87:28:8B:4D:CE:54:8C:00:B3:F7:AE:9E:01:81:1E:83: +
-                AE:6D:58:B0:10:98:36:D9:69:76:E2:C0:E2:15:94:3B:D4:14:19:D9: +
-                59:86:75:31 +
-parm:           max_bonds:Max number of bonded devices (int) +
-parm:           tx_queues:Max number of transmit queues (default = 16) (int) +
-parm:           num_grat_arp:Number of peer notifications to send on failover event (alias of num_unsol_na) (int) +
-parm:           num_unsol_na:Number of peer notifications to send on failover event (alias of num_grat_arp) (int) +
-parm:           miimon:Link check interval in milliseconds (int) +
-parm:           updelay:Delay before considering link up, in milliseconds (int) +
-parm:           downdelay:Delay before considering link down, in milliseconds (int) +
-parm:           use_carrier:Use netif_carrier_ok (vs MII ioctls) in miimon; 0 for off, 1 for on (default) (int) +
-parm:           mode:Mode of operation; 0 for balance-rr, 1 for active-backup, 2 for balance-xor, 3 for broadcast, 4 for 802.3ad, 5 for balance-tlb, 6 for balance-alb (charp) +
-parm:           primary:Primary network device to use (charp) +
-parm:           primary_reselect:Reselect primary slave once it comes up; 0 for always (default), 1 for only if speed of primary is better, 2 for only on active slave failure (charp) +
-parm:           lacp_rate:LACPDU tx rate to request from 802.3ad partner; 0 for slow, 1 for fast (charp) +
-parm:           ad_select:802.3ad aggregation selection logic; 0 for stable (default), 1 for bandwidth, 2 for count (charp) +
-parm:           min_links:Minimum number of available links before turning on carrier (int) +
-parm:           xmit_hash_policy:balance-alb, balance-tlb, balance-xor, 802.3ad hashing method; 0 for layer 2 (default), 1 for layer 3+4, 2 for layer 2+3, 3 for encap layer 2+3, 4 for encap layer 3+4, 5 for vlan+srcmac (charp) +
-parm:           arp_interval:arp interval in milliseconds (int) +
-parm:           arp_ip_target:arp targets in n.n.n.n form (array of charp) +
-parm:           arp_validate:validate src/dst of ARP probes; 0 for none (default), 1 for active, 2 for backup, 3 for all (charp) +
-parm:           arp_all_targets:fail on any/all arp targets timeout; 0 for any (default), 1 for all (charp) +
-parm:           fail_over_mac:For active-backup, do not set all slaves to the same MAC; 0 for none (default), 1 for active, 2 for follow (charp) +
-parm:           all_slaves_active:Keep all frames received on an interface by setting active flag for all slaves; 0 for never (default), 1 for always. (int) +
-parm:           resend_igmp:Number of IGMP membership reports to send on link failure (int) +
-parm:           packets_per_slave:Packets to send per slave in balance-rr mode; 0 for a random slave, 1 packet per slave (default), >1 packets per slave. (int) +
-parm:           lp_interval:The number of seconds between instances where the bonding driver sends learning packets to each slaves peer switch. The default is 1. (uint) +
-</code> +
- +
-Finally, files in the **/etc/modprobe.d** directory are used to specify certain options to be passed to modules when they are loaded and also any aliases used to refer to modules: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# ls /etc/modprobe.d +
-firewalld-sysctls.conf  lockd.conf  nvdimm-security.conf  tuned.conf +
-kvm.conf                mlx4.conf   truescale.conf        vhost.conf +
- +
-[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/modprobe.d/kvm.conf  +
-# Setting modprobe kvm_intel/kvm_amd nested = 1 +
-# only enables Nested Virtualization until the next reboot or +
-# module reload. Uncomment the option applicable +
-# to your system below to enable the feature permanently. +
-# +
-# User changes in this file are preserved across upgrades. +
-# +
-# For Intel +
-#options kvm_intel nested=1 +
-# +
-# For AMD +
-#options kvm_amd nested=1 +
-</code> +
- +
-=====LAB #2 - Compiling and Installing a Kernel and Modules===== +
- +
-Firstly, activate the **CentOS-Linux-PowerTools** repository by setting the **enabled** directive to **1**: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# vi /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Linux-PowerTools.repo  +
-[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Linux-PowerTools.repo  +
-# CentOS-Linux-PowerTools.repo +
-# +
-# The mirrorlist system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the +
-# update status of each mirror to pick current mirrors that are geographically +
-# close to the client.  You should use this for CentOS updates unless you are +
-# manually picking other mirrors. +
-# +
-# If the mirrorlist does not work for you, you can try the commented out +
-# baseurl line instead. +
- +
-[powertools] +
-name=CentOS Linux $releasever - PowerTools +
-mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=PowerTools&infra=$infra +
-#baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/$contentdir/$releasever/PowerTools/$basearch/os/ +
-gpgcheck=1 +
-enabled=1 +
-gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-centosofficial +
-</code> +
- +
-Now install the package group "Development Tools" and the packages required for compiling the Kernel: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# dnf groupinstall "Development Tools" +
-... +
-[root@centos8 ~]# dnf install asciidoc audit-libs-devel bash bc binutils binutils-devel bison diffutils elfutils elfutils-devel elfutils-libelf-devel findutils flex gawk gcc gettext gzip hmaccalc hostname make module-init-tools ncurses-devel net-tools newt-devel numactl-devel openssl patch pciutils-devel perl perl-ExtUtils-Embed pesign redhat-rpm-config rpm-build rpmdevtools sh-utils tar xmlto xz zlib-devel +
-... +
-</code> +
- +
-====2.1 - Move /home==== +
- +
-<WRAP center round alert 60%> +
-**Important** - You should not compile a Kernel as the root user for security reasons. To compile a Kernel a user requires **at least** 20 GB of free disk space in their home directory. +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-<WRAP center round todo 60%> +
-**To do** - **Log out** of your **CentOS8_SSH_10.0.2.45** session and open a new session using the **CentOS8_ROOT_10.0.2.45** connection. +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-Create a partition on **/dev/sdc** : +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# fdisk /dev/sdc +
- +
-Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.32.1). +
-Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. +
-Be careful before using the write command. +
- +
-Device does not contain a recognized partition table. +
-Created a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xc321702b. +
- +
-Command (m for help): n +
-Partition type +
-   p   primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) +
-   e   extended (container for logical partitions) +
-Select (default p):  +
- +
-Using default response p. +
-Partition number (1-4, default 1):  +
-First sector (2048-41943039, default 2048):  +
-Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G,T,P} (2048-41943039, default 41943039):  +
- +
-Created a new partition 1 of type 'Linux' and of size 20 GiB. +
- +
-Command (m for help): w +
-The partition table has been altered. +
-Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. +
-Syncing disks. +
-</code> +
- +
-Now create an ext4 filesystem on **/dev/sdc1** : +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdc1 +
-mke2fs 1.45.6 (20-Mar-2020) +
-Discarding device blocks: done                             +
-Creating filesystem with 16776960 4k blocks and 4194304 inodes +
-Filesystem UUID: dc92c0d7-919b-4fff-8719-53e9e7e628dd +
-Superblock backups stored on blocks:  +
-        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,  +
-        4096000, 7962624, 11239424 +
- +
-Allocating group tables: done                             +
-Writing inode tables: done                             +
-Creating journal (65536 blocks): done +
-Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done  +
-</code> +
- +
-Mount **/dev/sdc1** on /mnt : +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# mount /dev/sdc1 /mnt +
-</code> +
- +
