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Différences

Ci-dessous, les différences entre deux révisions de la page.

--- elearning:linuxbasics:start [2019/10/08 18:07] – admin
+++ elearning:linuxbasics:start [2020/01/30 03:29] (Version actuelle) – modification externe 127.0.0.1
@@ Ligne 1: / Ligne 1: @@
+**Version 2019.10.0**
 Dernière mise-à-jour : ~~LASTMOD~~
@@ Ligne 37: / Ligne 39: @@
   * Un accès à Internet rapide **sans** passer par un proxy.
-**Important** - Vos postes devraient pouvoir atteindre la page web suivante pour visualiser les cours : [[https://ittraining.academy/browsertest]]. Si ce n'est pas le cas, veuillez débloquer le site https://ittraining.academy.
+**Important** - Vos postes devraient pouvoir consulter la page web suivante pour visualiser les cours : [[https://ittraining.academy/browsertest]]. Si ce n'est pas le cas, veuillez débloquer le site https://ittraining.academy.
 N.B. Les stagiaires installeront les logiciels suivants sur les postes :
@@ Ligne 47: / Ligne 49: @@
 =====Programme=====
-  * **Linux - Les Fondamentaux**
+    * **Systèmes de Fichiers**
-    * Systèmes de Fichiers
       * Linux File Hierarchy System
       * L'organisation
@@ Ligne 55: / Ligne 56: @@
       * Systèmes de fichiers Unix
       * **Commandes** : mount, umount.
-    * L'Editeur VI
+    * **L'Editeur VI**
       * Présentation
       * Lancer et Quitter VI
@@ Ligne 67: / Ligne 69: @@
       * En cas de problème
       * **Commandes** : view, vi.
-    * Aide et Documentation
+    * **Aide et Documentation**
       * L'aide des commandes
       * L'aide du shell
@@ Ligne 76: / Ligne 79: @@
       * Sites Internet
       * **Commandes** : help, man, mandb, whatis, apropos, info.
-    * Commandes de Base et Outils de Manipulation de Fichiers Textes
+    * **Commandes de Base et Outils de Manipulation de Fichiers Textes**
       * Etude des commandes de base
       * Options et arguments
@@ Ligne 103: / Ligne 107: @@
         * La commande wall
       * **Commandes** : stty, date, who, df, free, whoami, pwd, cd, ls, touch, echo, cp, file, cat, mv, mkdir, rmdir, rm, sort, more, find, su, locate, updatedb, whereis, which, uptime, w, uname, du, lsmod, modprobe, rmmod, modinfo, clear, exit, logout, shutdown, reboot, halt, poweroff, sleep, grep, egrep, fgrep, sed, awk, tr, paste, cut, split, diff, cmp, uniq, patch, strings, comm, od, head, tail, screen, wall.
-    * La Ligne de Commande
+    * **La Ligne de Commande**
       * Le Shell
         * Les Commandes Internes et Externes au shell
@@ Ligne 131: / Ligne 136: @@
         * Scripts de Démarrage
       * **Commandes** : type, alias, unalias, chsh, history, wc, tee, set, vi, script, read, test, expr, let, if, case, for, while.
-=====Extrait du Support=====
-====Aide et Documentation====
-===L'Aide des Commandes Externes au Shell===
-Les commandes externes au shell sont des binaires exécutables ou des scripts, généralement situés dans /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin ou /usr/sbin :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# type ifconfig
-ifconfig is /sbin/ifconfig
-</code>
-<code>
-root@ubuntu1604:~# type ifconfig
-ifconfig is /sbin/ifconfig
-</code>
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# type ifconfig
-ifconfig is /sbin/ifconfig
-</code>
-<code>
-SLES12SP1:~ # type ifconfig
-ifconfig is /sbin/ifconfig
-</code>
-L'aide d'une commande externe au shell peut être visualisé dans la plupart des cas en passant le paramètre **- -help** en argument à la commande en question :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# du --help | more
-Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
-  or:  du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
-Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.
-Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-  -0, --null            end each output line with NUL, not newline
-  -a, --all             write counts for all files, not just directories
-      --apparent-size   print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although
-                          the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be
-                          larger due to holes in ('sparse') files, internal
-                          fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like
-  -B, --block-size=SIZE  scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
-                           '-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes;
-                           see SIZE format below
-  -b, --bytes           equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'
-  -c, --total           produce a grand total
-  -D, --dereference-args  dereference only symlinks that are listed on the
-                          command line
-  -d, --max-depth=N     print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)
-                          only if it is N or fewer levels below the command
-                          line argument;  --max-depth=0 is the same as
-                          --summarize
-      --files0-from=F   summarize disk usage of the
---More--
-</code>
-<code>
-root@ubuntu1604:~# du --help | more
-Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
-  or:  du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
-Summarize disk usage of the set of FILEs, recursively for directories.
-Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-  -0, --null            end each output line with NUL, not newline
-  -a, --all             write counts for all files, not just directories
-      --apparent-size   print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although
-                          the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be
-                          larger due to holes in ('sparse') files, internal
-                          fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like
-  -B, --block-size=SIZE  scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
-                           '-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes;
-                           see SIZE format below
-  -b, --bytes           equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'
-  -c, --total           produce a grand total
-  -D, --dereference-args  dereference only symlinks that are listed on the
-                          command line
-  -d, --max-depth=N     print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)
-                          only if it is N or fewer levels below the command
-                          line argument;  --max-depth=0 is the same as
-                          --summarize
-      --files0-from=F   summarize disk usage of the
---More--
-</code>
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# du --help | more
-Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
-  or:  du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
-Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.
-Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-  -0, --null            end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline
-  -a, --all             write counts for all files, not just directories
-      --apparent-size   print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although
-                          the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be
-                          larger due to holes in ('sparse') files, internal
-                          fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like
-  -B, --block-size=SIZE  scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
-                           '-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes;
-                           see SIZE format below
-  -b, --bytes           equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'
-  -c, --total           produce a grand total
-  -D, --dereference-args  dereference only symlinks that are listed on the
-                          command line
-  -d, --max-depth=N     print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)
-                          only if it is N or fewer levels below the command
-                          line argument;  --max-depth=0 is the same as
-                          --summarize
-      --files0-from=F   summarize disk usage of the
---More--
-</code>
-<code>
-SLES12SP1:~ # du --help | more
-Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
-  or:  du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
-Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.
-Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
-  -0, --null            end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline
-  -a, --all             write counts for all files, not just directories
-      --apparent-size   print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although
-                          the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be
-                          larger due to holes in ('sparse') files, internal
-                          fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like
-  -B, --block-size=SIZE  scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
-                           '-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes;
-                           see SIZE format below
-  -b, --bytes           equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'
-  -c, --total           produce a grand total
-  -D, --dereference-args  dereference only symlinks that are listed on the
-                          command line
-  -d, --max-depth=N     print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)
-                          only if it is N or fewer levels below the command
-                          line argument;  --max-depth=0 is the same as
-                          --summarize
-      --files0-from=F   summarize disk usage of the
---More--
-</code>
-Cependant dans certains cas, cette option n'est pas admise :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# type --help
--su: type: --: invalid option
-type: usage: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
-</code>
-<code>
-root@ubuntu1604:~# type --help
--su: type: --: invalid option
-type: usage: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
-</code>
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# type --help
--bash: type: --: invalid option
-type: usage: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
-</code>
-<code>
-SLES12SP1:~ # type --help
--bash: type: --: invalid option
-type: usage: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
-</code>
-===L'Aide des Commandes Internes du Shell===
-Les commandes internes au shell sont des commandes telles **type**, **cd** ou **umask**. Pour vérifier le type de commande, il faut utiliser la commande **type** :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# type type
-type is a shell builtin
-</code>
-<code>
-root@ubuntu1604:~# type type
-type is a shell builtin
-</code>
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# type type
-type is a shell builtin
-</code>
-<code>
-SLES12SP1:~ # type type
-type is a shell builtin
-</code>
-Le shell possède la commande **help**. Utilisée seule, cette commande fournit la liste des commandes internes :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# help | more
-GNU bash, version 4.3.30(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
-These shell commands are defined internally.  Type `help' to see this list.
-Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
-Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general.
-Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list.
-A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
- job_spec [&]                                  history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -a>
- (( expression ))                              if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMAND>
- . filename [arguments]                        jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x com>
- :                                             kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] p>
- [ arg... ]                                    let arg [arg ...]
- [[ expression ]]                              local [option] name[=value] ...
- alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ]                logout [n]
- bg [job_spec ...]                             mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] >
- bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] >  popd [-n] [+N | -N]
- break [n]                                     printf [-v var] format [arguments]
- builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]]             pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
- caller [expr]                                 pwd [-LP]
- case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMA>  read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text>
- cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir]                  readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count>
- command [-pVv] command [arg ...]              readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or read>
---More--
-</code>
-<code>
-root@ubuntu1604:~# help | more
-GNU bash, version 4.3.42(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
-These shell commands are defined internally.  Type `help' to see this list.
-Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
-Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general.
-Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list.
-A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
- job_spec [&]                                 history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history ->
- (( expression ))                             if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMAN>
- . filename [arguments]                       jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x co>
- :                                            kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] >
- [ arg... ]                                   let arg [arg ...]
- [[ expression ]]                             local [option] name[=value] ...
- alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ]               logout [n]
- bg [job_spec ...]                            mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count]>
- bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename]>  popd [-n] [+N | -N]
- break [n]                                    printf [-v var] format [arguments]
- builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]]            pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
- caller [expr]                                pwd [-LP]
- case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMM>  read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i tex>
- cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir]                 readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s coun>
- command [-pVv] command [arg ...]             readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or rea>
---More--
-</code>
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# help | more
-GNU bash, version 4.2.46(1)-release (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu)
-These shell commands are defined internally.  Type `help' to see this list.
-Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
-Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general.
-Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list.
-A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
- job_spec [&]                                    history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anr>
- (( expression ))                                if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS;>
- . filename [arguments]                          jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x comma>
- :                                               kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid>
- [ arg... ]                                      let arg [arg ...]
- [[ expression ]]                                local [option] name[=value] ...
- alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ]                  logout [n]
- bg [job_spec ...]                               mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [->
- bind [-lpvsPVS] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q>  popd [-n] [+N | -N]
- break [n]                                       printf [-v var] format [arguments]
- builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]]               pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
- caller [expr]                                   pwd [-LP]
- case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND>  read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] >
- cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [dir]                         readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] >
- command [-pVv] command [arg ...]                readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readon>
---More--
-</code>
-<code>
-SLES12SP1:~ # help | more
-GNU bash, version 4.2.47(1)-release (x86_64-suse-linux-gnu)
-These shell commands are defined internally.  Type `help' to see this list.
-Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
-Use `info bash' to find out more about the shell in general.
-Use `man -k' or `info' to find out more about commands not in this list.
-A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
- job_spec [&]                                     history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw>
- (( expression ))                                 if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; >
- . filename [arguments]                           jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x comman>
- :                                                kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid >
- [ arg... ]                                       let arg [arg ...]
- [[ expression ]]                                 local [option] name[=value] ...
- alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ]                   logout [n]
- bg [job_spec ...]                                mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t>
- bind [-lpvsPVS] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q >  popd [-n] [+N | -N]
- break [n]                                        printf [-v var] format [arguments]
- builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]]                pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
- caller [expr]                                    pwd [-LP]
- case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS>  read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [>
- cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [dir]                          readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [>
- command [-pVv] command [arg ...]                 readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonl>
---More--
-</code>
-L'aide concernant une commande spécifique peut être obtenu en passant la commande concernée en argument à la commande **help** :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# help type
-type: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
-    Display information about command type.
-    For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
-    command name.
-    Options:
-      -a	display all locations containing an executable named NAME;
-    	includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if
-    	the `-p' option is not also used
-      -f	suppress shell function lookup
-      -P	force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
-    	builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file
-    	that would be executed
-      -p	returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,
-    	or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'.
-      -t	output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword',
-    	`function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell
-    	reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not
-    	found, respectively
-    Arguments:
-      NAME	Command name to be interpreted.
-    Exit Status:
-    Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found.
-</code>
-<code>
-root@ubuntu1604:~# help type
-type: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
-    Display information about command type.
-    For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
-    command name.
-    Options:
-      -a	display all locations containing an executable named NAME;
-    	includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if
-    	the `-p' option is not also used
-      -f	suppress shell function lookup
-      -P	force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
-    	builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file
-    	that would be executed
-      -p	returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,
-    	or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'.
-      -t	output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword',
-    	`function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell
-    	reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not
-    	found, respectively
-    Arguments:
-      NAME	Command name to be interpreted.
-    Exit Status:
-    Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found.
-</code>
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# help type
-type: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
-    Display information about command type.