-Copy the content of /home to /mnt : +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# cp -a /home/* /mnt +
-</code> +
- +
-Unmount /dev/sdc1 and move /home to /root : +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# umount /mnt +
-[root@centos8 ~]# mv /home /root +
-</code> +
- +
-Get the UUID of /dev/sdc1 : +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# ls -l /dev/disk/by-uuid/ | grep sdc1 +
-lrwxrwxrwx. 1 root root 10 Jul 19 12:02 f76d6b66-985b-4a91-af9c-4987e8c1443c -> ../../sdc +
-[root@centos8 ~]#  +
-</code> +
- +
-Edit the **/etc/fstab** file add a line for /dev/sdc1: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# vi /etc/fstab +
-[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/fstab +
- +
-# +
-# /etc/fstab +
-# Created by anaconda on Wed Jun 16 06:21:32 2021 +
-# +
-# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'. +
-# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info. +
-# +
-# After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd +
-# units generated from this file. +
-# +
-/dev/mapper/cl_centos8-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0 +
-UUID=1c04981e-5317-4b73-9695-3ce25246835d /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2 +
-/dev/mapper/cl_centos8-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0 +
-UUID=f76d6b66-985b-4a91-af9c-4987e8c1443c /home     ext4          defaults            1 2 +
-</code> +
- +
-Create a new mount point foe /home: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# mkdir /home +
-</code> +
- +
-Mount /dev/sdc1 : +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# mount -a +
-[root@centos8 ~]# mount +
-sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel) +
-proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime) +
-devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,seclabel,size=1882880k,nr_inodes=470720,mode=755) +
-securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime) +
-tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel) +
-devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,seclabel,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000) +
-tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel,mode=755) +
-tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,seclabel,mode=755) +
-cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel,xattr,release_agent=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd) +
-pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel) +
-bpf on /sys/fs/bpf type bpf (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,mode=700) +
-cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel,hugetlb) +
-cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel,memory) +
-cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel,cpu,cpuacct) +
-cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/rdma type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel,rdma) +
-cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/pids type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel,pids) +
-cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel,cpuset) +
-cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel,perf_event) +
-cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel,freezer) +
-cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel,blkio) +
-cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel,net_cls,net_prio) +
-cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel,devices) +
-none on /sys/kernel/tracing type tracefs (rw,relatime,seclabel) +
-configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime) +
-/dev/mapper/cl_centos8-root on / type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,logbufs=8,logbsize=32k,noquota) +
-selinuxfs on /sys/fs/selinux type selinuxfs (rw,relatime) +
-mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime,seclabel) +
-hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,pagesize=2M) +
-debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime,seclabel) +
-systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=40,pgrp=1,timeout=0,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct,pipe_ino=6022) +
-fusectl on /sys/fs/fuse/connections type fusectl (rw,relatime) +
-/dev/sda1 on /boot type ext4 (rw,relatime,seclabel) +
-sunrpc on /var/lib/nfs/rpc_pipefs type rpc_pipefs (rw,relatime) +
-tmpfs on /run/user/1000 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,seclabel,size=382500k,mode=700,uid=1000,gid=1000) +
-tmpfs on /run/user/42 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,seclabel,size=382500k,mode=700,uid=42,gid=42) +
-gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/1000/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=1000,group_id=1000) +
-tmpfs on /run/user/0 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,seclabel,size=382500k,mode=700) +
-gvfsd-fuse on /run/user/0/gvfs type fuse.gvfsd-fuse (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,user_id=0,group_id=0) +
-/dev/sdc1 on /home type ext4 (rw,relatime,seclabel) +
-</code> +
- +
-Check the current size of /home : +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# df -h +
-Filesystem                   Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on +
-devtmpfs                     1.8G     0  1.8G   0% /dev +
-tmpfs                        1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm +
-tmpfs                        1.9G  9.4M  1.9G   1% /run +
-tmpfs                        1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup +
-/dev/mapper/cl_centos8-root   28G  5.2G   23G  19% / +
-/dev/sda1                    976M  289M  620M  32% /boot +
-tmpfs                        374M   16K  374M   1% /run/user/1000 +
-tmpfs                        374M  1.2M  373M   1% /run/user/42 +
-/dev/sdc1                     63G   67M   60G   1% /home +
-</code> +
- +
-<WRAP center round todo 60%> +
-**To do** - **Log out** of your **CentOS8_ROOT_10.0.2.45** session and open a new session using the **CentOS8_SSH_10.0.2.45** connection. +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-====2.2 - Preparing the Environment==== +
- +
-To create the Kernel Source Tree in /home/trainee, use the **rpmdev-setuptree** command: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 ~]$ rpmdev-setuptree +
-...> +
-[trainee@centos8 ~]$ ls -laR rpmbuild/ +
-rpmbuild/: +
-total 28 +
-drwxrwxr-x.  7 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 . +
-drwxr-xr-x. 17 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 .. +
-drwxrwxr-x.  2 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 BUILD +
-drwxrwxr-x.  2 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 RPMS +
-drwxrwxr-x.  2 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 SOURCES +
-drwxrwxr-x.  2 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 SPECS +
-drwxrwxr-x.  2 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 SRPMS +
- +
-rpmbuild/BUILD: +
-total 8 +
-drwxrwxr-x. 2 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 . +
-drwxrwxr-x. 7 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 .. +
- +
-rpmbuild/RPMS: +
-total 8 +
-drwxrwxr-x. 2 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 . +
-drwxrwxr-x. 7 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 .. +
- +
-rpmbuild/SOURCES: +
-total 8 +
-drwxrwxr-x. 2 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 . +
-drwxrwxr-x. 7 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 .. +
- +
-rpmbuild/SPECS: +
-total 8 +
-drwxrwxr-x. 2 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 . +
-drwxrwxr-x. 7 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 .. +
- +
-rpmbuild/SRPMS: +
-total 8 +
-drwxrwxr-x. 2 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 . +
-drwxrwxr-x. 7 trainee trainee 4096 Jul 19 12:10 .. +
-</code> +
- +
-Download the Kernel source RPM: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 ~]$ uname -a +
-Linux centos8.ittraining.loc 4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Jun 29 21:55:12 UTC 2021 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux +
- +
-[trainee@centos8 ~]$ cat /etc/centos-release +
-CentOS Linux release 8.4.2105 +
- +
-[trainee@centos8 ~]$ wget https://vault.centos.org/8.4.2105/BaseOS/Source/SPackages/kernel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.src.rpm +
---2021-07-14 02:54:14--  https://vault.centos.org/8.4.2105/BaseOS/Source/SPackages/kernel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.src.rpm +
-Resolving vault.centos.org (vault.centos.org)... 81.171.33.194, 2a05:d014:10:7803:4af1:9320:7050:d28e +
-Connecting to vault.centos.org (vault.centos.org)|81.171.33.194|:443... connected. +
-HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK +
-Length: 123000617 (117M) [application/x-rpm] +
-Saving to: ‘kernel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.src.rpm’ +
- +
-kernel-4.18.0-305.7.1. 100%[===========================>] 117.30M  1.49MB/s    in 79s      +
- +
-2021-07-14 02:55:33 (1.49 MB/s) - ‘kernel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.src.rpm’ saved [123000617/123000617] +
-</code> +
- +
-Now install the required dependencies: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 ~]$ su - +
-Mot de passe : fenestros +
- +
-[root@centos8 ~]# dnf install yum-utils +
-... +
- +
-[root@centos8 ~]# yum-builddep /home/trainee/kernel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.src.rpm  +
-... +
-</code> +
- +
-Install the **kernel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.src.rpm** package: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# exit +
-logout +
-[trainee@centos8 ~]$ rpm -Uvh kernel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.src.rpm +
-Updating / installing... +
-   1:kernel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4      warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-################################# [100%] +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: user mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-warning: group mockbuild does not exist - using root +
-</code> +
- +
-<WRAP center round important 60%> +
-**Important** - Note that the errors are not important. +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-====2.3 - Preparing the Kernel Source Tree==== +
- +
-Move to the **~/rpmbuild/SPECS** directory and use the **rpmbuild** command to create the Kernel Source Tree: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos7 ~]$ cd ~/rpmbuild/SPECS +
-[trainee@centos7 SPECS]$ rpmbuild -bp --target=$(uname -m) kernel.spec +
-... +
-</code> +
- +
-At the end of the process, check what has been created: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 SPECS]$ ls -la ~/rpmbuild/BUILD/kernel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4/linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.x86_64/ +
-total 812 +
-drwxr-xr-x.  26 trainee trainee   4096 Jul 14 03:13 . +
-drwxr-xr-x.   3 trainee trainee   4096 Jul 14 03:12 .. +
-drwxr-xr-x.  27 trainee trainee   4096 Jul 14 03:13 arch +
-drwxr-xr-x.   3 trainee trainee   4096 Jun 14 10:33 block +
-drwxr-xr-x.   2 trainee trainee   4096 Jul 14 03:13 certs +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee  13079 Jun 14 10:33 .clang-format +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee     59 Jun 14 10:33 .cocciconfig +
-drwxr-xr-x.   2 trainee trainee   4096 Jul 14 03:13 configs +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee    423 Jun 14 10:33 COPYING-4.18.0 +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee  98651 Jun 14 10:33 CREDITS +
-drwxr-xr-x.   4 trainee trainee   4096 Jun 14 10:33 crypto +
-drwxr-xr-x. 119 trainee trainee   4096 Jul 14 03:13 Documentation +
-drwxr-xr-x. 137 trainee trainee   4096 Jun 14 10:33 drivers +
-drwxr-xr-x.   2 trainee trainee   4096 Jul 14 03:13 firmware +
-drwxr-xr-x.  73 trainee trainee   4096 Jun 14 10:33 fs +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee     68 Jun 14 10:33 .get_maintainer.conf +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee     31 Jun 14 10:33 .get_maintainer.ignore +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee     76 Jun 14 10:33 .gitattributes +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee   1639 Jun 14 10:33 .gitlab-ci-private.yml +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee   1668 Jun 14 10:33 .gitlab-ci.yml +
-drwxr-xr-x.  30 trainee trainee   4096 Jun 14 10:33 include +
-drwxr-xr-x.   2 trainee trainee   4096 Jun 14 10:33 init +
-drwxr-xr-x.   2 trainee trainee   4096 Jun 14 10:33 ipc +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee   2245 Jun 14 10:33 Kbuild +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee    575 Jun 14 10:33 Kconfig +
-drwxr-xr-x.  19 trainee trainee   4096 Jul 14 03:13 kernel +
-drwxr-xr-x.  20 trainee trainee  12288 Jul 14 03:13 lib +
-drwxr-xr-x.   5 trainee trainee   4096 Jun 14 10:33 LICENSES +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee   9559 Jun 14 10:33 .mailmap +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee 471696 Jun 14 10:33 MAINTAINERS +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee  61558 Jun 14 10:33 Makefile +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee   1324 Jun 14 10:33 Makefile.rhelver +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee      0 Jul 14 03:13 .mismatches +
-drwxr-xr-x.   3 trainee trainee   4096 Jun 14 10:33 mm +
-drwxr-xr-x.  72 trainee trainee   4096 Jun 14 10:33 net +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee    800 Jun 14 10:33 README +
-drwxr-xr-x.  28 trainee trainee   4096 Jun 14 10:33 samples +
--rw-r--r--.   1 trainee trainee      0 Jul 14 03:12 .scmversion +
-drwxr-xr-x.  14 trainee trainee   4096 Jul 14 03:13 scripts +
-drwxr-xr-x.  10 trainee trainee   4096 Jun 14 10:33 security +
-drwxr-xr-x.  26 trainee trainee   4096 Jun 14 10:33 sound +
-drwxr-xr-x.  33 trainee trainee   4096 Jun 14 10:33 tools +
-drwxr-xr-x.   2 trainee trainee   4096 Jul 14 03:13 usr +
-drwxr-xr-x.   4 trainee trainee   4096 Jun 14 10:33 virt +
-</code> +
- +
-===The .config File=== +
- +
-Move to **~/rpmbuild/BUILD/kernel-*/linux-*/**: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 SPECS]$ cd ~/rpmbuild/BUILD/kernel-*/linux-*/ +
-</code> +
- +
-Copy the **configs/kernel-4.18.0-`uname -m`.config** file to **.config** in the current working directory: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.x86_64]$ cp configs/kernel-4.18.0-`uname -m`.config .config +
-</code> +
- +
-Update the .config file with the configuration Kernel settings: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.x86_64]$ make oldconfig +
-scripts/kconfig/conf  --oldconfig Kconfig +
-# +
-# configuration written to .config +
-# +
-</code> +
- +
-<WRAP center round important 60%> +
-**Important** - The above command reads the .config file of the current Kernel and compares the contents with the new configuration. In the case where there are any new configurations that are required, the command asks for the relevant information. +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-The **.config** file is generated by one of three binaries and should not be edited manually: +
- +
-  * make config +
-  * make menuconfig +
-  * make xconfig +
-   +
-Run the **make menuconfig** command: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.x86_64]$ make menuconfig +
-  UPD     scripts/kconfig/.mconf-cfg +
-  HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/mconf.o +
-  HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/checklist.o +
-  HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/inputbox.o +
-  HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/menubox.o +
-  HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/textbox.o +
-  HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/util.o +
-  HOSTCC  scripts/kconfig/lxdialog/yesno.o +
-  HOSTLD  scripts/kconfig/mconf +
-scripts/kconfig/mconf  Kconfig +
-# +
-# using defaults found in /boot/config-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.x86_64 +
-# +
-</code> +
- +
-Looking at the interface, you will see lines used to configure the Kernel. In the case a letter is used, these are: +
- +
-  * **y**, +
-    * the configuration is included in the Kernel, +
-  * **m**, +
-    * the configuration is not included in the Kernel but in a Kernel module, +
-  * **n**, +
-    * the configuration is neither included in the Kernel nor in a Kernel module. +
- +
-At this stage, simply save the configuration and exit the interface: +