-    For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
-    command name.
-    Options:
-      -a	display all locations containing an executable named NAME;
-    	includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if
-    	the `-p' option is not also used
-      -f	suppress shell function lookup
-      -P	force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
-    	builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file
-    	that would be executed
-      -p	returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,
-    	or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'.
-      -t	output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword',
-    	`function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell
-    	reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not
-    	found, respectively
-    Arguments:
-      NAME	Command name to be interpreted.
-    Exit Status:
-    Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found.
-typeset: typeset [-aAfFgilrtux] [-p] name[=value] ...
-    Set variable values and attributes.
-    Obsolete.  See `help declare'.
-</code>
-<code>
-SLES12SP1:~ # help type
-type: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
-    Display information about command type.
-    For each NAME, indicate how it would be interpreted if used as a
-    command name.
-    Options:
-      -a	display all locations containing an executable named NAME;
-    	includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if
-    	the `-p' option is not also used
-      -f	suppress shell function lookup
-      -P	force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
-    	builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file
-    	that would be executed
-      -p	returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,
-    	or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'.
-      -t	output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword',
-    	`function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell
-    	reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not
-    	found, respectively
-    Arguments:
-      NAME	Command name to be interpreted.
-    Exit Status:
-    Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found.
-typeset: typeset [-aAfFgilrtux] [-p] name[=value] ...
-    Set variable values and attributes.
-    Obsolete.  See `help declare'.
-</code>
-===La Commande man===
-La commande man donne accès au manuel de la commande passé en argument. Par exemple **man help** sous RHEL/CentOS 7 et SLES 12 :
-<code>
-BASH_BUILTINS(1)                   General Commands Manual                   BASH_BUILTINS(1)
-NAME
-       bash,  :,  .,  [,  alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command, compgen, com‐
-       plete, compopt, continue, declare, dirs,  disown,  echo,  enable,  eval,  exec,  exit,
-       export,  false,  fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout,
-       mapfile, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt,  source,
-       suspend, test, times, trap, true, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait -
-       bash built-in commands, see bash(1)
-BASH BUILTIN COMMANDS
-       Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section  as  accepting
-       options  preceded  by  -  accepts  -- to signify the end of the options.  The :, true,
-       false, and test builtins do not accept options and do not  treat  --  specially.   The
-       exit,  logout,  break,  continue, let, and shift builtins accept and process arguments
-       beginning with - without requiring --.  Other builtins that accept arguments  but  are
-       not  specified  as  accepting  options interpret arguments beginning with - as invalid
-       options and require -- to prevent this interpretation.
-       : [arguments]
-              No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding arguments  and  performing
-              any specified redirections.  A zero exit code is returned.
-        .  filename [arguments]
- Manual page help(1) line 1 (press h for help or q to quit)
-</code>
-Par contre dans certains cas, comme sous Debian 8 et Ubuntu 16.04 LTS avec la commande **help**, le manuel n'est pas disponible :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# man help
-No manual entry for help
-</code>
-<code>
-root@ubuntu1604:~# man help
-No manual entry for help
-</code>
-Une page de manuel peut contenir plusieurs sections :
-^ Section ^ Contenu ^
-| NOM | Nom et rôle de la commande |
-| SYNOPSIS | Syntaxe de la commande, paramètres et arguments |
-| DESCRIPTION | Mode d'emploi et les arguments principaux |
-| OPTIONS | Descriptions détaillées de chaque paramètre |
-| EXEMPLES / EXAMPLES | Exemples d'utilisation de la commande |
-| ENVIRONNEMENT / ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES | Fonctionnement selon l'environnement du shell |
-| CONFORMITÉ / STANDARDS / CONFORMING TO | Éventuelles normes auxquelles la commande se conforme |
-| BOGUES / BUGS/TO DO | Éventuelles bogues connues |
-| DIAGNOSTICS/RETOUR / EXIT STATUS/RETURN VALUE | Codes d'erreur et leur signification |
-| VOIR AUSSI / SEE ALSO | Commandes liées à celle du manuel actuel |
-La navigation dans la page de manuel se fait grâce à l'utilisation de certaines touches :
-^ Touche ^ Fonction ^
-| <key>espace</key> | Faire défiler une page complète |
-| <key>entrée</key> | Faire défiler la page ligne par ligne |
-| <key>Up</key> | Faire défiler la page une ligne vers le haut |
-| <key>Down</key> | Faire défiler la page une ligne vers le bas |
-| <key>%%PageHaut%%</key> | Faire défiler une demi-page vers le haut |
-| <key>%%PageBas%%</key> | Faire défiler une demi-page vers le bas |
-| <key>Début</key> | Se positionner au début du manuel |
-| <key>Fin</key> | Se positionner à la fin du manuel |
-| <key>/</key> | Rechercher la chaîne qui suit la touche <key>/</key>. La touche <key>'n'</key> recherche l'occurrence suivante. La touche <key>N</key> recherche l'occurrence précédente |
-| <key>Q</key> | Quitter le manuel |
-Un manuel complet est fait de plusieurs sections :
-^ Section ^ Contenu ^
-| 1 | Instructions exécutables ou commandes shell |
-| 2 | Appels système |
-| 3 | Appels des bibliothèques |
-| 4 | Fichiers spéciaux |
-| 5 | Format des fichiers |
-| 6 | Jeux, économiseurs d'écrans, gadgets |
-| 7 | Divers et commandes non standard |
-| 8 | Commandes d'administration du système Linux |
-| 9 | Sous-programmes du noyau |
-Les différentes sections disponibles sont visibles grâce à l'utilisation de la commande **whereis** :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# whereis passwd
-passwd: /usr/bin/passwd /etc/passwd /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1ssl.gz /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1.gz /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz
-</code>
-<code>
-root@ubuntu1604:~# whereis passwd
-passwd: /usr/bin/passwd /etc/passwd /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1ssl.gz
-</code>
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# whereis passwd
-passwd: /usr/bin/passwd /etc/passwd /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1.gz /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz
-</code>
-<code>
-SLES12SP1:~ # whereis passwd
-passwd: /usr/bin/passwd /etc/passwd /etc/passwd.YaST2save /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1ssl.gz /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1.gz /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz
-</code>
-Pour visualiser une section spécifique, il convient de préciser son numéro :
-  $ man 5 passwd [Entrée]
-L'option **-k** de la commande man permet de rechercher la chaîne passée en argument dans la liste des manuels disponibles :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# man -k passwd
-chgpasswd (8)        - update group passwords in batch mode
-chpasswd (8)         - update passwords in batch mode
-exim4_passwd (5)     - Files in use by the Debian exim4 packages
-exim4_passwd_client (5) - Files in use by the Debian exim4 packages
-gpasswd (1)          - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
-grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - generate hashed password for GRUB
-lppasswd (1)         - add, change, or delete digest passwords.