- +
-<code> +
-*** End of the configuration. +
-*** Execute 'make' to start the build or try 'make help'. +
-</code> +
- +
-Check the presence of the **.config** file: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.x86_64]$ ls -a +
-.      certs          configs         Documentation  .get_maintainer.conf    .gitlab-ci.yml  Kbuild   LICENSES     Makefile.rhelver  README       security  virt +
-..     .clang-format  COPYING-4.18.0  drivers        .get_maintainer.ignore  include         Kconfig  .mailmap     .mismatches       samples      sound +
-arch   .cocciconfig   CREDITS         firmware       .gitattributes          init            kernel   MAINTAINERS  mm                .scmversion  tools +
-block  .config        crypto          fs             .gitlab-ci-private.yml  ipc             lib      Makefile     net               scripts      usr +
-</code> +
- +
-Lokk at the contents of the .config file: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.x86_64]$ more .config +
-# +
-# Automatically generated file; DO NOT EDIT. +
-# Linux/x86 4.18.0 Kernel Configuration +
-# +
- +
-# +
-# Compiler: gcc (GCC) 8.4.1 20200928 (Red Hat 8.4.1-1) +
-# +
-CONFIG_64BIT=y +
-CONFIG_X86_64=y +
-CONFIG_X86=y +
-CONFIG_INSTRUCTION_DECODER=y +
-CONFIG_OUTPUT_FORMAT="elf64-x86-64" +
-CONFIG_ARCH_DEFCONFIG="arch/x86/configs/x86_64_defconfig" +
-CONFIG_LOCKDEP_SUPPORT=y +
-CONFIG_STACKTRACE_SUPPORT=y +
-CONFIG_MMU=y +
-CONFIG_ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS_MIN=28 +
-CONFIG_ARCH_MMAP_RND_BITS_MAX=32 +
-CONFIG_ARCH_MMAP_RND_COMPAT_BITS_MIN=8 +
-CONFIG_ARCH_MMAP_RND_COMPAT_BITS_MAX=16 +
-CONFIG_GENERIC_ISA_DMA=y +
-CONFIG_GENERIC_BUG=y +
-CONFIG_GENERIC_BUG_RELATIVE_POINTERS=y +
-CONFIG_GENERIC_HWEIGHT=y +
-CONFIG_ARCH_MAY_HAVE_PC_FDC=y +
-CONFIG_GENERIC_CALIBRATE_DELAY=y +
-CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_CPU_RELAX=y +
-CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_CACHE_LINE_SIZE=y +
-CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_FILTER_PGPROT=y +
-CONFIG_HAVE_SETUP_PER_CPU_AREA=y +
-CONFIG_NEED_PER_CPU_EMBED_FIRST_CHUNK=y +
-CONFIG_NEED_PER_CPU_PAGE_FIRST_CHUNK=y +
-CONFIG_ARCH_HIBERNATION_POSSIBLE=y +
-CONFIG_ARCH_SUSPEND_POSSIBLE=y +
-CONFIG_ARCH_WANT_HUGE_PMD_SHARE=y +
-CONFIG_ARCH_WANT_GENERAL_HUGETLB=y +
-CONFIG_ZONE_DMA32=y +
-CONFIG_AUDIT_ARCH=y +
-CONFIG_ARCH_SUPPORTS_OPTIMIZED_INLINING=y +
-CONFIG_ARCH_SUPPORTS_DEBUG_PAGEALLOC=y +
-CONFIG_HAVE_INTEL_TXT=y +
-CONFIG_X86_64_SMP=y +
---More--(0%) +
-</code> +
- +
-===The Makefile File=== +
- +
-The Makefile contains the Kernel name and the following information: +
- +
-  * VERSION, +
-  * PATCHLEVEL, +
-  * SUBLEVEL, +
-  * EXTRAVERSION. +
- +
-Values for the first three directives are managed directly by **kernel.org** and Linus Torvalds whilst the EXTRAVERSION is managed by Red Hat: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.x86_64]$ more Makefile +
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 +
-VERSION = 4 +
-PATCHLEVEL = 18 +
-SUBLEVEL = 0 +
-EXTRAVERSION = +
-NAME = Merciless Moray +
- +
-# +
-# DRM backport version +
-# +
-RHEL_DRM_VERSION = 5 +
-RHEL_DRM_PATCHLEVEL = 9 +
-RHEL_DRM_SUBLEVEL = 14 +
- +
-# *DOCUMENTATION* +
-# To see a list of typical targets execute "make help" +
-# More info can be located in ./README +
-# Comments in this file are targeted only to the developer, do not +
-# expect to learn how to build the kernel reading this file. +
- +
-# That's our default target when none is given on the command line +
-PHONY := _all +
-_all: +
- +
-# o Do not use make's built-in rules and variables +
-#   (this increases performance and avoids hard-to-debug behaviour); +
-# o Look for make include files relative to root of kernel src +
-MAKEFLAGS += -rR --include-dir=$(CURDIR) +
- +
-# Avoid funny character set dependencies +
-unexport LC_ALL +
-LC_COLLATE=C +
-LC_NUMERIC=C +
-export LC_COLLATE LC_NUMERIC +
- +
-# Avoid interference with shell env settings +
-unexport GREP_OPTIONS +
- +
-# Set RHEL variables +
-# Use this spot to avoid future merge conflicts +
-include Makefile.rhelver +
- +
-# We are using a recursive build, so we need to do a little thinking +
---Plus--(2%) +
-</code> +
- +
-<WRAP center round important 60%> +
-**Important** - The 2.6 version of the Linux Kernel came into being in **2003**. Version 3.0 came out on the 20th anniversary of the Linux Kernel. +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-====2.4 - Configuring the Kernel==== +
- +
-Add the value shown by the **uname -i** command to the first line of the .config file: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.x86_64]$ uname -i +
-x86_64 +
-[trainee@centos8 linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.x86_64]$ vi .config +
-[trainee@centos8 linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.x86_64]$ head .config +
-# x86_64 +
-# +
-# Automatically generated file; DO NOT EDIT. +
-# Linux/x86 4.18.0 Kernel Configuration +
-# +
- +
-# +
-# Compiler: gcc (GCC) 8.4.1 20200928 (Red Hat 8.4.1-1) +
-# +
-CONFIG_64BIT=y +
-</code> +
- +
-Rename the .config file and place it in the **~/rpmbuild/SOURCES/** directory: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.x86_64]$ cp .config ~/rpmbuild/SOURCES/config-`uname -m`-generic +
-[trainee@centos8 linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.x86_64]$ ls ~/rpmbuild/SOURCES +
-centos-ca-secureboot.der  cpupower.config            filter-x86_64.sh                           kernel-s390x.config                mod-extra.list           Module.kabi_s390x +
-centos-dup.x509           cpupower.service           generate_all_configs.sh                    kernel-s390x-debug.config          mod-internal.list        Module.kabi_x86_64 +
-centos-kpatch.x509        debrand-rh-i686-cpu.patch  generate_bls_conf.sh                       kernel-s390x-zfcpdump.config       mod-sign.sh              parallel_xz.sh +
-centos.pem                debrand-rh_taint.patch     kernel-aarch64.config                      kernel-x86_64.config               Module.kabi_aarch64      process_configs.sh +
-centossecureboot001.der   debrand-single-cpu.patch   kernel-aarch64-debug.config                kernel-x86_64-debug.config         Module.kabi_dup_aarch64  x509.genkey +
-centossecureboot201.der   filter-aarch64.sh          kernel-abi-stablelists-4.18.0-305.tar.bz2  kvm_stat.logrotate                 Module.kabi_dup_ppc64le +
-centossecurebootca2.der   filter-modules.sh          kernel-kabi-dw-4.18.0-305.tar.bz2          linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.tar.xz  Module.kabi_dup_s390x +
-check-kabi                filter-ppc64le.sh          kernel-ppc64le.config                      linux-kernel-test.patch            Module.kabi_dup_x86_64 +
-config-x86_64-generic     filter-s390x.sh            kernel-ppc64le-debug.config                mod-blacklist.sh                   Module.kabi_ppc64le +
-</code> +
- +
-Copy the entire contents of the **configs** directory to the **~/rpmbuild/SOURCES/** directory: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.x86_64]$ cp configs/* ~/rpmbuild/SOURCES/ +
-</code> +
- +
-Edit the **buildid** directive in the **~/rpmbuild/SPECS/kernel.spec** file in order to distinguish the future newly compiled Kernel from the current Kernel: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 linux-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.x86_64]$ cd ~/rpmbuild/SPECS +
- +
-[trainee@centos8 SPECS]$ vi kernel.spec +
- +
-[trainee@centos8 SPECS]$ head -n 50 kernel.spec +
-# We have to override the new %%install behavior because, well... the kernel is special. +
-%global __spec_install_pre %{___build_pre} +
- +
-# At the time of this writing (2019-03), RHEL8 packages use w2.xzdio +
-# compression for rpms (xz, level 2). +
-# Kernel has several large (hundreds of mbytes) rpms, they take ~5 mins +
-# to compress by single-threaded xz. Switch to threaded compression, +
-# and from level 2 to 3 to keep compressed sizes close to "w2" results. +
-# +
-# NB: if default compression in /usr/lib/rpm/redhat/macros ever changes, +
-# this one might need tweaking (e.g. if default changes to w3.xzdio, +
-# change below to w4T.xzdio): +
-%define _binary_payload w3T.xzdio +
- +
-# For a kernel released for public testing, released_kernel should be 1. +
-# For internal testing builds during development, it should be 0. +
-%global released_kernel 1 +
- +
-%global distro_build 305 +
- +
-# Sign the x86_64 kernel for secure boot authentication +
-%ifarch x86_64 aarch64 +
-%global signkernel 1 +
-%else +
-%global signkernel 0 +
-%endif +
- +
-# Sign modules on all arches +
-%global signmodules 1 +
- +
-# Compress modules only for architectures that build modules +
-%ifarch noarch +
-%global zipmodules 0 +
-%else +
-%global zipmodules 1 +
-%endif +
- +
-%if %{zipmodules} +
-%global zipsed -e 's/\.ko$/\.ko.xz/' +
-%endif +
- +
-%define buildid .i2tch +
- +
-%define rpmversion 4.18.0 +
-%define pkgrelease 305.7.1.el8_4 +
- +
-# allow pkg_release to have configurable %%{?dist} tag +
-%define specrelease 305.7.1%{?dist} +
- +
-%define pkg_release %{specrelease}%{?buildid} +
-</code> +
- +
-====2.5 - Compiling the Kernel==== +
- +
-Compiling the Kernel can take a long time (~5 heures). Execute the following command: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos7 SPECS]$ rpmbuild -bb --target=`uname -m` kernel.spec 2> build-err.log | tee build-out.log & +
-</code> +
- +
-<WRAP center round important 60%> +
-**Important** - Once you are sure that the compilation process has started without errors, stop it using ^C. Stop the virtual machine and ask the Instructor to start the virtual machine in which the Kernel has already been compiled. +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-When the compilation has finished, you would see the following output: +
- +
-<code> +
-... +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-headers-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-cross-headers-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-debuginfo-common-x86_64-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/perf-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/perf-debuginfo-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/python3-perf-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/python3-perf-debuginfo-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-tools-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-tools-libs-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-tools-libs-devel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-tools-debuginfo-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/bpftool-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/bpftool-debuginfo-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-selftests-internal-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-debug-core-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-debug-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-debug-devel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-debug-modules-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-debug-modules-extra-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-debug-modules-internal-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-debug-debuginfo-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-core-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-devel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-modules-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-modules-extra-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-modules-internal-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-debuginfo-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Wrote: /home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/kernel-ipaclones-internal-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-Executing(%clean): /bin/sh -e /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.rkOgfs +
- +
-[1]+  Done                    rpmbuild -bb --target=`uname -m` kernel.spec 2> build-err.log | tee build-out.log +
-</code> +
- +
-The installable RPMs can be found in the **/home/trainee/rpmbuild/RPMS/x86_64/** directory: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 SPECS]$ cd ../RPMS +
-[trainee@centos8 RPMS]$ ls +
-x86_64 +
-[trainee@centos8 RPMS]$ cd x86_64/ +
-[trainee@centos8 x86_64]$ ls +
-bpftool-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm                 kernel-debuginfo-common-x86_64-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm  kernel-selftests-internal-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-bpftool-debuginfo-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm       kernel-debug-modules-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm            kernel-tools-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-kernel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm                  kernel-debug-modules-extra-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm      kernel-tools-debuginfo-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-kernel-core-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm             kernel-debug-modules-internal-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm   kernel-tools-libs-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-kernel-cross-headers-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm    kernel-devel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm                    kernel-tools-libs-devel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-kernel-debug-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm            kernel-headers-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm                  perf-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-kernel-debug-core-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm       kernel-ipaclones-internal-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm       perf-debuginfo-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-kernel-debug-debuginfo-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm  kernel-modules-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm                  python3-perf-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-kernel-debug-devel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm      kernel-modules-extra-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm            python3-perf-debuginfo-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-kernel-debuginfo-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm        kernel-modules-internal-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64.rpm +
-</code> +
- +
-Note that the compilation has consumed over 20 GB of disk space: +
- +
-<code> +
-[trainee@centos8 x86_64]$ df -h +
-Filesystem                   Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on +
-devtmpfs                     1.8G     0  1.8G   0% /dev +
-tmpfs                        1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /dev/shm +
-tmpfs                        1.9G  9.4M  1.9G   1% /run +
-tmpfs                        1.9G     0  1.9G   0% /sys/fs/cgroup +
-/dev/mapper/cl_centos8-root   28G  5.5G   23G  20% / +
-/dev/sda1                    976M  289M  620M  32% /boot +
-tmpfs                        374M   24K  374M   1% /run/user/1000 +
-tmpfs                        374M  1.2M  373M   1% /run/user/42 +
-/dev/sdc1                     63G   21G   39G  35% /home +
-</code> +
- +
-====2.6 - Installing the Kernel==== +
- +
-Now install the new Kernel. Installing the new Kernel can take a long time (~2 heures). Use the following command: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 x86_64]# dnf localinstall kernel-*.rpm +
-Last metadata expiration check: 2:25:32 ago on Tue 20 Jul 2021 08:37:00 EDT. +
-Dependencies resolved. +
-=============================================================================================================================================================================================================== +
- Package                                                       Architecture                          Version                                                 Repository                                   Size +
-=============================================================================================================================================================================================================== +