-mkpasswd (1)         - Overfeatured front end to crypt(3)
-pam_localuser (8)    - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd
-passwd (1)           - change user password
-passwd (1ssl)        - compute password hashes
-passwd (5)           - the password file
-update-passwd (8)    - safely update /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/groupword
-</code>
-<code>
-root@ubuntu1604:~# man -k passwd
-chgpasswd (8)        - update group passwords in batch mode
-chpasswd (8)         - update passwords in batch mode
-fgetpwent_r (3)      - get passwd file entry reentrantly
-getpwent_r (3)       - get passwd file entry reentrantly
-gpasswd (1)          - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
-grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - generate hashed password for GRUB
-pam_localuser (8)    - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd
-passwd (1)           - change user password
-passwd (1ssl)        - compute password hashes
-passwd (5)           - the password file
-passwd2des (3)       - RFS password encryption
-update-passwd (8)    - safely update /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group
-</code>
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# man -k passwd
-chpasswd (8)         - update passwords in batch mode
-fgetpwent_r (3)      - get passwd file entry reentrantly
-getpwent_r (3)       - get passwd file entry reentrantly
-gpasswd (1)          - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
-grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - Generate a PBKDF2 password hash.
-kpasswd (1)          - change a user's Kerberos password
-lpasswd (1)          - Change group or user password
-lppasswd (1)         - add, change, or delete digest passwords.
-pam_localuser (8)    - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd
-passwd (1)           - update user's authentication tokens
-sslpasswd (1ssl)     - compute password hashes
-passwd (5)           - password file
-passwd2des (3)       - RFS password encryption
-pwhistory_helper (8) - Helper binary that transfers password hashes from passwd or shadow to ...
-smbpasswd (5)        - The Samba encrypted password file
-smbpasswd (8)        - change a user's SMB password
-userpasswd (1)       - A graphical tool to allow users to change their passwords.
-vncpasswd (1)        - change the VNC password
-</code>
-<code>
-SLES12SP1:~ # man -k passwd
-chpasswd (8)         - update passwords in batch mode
-Crypt::SmbHash (3pm) - Perl-only implementation of lanman and nt md4 hash functions, for use in...
-fgetpwent_r (3)      - get passwd file entry reentrantly
-getpwent_r (3)       - get passwd file entry reentrantly
-gpasswd (1)          - administer /etc/group
-grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - generate hashed password for GRUB
-ldappasswd (1)       - change the password of an LDAP entry
-lppasswd (1)         - add, change, or delete digest passwords.
-opiepasswd (1)       - Change or set a user's password for the OPIE authentication system.
-pam_localuser (8)    - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd
-passwd (1)           - change user password
-passwd (1ssl)        - compute password hashes
-passwd (5)           - password file
-passwd2des (3)       - RFS password encryption
-saslpasswd2 (8)      - set a user's sasl password
-smbpasswd (5)        - The Samba encrypted password file
-smbpasswd (8)        - change a user's SMB password
-vncpasswd (1)        - change the VNC password
-yppasswd (1)         - change your password in the NIS database
-</code>
-Le résultat est une liste de commandes suivies par une description brève de celles-ci.
-<WRAP center round important>
-**Important** - Notez que les numéros entre parenthèses indiquent les sections disponibles.
-</WRAP>
-==Options de la commande==
-Les options de cette commande sont :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# man --help
-Usage: man [OPTION...] [SECTION] PAGE...
-  -C, --config-file=FILE     use this user configuration file
-  -d, --debug                emit debugging messages
-  -D, --default              reset all options to their default values
-      --warnings[=WARNINGS]  enable warnings from groff
- Main modes of operation:
-  -f, --whatis               equivalent to whatis
-  -k, --apropos              equivalent to apropos
-  -K, --global-apropos       search for text in all pages
-  -l, --local-file           interpret PAGE argument(s) as local filename(s)
-  -w, --where, --path, --location
-                             print physical location of man page(s)
-  -W, --where-cat, --location-cat
-                             print physical location of cat file(s)
-  -c, --catman               used by catman to reformat out of date cat pages
-  -R, --recode=ENCODING      output source page encoded in ENCODING
- Finding manual pages:
-  -L, --locale=LOCALE        define the locale for this particular man search
-  -m, --systems=SYSTEM       use manual pages from other systems
-  -M, --manpath=PATH         set search path for manual pages to PATH
-  -S, -s, --sections=LIST    use colon separated section list
-  -e, --extension=EXTENSION  limit search to extension type EXTENSION
-  -i, --ignore-case          look for pages case-insensitively (default)
-  -I, --match-case           look for pages case-sensitively
-      --regex                show all pages matching regex
-      --wildcard             show all pages matching wildcard
-      --names-only           make --regex and --wildcard match page names only,
-                             not descriptions
-  -a, --all                  find all matching manual pages
-  -u, --update               force a cache consistency check
-      --no-subpages          don't try subpages, e.g. 'man foo bar' => 'man
-                             foo-bar'
- Controlling formatted output:
-  -P, --pager=PAGER          use program PAGER to display output
-  -r, --prompt=STRING        provide the `less' pager with a prompt
-  -7, --ascii                display ASCII translation of certain latin1 chars
-  -E, --encoding=ENCODING    use selected output encoding
-      --no-hyphenation, --nh turn off hyphenation
-      --no-justification,                              --nj   turn off justification
-  -p, --preprocessor=STRING  STRING indicates which preprocessors to run:
-                             e - [n]eqn, p - pic, t - tbl,
-g - grap, r - refer, v - vgrind
-  -t, --troff                use groff to format pages
-  -T, --troff-device[=DEVICE]   use groff with selected device
-  -H, --html[=BROWSER]       use www-browser or BROWSER to display HTML output
-  -X, --gxditview[=RESOLUTION]   use groff and display through gxditview
-                             (X11):
-                             -X = -TX75, -X100 = -TX100, -X100-12 = -TX100-12
-  -Z, --ditroff              use groff and force it to produce ditroff
-  -?, --help                 give this help list
-      --usage                give a short usage message
-  -V, --version              print program version
-Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
-for any corresponding short options.