-Installing: +
- kernel                                                        x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                5.9 M +
- kernel-core                                                   x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                 36 M +
- kernel-cross-headers                                          x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                 11 M +
- kernel-debug                                                  x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                5.9 M +
- kernel-debug-core                                             x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                 63 M +
- kernel-debug-debuginfo                                        x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                683 M +
- kernel-debug-devel                                            x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                 19 M +
- kernel-debug-modules                                          x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                 54 M +
- kernel-debug-modules-extra                                    x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                7.2 M +
- kernel-debug-modules-internal                                 x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                6.3 M +
- kernel-debuginfo                                              x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                570 M +
- kernel-debuginfo-common-x86_64                                x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                 75 M +
- kernel-devel                                                  x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                 18 M +
- kernel-ipaclones-internal                                     x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                 20 M +
- kernel-modules                                                x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                 28 M +
- kernel-modules-extra                                          x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                6.5 M +
- kernel-modules-internal                                       x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                6.1 M +
- kernel-selftests-internal                                     x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                 19 M +
- kernel-tools-debuginfo                                        x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                6.2 M +
- kernel-tools-libs-devel                                       x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                5.9 M +
-Downgrading: +
- kernel-headers                                                x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                7.1 M +
- kernel-tools                                                  x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                6.1 M +
- kernel-tools-libs                                             x86_64                                4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch                                @commandline                                5.9 M +
- +
-Transaction Summary +
-=============================================================================================================================================================================================================== +
-Install    20 Packages +
-Downgrade   3 Packages +
- +
-Total size: 1.6 G +
-Is this ok [y/N]: y +
-</code> +
- +
-When all is installed, re-start the virtual machine: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos7 ~]# reboot +
-</code> +
- +
-Open a session as trainee and become root. List the installed Kernels: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -qa | grep kernel +
-kernel-modules-4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 +
-kernel-tools-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-headers-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-debuginfo-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-debug-core-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-modules-internal-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-modules-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.x86_64 +
-kernel-debug-modules-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-devel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-tools-debuginfo-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-tools-libs-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-debug-modules-internal-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-cross-headers-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-core-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.x86_64 +
-kernel-devel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.x86_64 +
-kernel-debuginfo-common-x86_64-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-debug-modules-extra-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-debug-devel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-tools-libs-devel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-modules-extra-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8_4.x86_64 +
-kernel-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-core-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-selftests-internal-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-debug-debuginfo-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-debug-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 +
-kernel-core-4.18.0-305.3.1.el8.x86_64 +
-kernel-modules-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-kernel-ipaclones-internal-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-</code> +
- +
-Check the **saved-entry** from the **/boot/grub2/grubenv** file: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# grep i2tch /boot/grub2/grubenv  +
-saved_entry=95bd69e34a7444a7b58cb74fbfb86df2-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-</code> +
- +
-Finally, check the output of the **uname -r** command: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# uname -r +
-4.18.0-305.7.1.el8.i2tch.x86_64 +
-</code> +
- +
-=====LAB #3 - Managing Quotas===== +
- +
-User and group disk quotas can be placed on partitions **only**. +
- +
-<WRAP center round todo 60%> +
-**To do** - **Log out** of your **CentOS8_SSH_10.0.2.45** session and open a new session using the **CentOS8_ROOT_10.0.2.45** connection. +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-Before configuring the quotas, set SELINUX to **permissive** mode for the current session: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# getenforce +
-Enforcing +
-[root@centos8 ~]# setenforce permissive +
-[root@centos8 ~]# getenforce +
-Permissive +
-[root@centos8 ~]#  +
-</code> +
- +
-Edit the **/etc/sysconfig/selinux** file: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# vi /etc/sysconfig/selinux +
-[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/selinux +
- +
-# This file controls the state of SELinux on the system. +
-# SELINUX= can take one of these three values: +
-#     enforcing - SELinux security policy is enforced. +
-#     permissive - SELinux prints warnings instead of enforcing. +
-#     disabled - No SELinux policy is loaded. +
-SELINUX=permissive +
-# SELINUXTYPE= can take one of these three values: +
-#     targeted - Targeted processes are protected, +
-#     minimum - Modification of targeted policy. Only selected processes are protected.  +
-#     mls - Multi Level Security protection. +
-SELINUXTYPE=targeted +
- +
-</code> +
- +
-Now check that the **quota** package is installed: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# rpm -qa | grep quota +
-quota-4.04-12.el8.x86_64 +
-quota-nls-4.04-12.el8.noarch +
-</code> +
- +
-Edit the **/etc/fstab** file and add the **usrquota** and **grpquota** options to the **/home** line: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# vi /etc/fstab +
-[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/fstab +
- +
-# +
-# /etc/fstab +
-# Created by anaconda on Wed Jun 16 06:21:32 2021 +
-# +
-# Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk/'. +
-# See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info. +
-# +
-# After editing this file, run 'systemctl daemon-reload' to update systemd +
-# units generated from this file. +
-# +
-/dev/mapper/cl_centos8-root /                       xfs     defaults        0 0 +
-UUID=1c04981e-5317-4b73-9695-3ce25246835d /boot                   ext4    defaults        1 2 +
-/dev/mapper/cl_centos8-swap swap                    swap    defaults        0 0 +
-UUID=f76d6b66-985b-4a91-af9c-4987e8c1443c /home     ext4          defaults,usrquota,grpquota            1 2 +
-</code> +
- +
-Restart the virtual machine: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# reboot +
-</code> +
- +
-<WRAP center round todo 60%> +
-**To do** - Open a new session using the **CentOS8_ROOT_10.0.2.45** connection. +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-Check that the **usrquota** and **grpquota** options have been activated on /home: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# cat /etc/mtab | grep /home +
-/dev/sdc1 /home ext4 rw,seclabel,relatime,quota,usrquota,grpquota 0 0 +
-</code> +
- +
-====3.1 - The quotacheck Command==== +
- +
-To activate the quotas on /home, use the **quotacheck** command: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# quotacheck -cugvm -f /dev/sdc1 +
-quotacheck: Your kernel probably supports journaled quota but you are not using it. Consider switching to journaled quota to avoid running quotacheck after an unclean shutdown. +
-quotacheck: Scanning /dev/sdc1 [/home] done +
-quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file /home/aquota.user: No such file or directory. Usage will not be subtracted. +
-quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file /home/aquota.group: No such file or directory. Usage will not be subtracted. +
-quotacheck: Cannot stat old user quota file /home/aquota.user: No such file or directory. Usage will not be subtracted. +
-quotacheck: Cannot stat old group quota file /home/aquota.group: No such file or directory. Usage will not be subtracted. +
-quotacheck: Checked 6763 directories and 129772 files +
-quotacheck: Old file not found. +
-quotacheck: Old file not found. +
-</code> +
- +
-The command line switches of the **quotacheck** command are as follows: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# quotacheck --help +
-Utility for checking and repairing quota files. +
-quotacheck [-gucbfinvdmMR] [-F <quota-format>] filesystem|-a +
- +
--u, --user                check user files +
--g, --group               check group files +
--c, --create-files        create new quota files +
--b, --backup              create backups of old quota files +
--f, --force               force check even if quotas are enabled +
--i, --interactive         interactive mode +
--n, --use-first-dquot     use the first copy of duplicated structure +
--v, --verbose             print more information +
--d, --debug               print even more messages +
--m, --no-remount          do not remount filesystem read-only +
--M, --try-remount         try remounting filesystem read-only, +
-                          continue even if it fails +
--R, --exclude-root        exclude root when checking all filesystems +
--F, --format=formatname   check quota files of specific format +
--a, --all                 check all filesystems +
--h, --help                display this message and exit +
--V, --version             display version information and exit +
- +
-Bugs to jack@suse.cz +
-</code> +
- +
-Two files, **aquota.user** and **aquota.group** are created in /home: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# ls -la /home +
-total 40 +
-drwxr-xr-x.  4 root    root     4096 Jul 21 11:27 . +
-dr-xr-xr-x. 17 root    root      224 Jul 19 12:05 .. +
--rw-------.  1 root    root     7168 Jul 21 11:27 aquota.group +
--rw-------.  1 root    root     7168 Jul 21 11:27 aquota.user +
-drwx------.  2 root    root    16384 Jul 19 12:02 lost+found +
-drwxr-xr-x. 17 trainee trainee  4096 Jul 21 11:22 trainee  +
-</code> +
- +
-Now create a user called **fenestros** having a password **fenestros** : +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# groupadd fenestros && useradd fenestros -c FenestrOs -d /home/fenestros -g fenestros -s /bin/bash +
-[root@centos8 ~]# passwd fenestros +
-Changing password for user fenestros. +
-New password:  +
-BAD PASSWORD: The password contains the user name in some form +
-Retype new password:  +
-passwd: all authentication tokens updated successfully. +
-</code> +
- +
-====3.2 - The edquota Command==== +
- +
-Set a 10Mo quota for the fenestros user: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# edquota -u fenestros -f /home +
-</code> +
- +
-The **vi** editor launches and you will see the following output: +
- +
-<file> +
-Disk quotas for user fenestros (uid 1001): +
-  Filesystem                   blocks       soft       hard     inodes     soft     hard +
-  /dev/sdc1                         0          0          0          0        0        0 +
-</file> +
- +
-Change the file as follows: +
- +
-<file> +
-Disk quotas for user fenestros (uid 1001): +
-  Filesystem                   blocks       soft       hard     inodes     soft     hard +
-  /dev/sdc1                         0       8000      10000          0        0        0 +
-</file> +
- +
-<WRAP center round important 60%> +
-**Important** - This sets a **soft** quota of 8 000 KB and a **hard** quota of 10 000 KB for the fenestros user. When fenestros goes over the soft limit, he/she will recieve a warning message. Going over the hard limit means thet he/she can no longer save files to **/home/fenestros**. Note that you can set a quota by size or by the number of inodes. +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-Save and quit the file. +
- +
-The command line switches of the **edquota** command are as follows: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# edquota --help +
-edquota: Usage: +
-        edquota [-rm] [-u] [-F formatname] [-p username] [-f filesystem] username ... +
-        edquota [-rm] -g [-F formatname] [-p groupname] [-f filesystem] groupname ... +
-        edquota [-rm] -P [-F formatname] [-p projectname] [-f filesystem] projectname ... +
-        edquota [-u|g|-P] [-F formatname] [-f filesystem] -t +
-        edquota [-u|g|-P] [-F formatname] [-f filesystem] -T username|groupname|projectname ... +
- +
--u, --user                    edit user data +
--g, --group                   edit group data +
--P, --project                 edit project data +
--r, --remote                  edit remote quota (via RPC) +
--m, --no-mixed-pathnames      trim leading slashes from NFSv4 mountpoints +
--F, --format=formatname       edit quotas of a specific format +
--p, --prototype=name          copy data from a prototype user/group +
-    --always-resolve          always try to resolve name, even if it is +
-                              composed only of digits +
--f, --filesystem=filesystem   edit data only on a specific filesystem +
--t, --edit-period             edit grace period +
--T, --edit-times              edit grace time of a user/group +
--h, --help                    display this help text and exit +
--V, --version                 display version information and exit +
- +
-Bugs to: jack@suse.cz +
-</code> +
- +
-<WRAP center round important 60%> +
-**Important** - The procedure is similar in the case that you specify a group quota. In this case, use the **-g** switch of the edquota command. +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-====3.3 - The quotaon Command==== +
- +
-Now apply the quotas : +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# quotaon -a +
-</code> +
- +
-The command line switches of the **quotaon** command are as follows: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# quotaon --help +
-quotaon: Usage: +
-        quotaon [-guPvp] [-F quotaformat] [-x state] -a +
-        quotaon [-guPvp] [-F quotaformat] [-x state] filesys ... +