-Report bugs to cjwatson@debian.org.
-</code>
-===La Commande apropos===
-La commande **apropos** cherche dans la base de données **whatis** la chaine de caractères passée en argument à la commande. Sans option, la sortie obtenue est identique à la commande **man -k** :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# apropos passwd
-chgpasswd (8)        - update group passwords in batch mode
-chpasswd (8)         - update passwords in batch mode
-exim4_passwd (5)     - Files in use by the Debian exim4 packages
-exim4_passwd_client (5) - Files in use by the Debian exim4 packages
-gpasswd (1)          - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
-grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - generate hashed password for GRUB
-lppasswd (1)         - add, change, or delete digest passwords.
-mkpasswd (1)         - Overfeatured front end to crypt(3)
-pam_localuser (8)    - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd
-passwd (1)           - change user password
-passwd (1ssl)        - compute password hashes
-passwd (5)           - the password file
-update-passwd (8)    - safely update /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group
-</code>
-<code>
-root@ubuntu1604:~# apropos passwd
-chgpasswd (8)        - update group passwords in batch mode
-chpasswd (8)         - update passwords in batch mode
-fgetpwent_r (3)      - get passwd file entry reentrantly
-getpwent_r (3)       - get passwd file entry reentrantly
-gpasswd (1)          - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
-grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - generate hashed password for GRUB
-pam_localuser (8)    - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd
-passwd (1)           - change user password
-passwd (1ssl)        - compute password hashes
-passwd (5)           - the password file
-passwd2des (3)       - RFS password encryption
-update-passwd (8)    - safely update /etc/passwd, /etc/shadow and /etc/group
-</code>
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# apropos passwd
-chpasswd (8)         - update passwords in batch mode
-fgetpwent_r (3)      - get passwd file entry reentrantly
-getpwent_r (3)       - get passwd file entry reentrantly
-gpasswd (1)          - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
-grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - Generate a PBKDF2 password hash.
-kpasswd (1)          - change a user's Kerberos password
-lpasswd (1)          - Change group or user password
-lppasswd (1)         - add, change, or delete digest passwords.
-pam_localuser (8)    - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd
-passwd (1)           - update user's authentication tokens
-sslpasswd (1ssl)     - compute password hashes
-passwd (5)           - password file
-passwd2des (3)       - RFS password encryption
-pwhistory_helper (8) - Helper binary that transfers password hashes from passwd or shadow to ...
-smbpasswd (5)        - The Samba encrypted password file
-smbpasswd (8)        - change a user's SMB password
-userpasswd (1)       - A graphical tool to allow users to change their passwords.
-vncpasswd (1)        - change the VNC password
-</code>
-<code>
-SLES12SP1:~ # apropos passwd
-chpasswd (8)         - update passwords in batch mode
-Crypt::SmbHash (3pm) - Perl-only implementation of lanman and nt md4 hash functions, for use in...
-fgetpwent_r (3)      - get passwd file entry reentrantly
-getpwent_r (3)       - get passwd file entry reentrantly
-gpasswd (1)          - administer /etc/group
-grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - generate hashed password for GRUB
-ldappasswd (1)       - change the password of an LDAP entry
-lppasswd (1)         - add, change, or delete digest passwords.
-opiepasswd (1)       - Change or set a user's password for the OPIE authentication system.
-pam_localuser (8)    - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd
-passwd (1)           - change user password
-passwd (1ssl)        - compute password hashes
-passwd (5)           - password file
-passwd2des (3)       - RFS password encryption
-saslpasswd2 (8)      - set a user's sasl password
-smbpasswd (5)        - The Samba encrypted password file
-smbpasswd (8)        - change a user's SMB password
-vncpasswd (1)        - change the VNC password
-yppasswd (1)         - change your password in the NIS database
-</code>
-==Options de la commande==
-Les options de cette commande sont :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# apropos --help
-Usage: apropos [OPTION...] KEYWORD...
-  -d, --debug                emit debugging messages
-  -v, --verbose              print verbose warning messages
-  -e, --exact                search each keyword for exact match
-  -r, --regex                interpret each keyword as a regex
-  -w, --wildcard             the keyword(s) contain wildcards
-  -a, --and                  require all keywords to match
-  -l, --long                 do not trim output to terminal width
-  -C, --config-file=FILE     use this user configuration file
-  -L, --locale=LOCALE        define the locale for this search
-  -m, --systems=SYSTEM       use manual pages from other systems
-  -M, --manpath=PATH         set search path for manual pages to PATH
-  -s, --sections=LIST, --section=LIST
-                             search only these sections (colon-separated)
-  -?, --help                 give this help list
-      --usage                give a short usage message
-  -V, --version              print program version
-Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
-for any corresponding short options.
-The --regex option is enabled by default.
-Report bugs to cjwatson@debian.org.
-</code>
-===Les Commandes makewhatis et whatis sous RHEL/CentOS 6.6===
-Chaque page de manuel contient une brève description. Ces descriptions ainsi que le nom du manuel sont stockés dans la base de données **whatis**.
-Cette base de données peut être maintenue manuellement par root en invoquant l'exécutable **/usr/bin/makewhatis**.
-L'utilisation de **makewhatis** est très simple :
-<code>
-[root@centos6 ~]# makewhatis
-</code>
-La commande **whatis** peut maintenant être utilisée pour identifier les sections des manuels disponibles pour une commande donnée :
-<code>
-[root@centos6 ~]# whatis passwd
-passwd               (1)  - update user's authentication tokens
-passwd               (5)  - password file
-passwd [sslpasswd]   (1ssl)  - compute password hashes
-</code>
-==Options des commandes==
-Les options de la commande **makewhatis** sont :
-<code>
-[root@centos6 ~]# makewhatis --help
-Usage: makewhatis [-s sections] [-u] [-v] [-w] [manpath] [-c [catpath]] [-o whatisdb]
-       This will build the whatis database for the man pages
-       found in manpath and the cat pages found in catpath.
-       -s: sections (default: 1 1p 8 2 3 3p 4 5 6 7 9 0p n l p o 1x 2x 3x 4x 5x 6x 7x 8x)
-       -u: update database with pages added today
-       -U: update database with pages added since last makewhatis run
-       -v: verbose
-       -o: location of whatis database (default: /var/cache/man/whatis)
-       -w: use manpath obtained from `man --path`
-       [manpath]: man directories (default: /usr/share/man)
-       [catpath]: cat directories (default: the first existing
-           directory in /usr/share/man)
-</code>
-Les options de la commande **whatis** sont :
-<code>
-[root@centos ~]# whatis --help
-usage: whatis keyword ...