- +
--a, --all                turn quotas on for all filesystems +
--f, --off                turn quotas off +
--u, --user               operate on user quotas +
--g, --group              operate on group quotas +
--P, --project            operate on project quotas +
--p, --print-state        print whether quotas are on or off +
--x, --xfs-command=cmd    perform XFS quota command +
--F, --format=formatname  operate on specific quota format +
--v, --verbose            print more messages +
--h, --help               display this help text and exit +
--V, --version            display version information and exit +
-</code> +
- +
-<WRAP center round important 60%> +
-**important** - To turn **off** quotas, use the **quotaoff** command.  +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-====3.4 - The repquota Command==== +
- +
-To see quotas, use the **repquota** command: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# repquota /home +
-*** Report for user quotas on device /dev/sdc1 +
-Block grace time: 7days; Inode grace time: 7days +
-                        Block limits                File limits +
-User            used    soft    hard  grace    used  soft  hard  grace +
----------------------------------------------------------------------- +
-root      --      20       0       0              2     0     0        +
-trainee   -- 21495888       0       0         136532     0     0              +
-    +
-</code> +
- +
-<WRAP center round important 60%> +
-**Important** - Note that fenestros is not visible in this list. With RHEL / CentOS, quotas are not visible until the user has connected for the first time.  +
-</WRAP> +
- +
-The command line switches of the **repquota** command are as follows: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# repquota --help +
-repquota: Utility for reporting quotas. +
-Usage: +
-repquota [-vugsi] [-c|C] [-t|n] [-F quotaformat] [-O (default | xml | csv)] (-a | mntpoint) +
- +
--v, --verbose               display also users/groups without any usage +
--u, --user                  display information about users +
--g, --group                 display information about groups +
--P, --project               display information about projects +
--s, --human-readable        show numbers in human friendly units (MB, GB, ...) +
--t, --truncate-names        truncate names to 9 characters +
--p, --raw-grace             print grace time in seconds since epoch +
--n, --no-names              do not translate uid/gid to name +
--i, --no-autofs             avoid autofs mountpoints +
--c, --cache                 translate big number of ids at once +
--C, --no-cache              translate ids one by one +
--F, --format=formatname     report information for specific format +
--O, --output=format         format output as xml or csv +
--a, --all                   report information for all mount points with quotas +
--h, --help                  display this help message and exit +
--V, --version               display version information and exit +
- +
-Bugs to jack@suse.cz +
-</code> +
- +
-====3.5 - The quota Command==== +
- +
-To see quotas for a specific user, use the **quota** command: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# quota fenestros +
-Disk quotas for user fenestros (uid 1001): no limited resources used +
-[root@centos8 ~]# su - fenestros +
-[fenestros@centos8 ~]$ touch test +
-[fenestros@centos8 ~]$ exit +
-logout +
-[root@centos8 ~]# quota fenestros +
-Disk quotas for user fenestros (uid 1001):  +
-     Filesystem  blocks   quota   limit   grace   files   quota   limit   grace +
-      /dev/sdc1       8    8000   10000               3       0       0              +
-</code> +
- +
-The command line switches of the **quota** command are as follows: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# quota --help +
-quota: Usage: quota [-guPqvswim] [-l | [-Q | -A]] [-F quotaformat] +
-        quota [-qvswim] [-l | [-Q | -A]] [-F quotaformat] -u username ... +
-        quota [-qvswim] [-l | [-Q | -A]] [-F quotaformat] -g groupname ... +
-        quota [-qvswugPQm] [-F quotaformat] -f filesystem ... +
- +
--u, --user                display quota for user +
--g, --group               display quota for group +
--P, --project             display quota for project +
--q, --quiet               print more terse message +
--v, --verbose             print more verbose message +
--s, --human-readable      display numbers in human friendly units (MB, GB...) +
-    --always-resolve      always try to translate name to id, even if it is +
-                          composed of only digits +
--w, --no-wrap             do not wrap long lines +
--p, --raw-grace           print grace time in seconds since epoch +
--l, --local-only          do not query NFS filesystems +
--Q, --quiet-refuse        do not print error message when NFS server does +
-                          not respond +
--i, --no-autofs           do not query autofs mountpoints +
--F, --format=formatname   display quota of a specific format +
--f, --filesystem-list     display quota information only for given filesystems +
--A, --all-nfs             display quota for all NFS mountpoints +
--m, --no-mixed-pathnames  trim leading slashes from NFSv4 mountpoints +
-    --show-mntpoint       show mount point of the file system in output +
-    --hide-device         do not show file system device in output +
--h, --help                display this help message and exit +
--V, --version             display version information and exit +
- +
-Bugs to: jack@suse.cz +
-</code> +
- +
-====3.6 - The warnquota Command==== +
- +
-The **warnquota** command checks user and group disk usage and sends out messages when the **soft** limit is reached. This command is normally called by a cron job however it is possible to use it interactively. With RHEL/CentOS, warnquota is not installd by default: +
- +
-<code> +
-[root@centos8 ~]# which warnquota +
-/usr/bin/which: no warnquota in (/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin) +
-</code> +
- +
-Install the **quota-warnquota** package: +
  
-<code> +  * **LCE511 - Training Validation** 
-[root@centos7 ~]# dnf install quota-warnquota +    * Course Materials 
-... +    * Reminder of the Training Program 
-</code>+      * Day #1 
 +      * Day #2 
 +      * Day #3 
 +      * Day #4 
 +    * Training Evaluation 
 +    * Exam - Acquired knowledge
  
-The command line switches of the **warnquota** command are as follows:+=====Training Evaluation=====
  
-<code> +Please complete and submit the training evaluation form.
-[root@centos8 ~]# warnquota --help +
-warnquota: Usage: +
-  warnquota [-ugsid] [-F quotaformat] [-c configfile] [-q quotatabfile] [-a adminsfile] [filesystem...]+
  
--u, --user                      warn users +=====Exam - Acquired knowledge=====
--g, --group                     warn groups +
--s, --human-readable            send information in more human friendly units +
--i, --no-autofs                 avoid autofs mountpoints +
--d, --no-details                do not send quota information itself +
--F, --format=formatname         use quotafiles of specific format +
--c, --config=config-file        non-default config file +
--q, --quota-tab=quotatab-file   non-default quotatab +
--a, --admins-file=admins-file   non-default admins file +
--h, --help                      display this help message and exit +
--v, --version                   display version information and exit+
  
-warnquota: Bugs to jack@suse.cz +Please take the final examination.
-</code>+
  
 ----- -----
-Copyright © 2021 Hugh Norris.+Copyright © 2022 Hugh Norris - Non-contractual document. The Training Program may be modified without notice.

Piste : • DOF301 - Création de Clusters Kubernetes • LCF100 - CentOS 7 / RHEL 7 / Oracle Linux 7 : Fondamentaux • NoSQL avec Denis Gaudare • DOF306 - Gestion des Volumes sous K8s • Système de Fichiers • DOF308 - Introduction à la Sécurisation de K8s • GCP003 - Google Cloud Platform – Architecte • DOF303 - Les Commandes kubectl, krew et kustomize • DOF304 - Travailler avec des Pods et des Conteneurs • DOE301 - Creating Kubernetes clusters

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