-</code>
-===Les Commandes mandb et whatis sous RHEL/CentOS 7, Debian 6, 7 et 8, SLES 11 et 12, Ubuntu 14.04 et 16.04===
-Sous RHEL/CentOS 7, Debian 6, 7 et 8, SLES 11 et 12, Ubuntu 14.04 et 16.04, la base de données peut être maintenue manuellement par root en invoquant l'exécutable **/bin/mandb** ou **/usr/bin/mandb**.
-L'utilisation de **mandb** est très simple :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# mandb
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ug...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ug...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/tr...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/tr...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/el...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/el...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ja...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ja...
-...
-man subdirectories contained newer manual pages.
-manual pages were added.
-stray cats were added.
-old database entries were purged.
-</code>
-<code>
-root@ubuntu1604:~# mandb
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/lv...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/lv...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/pt_BR...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/pt_BR...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/tr...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/tr...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ca...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ca...
-...
-man subdirectories contained newer manual pages.
-manual pages were added.
-stray cats were added.
-old database entries were purged.
-</code>
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# mandb
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man...
-mandb: warning: /usr/share/man/man8/fsck.fat.8.manpage-fix.gz: ignoring bogus filename
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ca...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ca...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/cs...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/cs...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/da...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/da...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/de...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/de...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/en...
-...
-man subdirectories contained newer manual pages.
-manual pages were added.
-stray cats were added.
-old database entries were purged.
-</code>
-<code>
-SLES12SP1:~ # mandb
-mandb: warning: $MANPATH set, ignoring /etc/manpath.config
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ca...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ca...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/cs...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/cs...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/da...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/da...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/de...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/de...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/es...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/es...
-...
-man subdirectories contained newer manual pages.
-manual pages were added.
-stray cats were added.
-old database entries were purged.
-</code>
-La commande **whatis** peut maintenant être utilisée pour identifier les sections des manuels disponibles pour une commande donnée :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# whatis passwd
-passwd (1)           - change user password
-passwd (5)           - the password file
-passwd (1ssl)        - compute password hashes
-</code>
-<code>
-root@ubuntu1604:~# whatis passwd
-passwd (1)           - change user password
-passwd (1ssl)        - compute password hashes
-passwd (5)           - the password file
-</code>
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# whatis passwd
-sslpasswd (1ssl)     - compute password hashes
-passwd (1)           - update user's authentication tokens
-passwd (5)           - password file
-</code>
-<code>
-SLES12SP1:~ # whatis passwd
-passwd (1ssl)        - compute password hashes
-passwd (1)           - change user password
-passwd (5)           - password file
-</code>
-==Options des commandes==
-Les options de la commande **mandb** sont :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# mandb --help
-Usage: mandb [OPTION...] [MANPATH]
-  -c, --create               create dbs from scratch, rather than updating
-  -C, --config-file=FILE     use this user configuration file
-  -d, --debug                emit debugging messages
-  -f, --filename=FILENAME    update just the entry for this filename
-  -p, --no-purge             don't purge obsolete entries from the dbs
-  -q, --quiet                work quietly, except for 'bogus' warning
-  -s, --no-straycats         don't look for or add stray cats to the dbs
-  -t, --test                 check manual pages for correctness
-  -u, --user-db              produce user databases only
-  -?, --help                 give this help list
-      --usage                give a short usage message
-  -V, --version              print program version
-Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
-for any corresponding short options.
-Report bugs to cjwatson@debian.org.
-</code>
-Les options de la commande **whatis** sont :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# whatis --help
-Usage: whatis [OPTION...] KEYWORD...
-  -d, --debug                emit debugging messages
-  -v, --verbose              print verbose warning messages
-  -r, --regex                interpret each keyword as a regex
-  -w, --wildcard             the keyword(s) contain wildcards
-  -l, --long                 do not trim output to terminal width
-  -C, --config-file=FILE     use this user configuration file
-  -L, --locale=LOCALE        define the locale for this search
-  -m, --systems=SYSTEM       use manual pages from other systems
-  -M, --manpath=PATH         set search path for manual pages to PATH
-  -s, --sections=LIST, --section=LIST
-                             search only these sections (colon-separated)
-  -?, --help                 give this help list
-      --usage                give a short usage message
-  -V, --version              print program version
-Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
-for any corresponding short options.
-Report bugs to cjwatson@debian.org.
-</code>
-===La Commande info===
-En plus du système des manuels, des informations concernant des exécutables peuvent être trouvées dans le système **info**. De l'information détaillée, des exemples et des tutoriels peuvent être absents du système des manuels. Pour cette raison le système **info** a été créé.
-Dans le système **info**, de multiples pages d'informations concernant un exécutable, appelées nœuds, sont regroupées.  La navigation entre nœuds est simple et utilise un système de liens hypertexte.
-Afin de faciliter la navigation chaque page contient une entête qui inclut de l'information sur le nœud courant, le nœud parent, le nœud précédent et le nœud suivant. Pour naviguer entre les nœuds il convient d'utiliser les touches suivantes :
-^ Touch ^ Fonction ^
-| n | Nœud suivant. |
-| p | Nœud précédent. |
-| u | Nœud parent. |
-| <key>Espace</key> | Défiler une page vers le bas.|
-| <key>Suppr</key> | Défiler une page vers le haut. |
-| b | Retour au début du nœud courant. |
-| <key>Tab</key> | Sélectionner le lien hypertexte suivant. |
-| m <lien> | Aller au sous-nœud spécifié. En appuyant sur [Tab], on obtient la liste de tous les sous-nœuds. |
-| <key>Entrée</key> | Suivre le lien hypertexte courant. Un lien hypertexte commence avec un astérisque et se termine avec le caractère **:**. |
-| q | Quitter le système **info**. |
-Pour accéder au premier nœud, utilisez la commande suivante :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# info
-...
-File: dir,      Node: Top       This is the top of the INFO tree
-  This (the Directory node) gives a menu of major topics.
-  Typing "q" exits, "?" lists all Info commands, "d" returns here,
-  "h" gives a primer for first-timers,
-  "mEmacs<Return>" visits the Emacs manual, etc.
-  In Emacs, you can click mouse button 2 on a menu item or cross reference
-  to select it.
-* Menu:
-Basics
-* Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
-* Coreutils: (coreutils).       Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
-* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
-* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions.
-                                Access modes.
-* Finding files: (find).        Operating on files matching certain criteria.
-Compression
-* Gzip: (gzip).                 General (de)compression of files (lzw).
------Info: (dir)Top, 197 lines --Top--------------------------------------------------------
-Welcome to Info version 5.2. Type h for help, m for menu item.
-</code>
-<code>
-root@ubuntu1604:~# info
-...
-File: dir,      Node: Top,      This is the top of the INFO tree.
-This is the Info main menu (aka directory node).
-A few useful Info commands:
-  'q' quits;
-  '?' lists all Info commands;
-  'h' starts the Info tutorial;
-  'mTexinfo RET' visits the Texinfo manual, etc.
-* Menu:
-Basics
-* Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
-* Coreutils: (coreutils).       Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
-* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
-* Ed: (ed).                     The GNU line editor
-* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions.
-                                Access modes.
-* Finding files: (find).        Operating on files matching certain criteria.
-C++ libraries
------Info: (dir)Top, 254 lines --Top-------------------------------------------------------
-Welcome to Info version 6.1.  Type H for help, h for tutorial.
-</code>
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# info
-...
-File: dir       Node: Top       This is the top of the INFO tree
-  This (the Directory node) gives a menu of major topics.
-  Typing "q" exits, "?" lists all Info commands, "d" returns here,
-  "h" gives a primer for first-timers,
-  "mEmacs<Return>" visits the Emacs topic, etc.
-  In Emacs, you can click mouse button 2 on a menu item or cross reference
-  to select it.
-* Menu:
-Archiving
-* Cpio: (cpio).                 Copy-in-copy-out archiver to tape or disk.
-* Tar: (tar).                   Making tape (or disk) archives.
-Basics
-* Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
-* Coreutils: (coreutils).       Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
-* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
-* File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions.
-                                Access modes.
------Info: (dir)Top, 2027 lines --Top-----------------------------------------------------------
-Welcome to Info version 5.1. Type h for help, m for menu item.
-</code>
-<code>
-SLES12SP1:~ # info
-...
-File: dir,      Node: Top       This is the top of the INFO tree
-  This (the Directory node) gives a menu of major topics.
-  Typing "q" exits, "?" lists all Info commands, "d" returns here,
-  "h" gives a primer for first-timers,
-  "mEmacs<Return>" visits the Emacs manual, etc.
-  In Emacs, you can click mouse button 2 on a menu item or cross reference
-  to select it.
-* Menu:
-Archiving
-* Cpio: (cpio).                 Copy-in-copy-out archiver to tape or disk.
-* Shar utilities: (sharutils).  Shell archiver, uuencode/uudecode.
-* Tar: (tar).                   Making tape (or disk) archives.
-Basics
-* Bash: (bash).                 The GNU Bourne-Again SHell.
-* Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
-* Coreutils: (coreutils).       Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
-* Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
------Info: (dir)Top, 321 lines --Top--------------------------------------------------------------
-Welcome to Info version 4.13. Type h for help, m for menu item.
-</code>
-Notez la différence de versions entre les distributions :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# info -O --version
-info (GNU texinfo) 5.2
-Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
-This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
-There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
-</code>
-<code>
-root@ubuntu1604:~# info -O --version
-info (GNU texinfo) 6.1
-Copyright (C) 2016 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
-This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
-There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
-</code>
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# info -O --version
-info (GNU texinfo) 5.1
-Copyright (C) 2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
-This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
-There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
-</code>
-<code>
-SLES12SP1:~ # info -O --version
-info (GNU texinfo) 4.13
-Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
-License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
-This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
-There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
-</code>
-==Options de la commande==
-Les options de cette commande sont :
-<code>
-root@debian8:~# info --help
-Usage: info [OPTION]... [MENU-ITEM...]
-Read documentation in Info format.
-Options:
-  -a, --all                    use all matching manuals.
-  -k, --apropos=STRING         look up STRING in all indices of all manuals.
-  -d, --directory=DIR          add DIR to INFOPATH.
-      --dribble=FILE           remember user keystrokes in FILENAME.
-  -f, --file=MANUAL            specify Info manual to visit.
-  -h, --help                   display this help and exit.
-      --index-search=STRING    go to node pointed by index entry STRING.
-  -n, --node=NODENAME          specify nodes in first visited Info file.
-  -o, --output=FILE            output selected nodes to FILE.
-  -R, --raw-escapes            output "raw" ANSI escapes (default).
-      --no-raw-escapes         output escapes as literal text.
-      --restore=FILE           read initial keystrokes from FILE.
-  -O, --show-options, --usage  go to command-line options node.
-      --strict-node-location   (for debugging) use Info file pointers as-is.
-      --subnodes               recursively output menu items.
-  -v, --variable VAR=VALUE     assign VALUE to Info variable VAR.
-      --vi-keys                use vi-like and less-like key bindings.
-      --version                display version information and exit.
-  -w, --where, --location      print physical location of Info file.
-  -x, --debug=NUMBER           set debugging level (-1 for all).
-The first non-option argument, if present, is the menu entry to start from;
-it is searched for in all `dir' files along INFOPATH.
-If it is not present, info merges all `dir' files and shows the result.
-Any remaining arguments are treated as the names of menu
-items relative to the initial node visited.
-For a summary of key bindings, type h within Info.
-Examples:
-  info                       show top-level dir menu
-  info info                  show the general manual for Info readers
-  info info-stnd             show the manual specific to this Info program
-  info emacs                 start at emacs node from top-level dir
-  info emacs buffers         start at buffers node within emacs manual
-  info --show-options emacs  start at node with emacs' command line options
-  info --subnodes -o out.txt emacs  dump entire manual to out.txt
-  info -f ./foo.info         show file ./foo.info, not searching dir
-Email bug reports to bug-texinfo@gnu.org,
-general questions and discussion to help-texinfo@gnu.org.
-Texinfo home page: http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/
-</code>
-<code>
-root@ubuntu1604:~# info --help
-Usage: info [OPTION]... [MENU-ITEM...]
-Read documentation in Info format.
-Options:
-  -a, --all                    use all matching manuals.
-  -k, --apropos=STRING         look up STRING in all indices of all manuals.
-  -d, --directory=DIR          add DIR to INFOPATH.
-      --dribble=FILE           remember user keystrokes in FILENAME.
-  -f, --file=MANUAL            specify Info manual to visit.
-  -h, --help                   display this help and exit.
-      --index-search=STRING    go to node pointed by index entry STRING.
-  -n, --node=NODENAME          specify nodes in first visited Info file.
-  -o, --output=FILE            output selected nodes to FILE.
-  -R, --raw-escapes            output "raw" ANSI escapes (default).
-      --no-raw-escapes         output escapes as literal text.
-      --restore=FILE           read initial keystrokes from FILE.
-  -O, --show-options, --usage  go to command-line options node.
-      --strict-node-location   (for debugging) use Info file pointers as-is.
-      --subnodes               recursively output menu items.
-  -v, --variable VAR=VALUE     assign VALUE to Info variable VAR.
-      --vi-keys                use vi-like and less-like key bindings.
-      --version                display version information and exit.
-  -w, --where, --location      print physical location of Info file.
-  -x, --debug=NUMBER           set debugging level (-1 for all).
-The first non-option argument, if present, is the menu entry to start from;
-it is searched for in all 'dir' files along INFOPATH.
-If it is not present, info merges all 'dir' files and shows the result.
-Any remaining arguments are treated as the names of menu
-items relative to the initial node visited.
-For a summary of key bindings, type H within Info.
-Examples:
-  info                       show top-level dir menu
-  info info                  show the general manual for Info readers
-  info info-stnd             show the manual specific to this Info program
-  info emacs                 start at emacs node from top-level dir
-  info emacs buffers         select buffers menu entry in emacs manual
-  info emacs -n Files        start at Files node within emacs manual
-  info '(emacs)Files'        alternative way to start at Files node
-  info --show-options emacs  start at node with emacs' command line options
-  info --subnodes -o out.txt emacs  dump entire manual to out.txt
-  info -f ./foo.info         show file ./foo.info, not searching dir
-Email bug reports to bug-texinfo@gnu.org,
-general questions and discussion to help-texinfo@gnu.org.
-Texinfo home page: http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/
-</code>
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# info --help
-Usage: info [OPTION]... [MENU-ITEM...]
-Read documentation in Info format.
-Options:
-  -k, --apropos=STRING         look up STRING in all indices of all manuals.
-  -d, --directory=DIR          add DIR to INFOPATH.
-      --dribble=FILENAME       remember user keystrokes in FILENAME.
-  -f, --file=FILENAME          specify Info file to visit.
-  -h, --help                   display this help and exit.
-      --index-search=STRING    go to node pointed by index entry STRING.
-  -n, --node=NODENAME          specify nodes in first visited Info file.
-  -o, --output=FILENAME        output selected nodes to FILENAME.
-  -R, --raw-escapes            output "raw" ANSI escapes (default).
-      --no-raw-escapes         output escapes as literal text.
-      --restore=FILENAME       read initial keystrokes from FILENAME.
-  -O, --show-options, --usage  go to command-line options node.
-      --strict-node-location   (for debugging) use Info file pointers as-is.
-      --subnodes               recursively output menu items.
-      --vi-keys                use vi-like and less-like key bindings.
-      --version                display version information and exit.
-  -w, --where, --location      print physical location of Info file.
-The first non-option argument, if present, is the menu entry to start from;
-it is searched for in all `dir' files along INFOPATH.
-If it is not present, info merges all `dir' files and shows the result.
-Any remaining arguments are treated as the names of menu
-items relative to the initial node visited.
-For a summary of key bindings, type h within Info.
-Examples:
-  info                       show top-level dir menu
-  info info                  show the general manual for Info readers
-  info info-stnd             show the manual specific to this Info program
-  info emacs                 start at emacs node from top-level dir
-  info emacs buffers         start at buffers node within emacs manual
-  info --show-options emacs  start at node with emacs' command line options
-  info --subnodes -o out.txt emacs  dump entire manual to out.txt
-  info -f ./foo.info         show file ./foo.info, not searching dir
-Email bug reports to bug-texinfo@gnu.org,
-general questions and discussion to help-texinfo@gnu.org.
-Texinfo home page: http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/
-</code>
-<code>
-SLES12SP1:~ # info --help
-Usage: info [OPTION]... [MENU-ITEM...]
-Read documentation in Info format.
-Options:
-  -k, --apropos=STRING         look up STRING in all indices of all manuals.
-  -d, --directory=DIR          add DIR to INFOPATH.
-      --dribble=FILENAME       remember user keystrokes in FILENAME.
-  -f, --file=FILENAME          specify Info file to visit.
-  -h, --help                   display this help and exit.
-      --index-search=STRING    go to node pointed by index entry STRING.
-  -n, --node=NODENAME          specify nodes in first visited Info file.
-  -o, --output=FILENAME        output selected nodes to FILENAME.
-  -R, --raw-escapes            output "raw" ANSI escapes (default).
-      --no-raw-escapes         output escapes as literal text.
-      --restore=FILENAME       read initial keystrokes from FILENAME.
-  -O, --show-options, --usage  go to command-line options node.
-      --subnodes               recursively output menu items.
-      --vi-keys                use vi-like and less-like key bindings.
-      --version                display version information and exit.
-  -w, --where, --location      print physical location of Info file.
-The first non-option argument, if present, is the menu entry to start from;
-it is searched for in all `dir' files along INFOPATH.
-If it is not present, info merges all `dir' files and shows the result.
-Any remaining arguments are treated as the names of menu
-items relative to the initial node visited.
-For a summary of key bindings, type h within Info.
-Examples:
-  info                       show top-level dir menu
-  info info                  show the general manual for Info readers
-  info info-stnd             show the manual specific to this Info program
-  info emacs                 start at emacs node from top-level dir
-  info emacs buffers         start at buffers node within emacs manual
-  info --show-options emacs  start at node with emacs' command line options
-  info --subnodes -o out.txt emacs  dump entire manual to out.txt
-  info -f ./foo.info         show file ./foo.info, not searching dir
-Email bug reports to bug-texinfo@gnu.org,
-general questions and discussion to help-texinfo@gnu.org.
-Texinfo home page: http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/
-</code>
 -----
 <html>
 <div align="center">
-Copyright © 2004-2017 Hugh Norris.<br><br>
+Copyright © 2019 Hugh Norris.
-<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/fr/"><img alt="Licence Creative Commons" style="border-width:0" src="http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc-nd/3.0/fr/88x31.png" /></a><br />Ce(tte) oeuvre est mise à disposition selon les termes de la <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/fr/">Licence Creative Commons Attribution - Pas d’Utilisation Commerciale - Pas de Modification 3.0 France</a>.
 </div>
 </html>

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